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PubMed1985

Complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field.

From 120 patients with an homonymous hemianopia 16 experienced complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field. The brain lesion was located in the occipital lobe, though damage was not limited to this area. Complex hallucinations appeared after a latent period. They were weak in colour and stereotypical in appearance, which allowed differentiation from visual hallucinations of other causes. Different behaviour after saccadic eye movement differentiated between complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field and visual auras of an epileptic origin.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Charles Bonnet syndrome with auditory hallucinations: a diagnostic dilemma.

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) appears to be commoner in elderly people than was previously thought. Nonetheless, as yet, no firm diagnostic criteria have been established for CBS, leaving the need for well-defined diagnostic criteria describing this syndrome unfulfilled. Two recently proposed diagnostic criteria for CBS insist on an absence of hallucinations in modalities other than visual. However, we experienced 2 cases suffering from probable CBS who experienced auditory hallucinations. In this report, we recommend that even if CBS coexists with other hallucinations, we should not exclude CBS as a probable diagnosis when the patients recognize their hallucinations as unreal. We believe that this modification of CBS diagnostic criteria will contribute to psychiatric epidemiology by correcting the current underestimation of CBS prevalence.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

True auditory hallucinations as a conversion symptom.

Detailed descriptions of true hallucinations as a conversion symptom are rare in the psychiatric literature. The author presents a case with true conversive auditory hallucinations which paradigmatically demonstrates the usefulness of the concept in the treatment of such hallucinations. The phenomenon of true conversive hallucinations may contribute to the embryological understanding of mental disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Lilliputian hallucinations in schizophrenia: case report and review of literature.

A patient with chronic schizophrenia who had visual hallucinations of lilliputian nature is described. The authors review the studies on prevalence of visual hallucinations in schizophrenic patients and suggest that visual hallucinations may be more common in schizophrenia than previously acknowledged. The authors suggest a routine enquiry about visual hallucination in clinical practice and emphasize the need for further research under controlled conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Cocaine hallucinations.

The author reviews the literature on hallucinations that occur as a result of acute and chronic administration of cocaine. He examined the phenomenology of cocaine hallucinations in a group of 85 recreational cocaine users, 15 of whom reported hallucinatory experiences in visual, tactile, olfactory, auditory, and gustatory modalities. He discusses a new phenomenon of "snow lights" in terms of initiating a progression of symptoms leading to the classic "cocaine bugs." He also points out the similarity of cocaine hallucinations to entoptic phenomena and migraine hallucinations, which suggests a common mechanism of action based on CNS excitation and arousal.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The form and content of schizophrenic hallucinations.

To evaluate changes in the hallucinatory experience, the author analyzed the form and content of the hallucinations of 10 schizophrenic patients during two phases of their illness, the acute phase and remission. In both test periods the patients experienced auditory hallucinations as objectively real and as directing their thoughts and behavior. Nonauditory hallucinations appeared more common than cursory examination would suggest. The patients were able to stop auditory hallucinations during remission but not during the acute phase of their illness. Hallucinatory content was threatening and isolating during the acute phase but supportive and socially focused during remissions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Auditory hallucinations in combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.

Intrusive images have been reported to occur in a broad range of people with posttraumatic stress disorder, but the frequency of intrusive auditory perceptions has rarely been addressed. This study compared five posttraumatic stress disorder veterans experiencing auditory hallucinations with 31 nonhallucinating veterans on demographic, military, postmilitary, and symptom variables. Veterans who reported auditory hallucinations had higher combat exposure and more intense posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms than the other veterans. These veterans also tended to be more refractory to treatment than veterans with no hallucinations. Clinical vignettes of the veterans with auditory hallucinations are given, and the implications of the results for a subgroup of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder veterans are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations.

Previous reports have shown abnormalities in brain metabolism and evoked responses of schizophrenic patients with hallucinations. The authors recorded electric and magnetic auditory responses during transitory auditory hallucinations in two patients. Small but replicable response delays occurred during hallucinations. The results suggest that the effect of hallucinations on auditory cortex activity is similar to the effect of real sounds.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Education about hallucinations using an internet virtual reality system: a qualitative survey.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluate an Internet virtual reality technology as an education tool about the hallucinations of psychosis. METHOD: This is a pilot project using Second Life, an Internet-based virtual reality system, in which a virtual reality environment was constructed to simulate the auditory and visual hallucinations of two patients with schizophrenia. Eight hundred sixty-three self-referred users took a self-guided tour. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-nine (69%) of the users who toured the environment completed a survey. Of the survey responders, 440 (76%) thought the environment improved their understanding of auditory hallucinations, 69% thought it improved their understanding of visual hallucinations, and 82% said they would recommend the environment to a friend. CONCLUSIONS: Computer simulations of the perceptual phenomena of psychiatric illness are feasible with existing personal computer technology. Integration of the evaluation survey into the environment itself was possible. The use of Internet-connected graphics environments holds promise for public education about mental illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delusions and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease: review of the brain decade.

The authors reviewed studies published from 1990 to 2001 that address the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, etiology, assessment, and treatment of delusions and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. The prevalence of delusions in Alzheimer's disease patients ranged from 16% to 70% (median=36.5%) in the reviewed reports, and the prevalence of hallucinations ranged from 4% to 76% (median=23%). Delusions and hallucinations tended to persist over time, tended to recur often during the course of Alzheimer's disease, and were associated with sociodemographic and clinical correlates that differed from one study to another and with substantial consequences such as functional impairment and aggression. Psychosocial methods and both typical and atypical antipsychotics are effective in the treatment of delusions and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Laboratory-documented hallucination during sleep-onset REM period in a normal subject.

During an experiment on nocturnal sleep interruption, we observed a unique case of hallucination without sleep paralysis during the sleep-onset REM period in a normal individual. We documented the polysomnogram recorded during this hallucination. The polysomnogram showed a mixed pattern of Stages REM and W, with muscle-tone inhibition, rapid eye movements (REMs), slow eye movements (SEMs), and abundant alpha EEG trains. The blocking of alpha EEG trains by REMs appeared to reflect visual processing similar to that which occurs during waking. This hallucination was distinct from ordinary sleep-onset mentation in that it included strong emotional components and in that the subject simultaneously experienced both hallucinatory mentation and reality contact. This hallucination may resemble sleep paralysis with regard to its physiological and psychological background, and the discrimination of these two phenomena may depend on the subject's own awareness of muscle-tone inhibition.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Charles Bonnet hallucinations: a case series.

Charles Bonnet hallucinations are complex visual hallucinations which occur during clear consciousness in patients who do not suffer from psychosis, substance abuse, sleep disorders, focal neurological lesions or acute eye disease. They are well-defined images of patterns, scenes, animals or humans combined with normal perceptions and elicit a neutral or pleasant emotional response. Because of conflicting reports about cognitive or visual impairments among patients with these hallucinations, I describe the cognitive and visual status of 13 patients. One patient had preserved cognition and vision; three had preserved cognition and impaired vision; three had impaired cognition and preserved vision; and six had both impaired cognition and vision. It is unlikely that cognitive or visual deficits alone caused the hallucinations, but may have contributed to a state of sensory deprivation with visual phenomena.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Auditory hallucinations in nonpsychotic children with affective syndromes and migraines: report of 13 cases.

This report describes the discovery of a possible association between auditory hallucinations, migraine, and affective/anxiety disorders in nonpsychotic children. The cases were culled by a review of all consultations in an outpatient practice in an 8-month period. Thirteen cases of nonpsychotic children who experienced hallucinations (auditory in 12) were found. All but one suffered from a variety of major affective or anxiety/panic disorders and migraine headaches. The family histories were strongly positive for affective/anxiety disorders and migraine, and four of the parents also had a history of hearing voices. The age of onset of the auditory hallucinations, where known (8 cases), was between 4 and 8 years. In only two cases did the voices accompany the migraine attacks, and these two children also heard voices at other times. Although a strong association between migraine and anxiety, panic, and affective syndromes in adults has been repeatedly found in epidemiologic study, no such association has been studied in children, and this is the first known report of a possible association between migraine, affective/anxiety disorders, and auditory hallucinations in nonpsychotic children. It suggests the need for epidemiologic study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Reinforcement of vocal correlates of auditory hallucinations by auditory feedback: a case study.

Although auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients are usually thought to be private events, several early writers observed vocalizations concurrent with hallucinations. The content of such vocalizations corresponded to what the voices were reported to have said. A schizophrenic patient is described whose whispers were increased to an intelligible level by the use of auditory feedback. This has implications for the self-control of hallucinations, and for neurological theories of verbal hallucinations.

Feedback↗
PubMed1987

Abnormal auditory brain-stem responses in hallucinating schizophrenic patients.

Abnormal auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs) were recorded in 10 out of 20 schizophrenic in-patients. The response abnormalities did not show any correlation to the degree of psychopathology, sub-group of schizophrenia, age, sex, or cerebral ventricular enlargement. Nor was there any correlation to previous neuroleptic treatment: a pathological ABR was recorded in 5 of the 8 patients who had never received such medication. A statistically significant relationship was found between ABR pathology and auditory hallucinations: 9 of the 11 patients who admitted having hallucinations exhibited brain-stem response abnormality, whereas ABR abnormality was recorded in only 1 of the 9 patients who denied having hallucinations. The data imply that brain-stem dysfunction is involved in the psychopathology of schizophrenia, and that interference with the auditory pathways in the brain-stem may induce auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in people with auditory hallucinations.

BACKGROUND: The neurocognitive basis of auditory hallucinations is unclear, but there is increasing evidence implicating abnormalities in processing inner speech. Previous studies have shown that people with schizophrenia who were prone to auditory hallucinations demonstrated attenuated activation of brain areas during the monitoring of inner speech. AIMS: To investigate whether the same pattern of functional abnormalities would be evident as the rate of inner speech production was varied. METHOD: Eight people with schizophrenia who had a history of prominent auditory hallucinations and eight control participants were studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging while the rate of inner speech generation was varied experimentally. RESULTS: When the rate of inner speech generation was increased, the participants with schizophrenia showed a relatively attenuated response in the right temporal, parietal, parahippocampal and cerebellar cortex. CONCLUSIONS: In people with schizophrenia who are prone to auditory hallucinations, increasing the demands on the processing of inner speech is associated with attenuated engagement of the brain areas implicated in verbal self-monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Temporal course of auditory hallucinations.

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how brain activity associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia changed during hallucinatory events. Activation in the left inferior frontal and right middle temporal gyri was evident 6-9 s before the person signalled the onset of the hallucination, whereas activation in the bilateral temporal gyri and the left insula coincided with the perception of the hallucination. This supports the hypothesis that during hallucinations activation in cortical regions mediating the generation of inner speech may precede the engagement of areas implicated in the perception of auditory verbal material.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Alzheimer's disease with delusions and hallucinations: neuropsychological and electroencephalographic correlates.

We longitudinally evaluated the neuropsychological functions, rate of progression, and waking EEG findings in 17 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) with delusions and hallucinations, and compared them with those of matched AD patients without delusions and hallucinations. AD patients with delusions and hallucinations had a more rapid rate of decline, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination, a specific defect in receptive language, and a greater frequency of aggression and hostility. Visual EEG analysis showed that these patients had a significantly greater proportion of moderately abnormal EEGs, and spectral analysis confirmed the increased amount of delta and theta activity. These data demonstrate that AD patients with delusions and hallucinations have a greater degree of cerebral dysfunction and a relatively focal neuropsychological defect, which may indicate a localized pathologic abnormality.

Aged↗