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PubMed1991

Amniotic fluid ingestion before vaginal/cervical stimulation produces a dose-dependent enhancement of analgesia and blocks pseudopregnancy.

A substance in amniotic fluid (AF) and placenta has been shown to enhance analgesia produced by morphine, late pregnancy, footshock, and vaginal/cervical stimulation (VS). When morphine-induced analgesia was assessed previously, the degree of enhancement by ingestion of AF or placenta was found to be a function of the amount of analgesia being generated. We have extended these results to include the analgesia produced by VS. Analgesia induced by 75, 125, 175, or 225 g of vaginal/cervical pressure was measured in rats pretreated with 0.25 ml (by orogastric infusion) of either AF or saline. AF infusion enhanced the analgesia produced by 125 g VS, but did not affect the analgesia produced by 75, 175, or 225 g VS. Unexpectedly, we also found that infusion of AF shortly before the application of VS prevents VS-induced pseudopregnancy (PsP). Whereas the incidence of PsP following 75, 125, or 175 g VS was less than 19% and not statistically different for AF and saline pretreatments, the incidence of PsP after 225 g VS was 44% in saline-pretreated rats, but only 10% in AF-pretreated rats. Protection from the induction of pseudopregnancy, which could be caused by mechanical stimulation of the cervical area during delivery, may be an additional benefit of parturitional ingestion of placenta and amniotic fluid (placentophagia).

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1994

Participation of pelvic nerve branches in male rat copulatory behavior.

The role of the pelvic nerve branches in the mediation of copulatory behavior was investigated. The somatomotor or the viscerocutaneous branch of the pelvic nerve was bilaterally sectioned in sexually experienced male rats. Somatomotor branch surgery had no detectable effect. Viscerocutaneous branch transection altered copulatory parameters that reflect impairments in penile erection and seminal plug emission. The altered behavioral parameters approached or reached presurgical and sham values 21 days after transection, indicating that the damage to erectile and ejaculatory function was transient. It is suggested that animals with viscerocutaneous branch transection recover copulatory efficiency through a compensatory plastic mechanism, possibly involving the hypogastric nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pelvic neurectomy blocks oxytocin-facilitated sexual receptivity in rats.

The effect of bilateral pelvic, hypogastric, or pudendal neurectomy on oxytocin-induced facilitation of lordosis behavior was examined in ovariectomized, estrogen, and progesterone primed female rats. Oxytocin-induced facilitation of lordosis behavior was significantly decreased following bilateral pelvic, or combined bilateral pelvic and hypogastric neurectomy. Hypogastric only or pudendal only neurectomy had no effect on the facilitation of lordosis behavior after systemic administration of oxytocin. These results suggest that the integrity of the pelvic nerve is necessary and sufficient to mediate the stimulatory effects of systemically administered oxytocin on receptivity.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1979

Imipramine for aspermia after lymphadenectomy.

During radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy the hypogastric sympathetic plexus is necessarily partially sacrificed, with resultant failure of part of the ejaculatory mechanism and aspermia. We have observed this condition to be reversible with imipramine.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Urinary striated sphincter: what is its nerve supply?

Innervation of the voluntary urinary sphincter continues to be a controversial subject. Using retrograde axonal transport techniques to determine the exact nerve supply to the external sphincter has been successful in clarifying this controversy. 1-5 Tracing the transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected in the voluntary external sphincter and that injected directly in the cut end of the pudendal nerve was done. Transport from both sides ended in the same neurons in the dorsolateral column, thus labelling and identifying the pudendal nucleus which is the motor center for the voluntary urinary sphincter.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Functional evaluation of sympathetically mediated responses in in vivo lower urinary tract of dogs.

An in vivo procedure for evaluating local effects of alpha-adrenoceptor stimuli on the lower urinary tract was developed in anesthetized dogs. Electrical stimulation of hypogastric nerve at varied frequencies (1, 2, and 4 Hz) and intraarterial (i.a.) administration of an alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (0.3, 1, and 3 micrograms) to the urethra and bladder through the cannulated right external iliac artery caused reproducible frequency- or dose-related increases in intraurethral pressure (IUP). Intrabladder pressure (IBP) was increased by the nerve stimulation but not by i.a. phenylephrine. Acetylcholine (10 micrograms) given i.a. elicited increases in both IUP and IBP. Prazosin (0.1, 1, and 10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently suppressed the urethral contractile responses to the nerve stimulation and i.a. phenylephrine, but it failed to affect the bladder contraction evoked by the nerve stimulation. The results suggest that the urethral contractile responses to hypogastric nerve stimulation as well as i.a. phenylephrine were mediated via alpha 1-adrenoceptors, whereas the IBP increasing effect of hypogastric nerve stimulation was not mediated via alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1979

The effect of long-term castration on the histochemically demonstrable catecholamines in the hypogastric ganglion of the rat.

The effect of long-term castration on the hypogastric ganglion of the rat was studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method. After castration the fluorescence intensity was lower and the size of the adrenergic neurons was smaller than in normal or in testosterone-treated castrated rats. The fluorescence profile of the ganglia of castrated rats differed from the profiles of control or testosterone-treated castrated rats. Vacuolated neurons were seen in the hypogastric ganglion of controls but not in the ganglia of castrated animals. After long-term castration the size of the ventral prostate was drastically reduced. The density of adrenergic nerves was similar in castrated, normal and testosterone-treated castrated rats. It is concluded that long-term castration has an effect on adrenergic neurons by decreasing the FIF and by producing other morphological changes. The effect can be reversed by testosterone treatment.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1982

Glucose utilization in sympathetic ganglia of male Fischer-344 rats at different ages.

The relation of glucose utilization to age was studied with the [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose method in 3 peripheral sympathetic ganglia of conscious male Fischer-344 rats. The hypogastric ganglion, coeliac-mesenteric ganglion complex and superior cervical ganglion were examined in 3-, 12-, 24- and 30-33-month-old animals. Glucose utilization increased significantly between 12 and 30-33 months in the superior cervical ganglion and between 3 and 24 months in the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion complex. No significant, age-related changes were observed in the hypogastric ganglion. In addition, neuron density decreased significantly between 3 and 12 months in the hypogastric ganglion and between 3 and 30-33 months in the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion complex, but no changes were observed in the superior cervical ganglion. Despite the increased glucose utilization in the superior cervical ganglion, heart rate decreased between 12 and 24 months, and mean arterial blood pressure decreased between 24 and 30-33 months. The results suggest that functional activity of some sympathetic ganglia increases in older rats, although end organ effects may be reduced.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacological analysis of the responses of the feline urethra to autonomic nerve stimulation.

The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation on resistance to flow in the proximal urethra was examined in male, chloralose-anesthetized cats. Hypogastric (sympathetic) nerve stimulation increased urethral resistance, an effect that was blocked by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (0.1 mg/kg), reduced 50% by ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (0.4 to 0.6 mg/min) and potentiated by the beta-adrenergic antagonist sotalol (5 mg/kg). In the presence of phenylephrine-induced constrictions of the urethra, hypogastric nerve stimulation decreased resistance by a sotalol-sensitive, hexamethonium-resistant mechanism. The results imply that sympathetic stimulation can either raise or lower urethral resistance under different conditions, and that the organization of the nerves mediating the two types of response differs. Because pelvic nerve stimulation produced small and inconsistent responses, the parasympathetic input was instead activated by sacral ventral root stimulation. Sacral stimulation produced an atropine-sensitive constriction when basal urethral resistance was low, and dilatation when resistance was high. The latter response was reduced by atropine, but was resistant to sotalol. However, the decrease in resistance produced by acetylcholine in the presence of PE was not reduced by atropine, implying that acetylcholine-induced dilatation of the urethra is not due to activation of muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle. It is hypothesized that parasympathetic dilatation of the urethra may be mediated by a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic inhibitory transmitter released from post-ganglionic neurons. A muscarinic mechanism may be involved in this response either to potentiate the action of the unknown transmitter or to facilitate the ganglionic excitation of these neurons. Parasympathetic constrictor responses can be attributed to activation of postganglionic cholinergic neurons.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of vesical afferent nerve fibres involved in the control of internal anal sphincter motility.

The neural pathways involved in the interactions between urinary bladder and internal anal sphincter (IAS) were studied in anaesthetized spinal cats. Activation of vesical afferents produced in the IAS a reflex increase in the electrical activity and a reflex inhibition of the excitatory responses evoked by stimulation of one hypogastric nerve. Both reflexes are achieved partly in the lumbar spinal cord and partly within the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1986

Primary sensory afferents in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and related nerves of the guinea pig. An experimental study with anterogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate.

Peripheral visceral afferents in the guinea pig were labeled by injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the L2 and L3 dorsal root ganglia bilaterally. After anterograde transport of the tracer the following areas were examined for the presence of HRP-labeled fibers: the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG), the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) with surrounding tissue, the hypogastric nerves, parts of the descending and sigmoid colon as well as the urinary bladder. Large numbers of heavily labeled fibers were found in the IMG, in the colonic nerves around the IMA and in the hypogastric nerves. In the IMG, profiles suggestive of being labeled axon terminals were observed. Labeled fibers were observed in the muscle layers of the colon and in the bladder wall. The results show that anterograde tracing with WGA-HRP can be used successfully in analyzing the morphology and structural organization of visceral afferents in the periphery.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Actions of morphine and enkephalins on the internal anal sphincter of the cat: relevance for the physiological role of opiates.

The effects of Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin and morphine on the electrical activity of the internal anal sphincter were studied in anesthetized spinalized cats and in vitro on sphincteric muscle strips. All the effects of enkephalins and morphine were antagonized by naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.v. in vivo and 10(-6)M in vitro). In vivo, the enkephalins (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) and morphine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased the amplitude of the excitatory responses evoked in the sphincter by stimulation of the hypogastric nerves. Opiates presumably act on the sympathetic nerve endings by reducing the release of noradrenaline. In vitro, the enkephalins (10(-6)M) and morphine (10(-6)M) had a similar inhibitory effect, indicating that opiates act, at least partly, at intramural level. In vivo, the enkephalins and morphine produced an inhibition of the spontaneous electrical activity of the internal anal sphincter. This inhibition occurs also in vitro; it is thus due to a peripheral effect of opiates acting either directly on the sphincteric smooth muscle cells, or through the nervous structures controlling sphincteric motility. In addition, the distribution of nerves containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, using whole mount preparations of cat internal anal sphincter, indicates that this area is supplied with a dense Leu- and Met-enkephalinergic innervation. Met- and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive axons were detected within the circular and longitudinal muscles.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1987

Demonstration of preganglionic fibers in the inferior mesenteric ganglion, pelvic ganglia and related nerves of the guinea pig by anterogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate.

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the guinea pig were labeled by injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the L2 and L3 spinal cord segments. After anterograde transport of the tracer the following areas were examined for the presence of HRP-labeled fibers: the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG), the pelvic ganglia, the hypogastric and colonic nerves. In the ganglia labeling appeared predominantly as clusters of varicose-like profiles suggestive of being axon terminals. Particularly in the pelvic ganglia, these profiles appeared to surround the contours of some of the ganglion cell bodies. Numerous HRP-positive fibers were present in the hypogastric nerves, but only occasional fibers were observed in the colonic nerves. The pattern of labeling differed markedly from that described previously after anterograde transport of WGA-HRP in sensory fibers of the IMG, hypogastric and colonic nerves. Furthermore, the results from this and the previous study show that anterograde tracing with WGA-HRP can be a useful means for analyzing the structural organization of various fiber inputs to autonomic ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Hypogastric nerve activity to the feline bladder during slow filling.

Hypogastric efferent nerve activity was measured in cats anaesthetised with a continuous pentobarbitone infusion while the bladder was filled at a physiological rate. Pelvic efferent nerve recording was used to determine the end of the continence process. The point in the continence process at which non-micturating contractions commenced was usually the point at which sympathetic nerve activity began to increase. By the time the continence process was half over, sympathetic nerve activity had increased from the resting level by 21%. There is disagreement about the role of the sympathetic innervation in the process of urine storage. In the present study, there appears to be significant sympathetic drive to the bladder for much of the continence process.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Penile erection in the rat: stimulation of the hypogastric nerve elicits increases in penile pressure after chronic interruption of the sacral parasympathetic outflow.

Penile erection, a vascular event mediated by the autonomic nervous system, is often adversely affected by injury to the spinal cord. To further characterize the laboratory rat as an animal model of penile erection and to investigate erectile responses following neural injury, the present study has examined pressor penile responses in intact rats and in animals deprived of sacral parasympathetic outflow. Increases in penile pressure result from graded stimulation of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. The vasodilator response is insensitive to blockade with atropine, a cholinergic antagonist. Penile tumescence also results from stimulation of the pelvic nerve, but not the hypogastric nerve. However, beginning 3 days after unilateral interruption of the pelvic nerve, stimulation of the ipsilateral hypogastric nerve results in an increase in penile pressure. This novel response, which is blocked by a ganglionic antagonist, is maximally developed at 1 week post-lesion, is stable for at least 3 months and remains confined to the side of the lesion. These results suggest that the rat, although relatively small, can be used to obtain quantitative data on penile erection. Moreover, the model may lend itself to an analysis of the mechanisms of altered control of visceral tissues following injury to the nervous system.

Animals↗