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PubMed1989

Current fluctuations and oscillations in smooth muscle cells from hog carotid artery. Role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Electrical activity of enzymatically isolated, smooth muscle cells from hog carotid arteries was recorded under current clamp and voltage clamp. Under the experimental conditions, membrane potential usually was not stable, and spontaneous hyperpolarizing transients of approximately 100-msec duration were recorded. The amplitude of the transients was markedly voltage dependent and ranged from about 20 mV at a membrane potential of 0 mV to undetectable at membrane potentials negative to -60 mV. Under voltage clamp, transient outward currents displayed a similar voltage dependency. These fluctuations reflect a K+ current; they were abolished by 10 mM tetraethylammonium chloride, a K+ channel blocker, and the current fluctuations reversed direction in high extracellular K+ concentration. Modulators of intracellular Ca2+ concentration also affected electrical activity. Lowering intracellular Ca2+ concentration by addition of 10 mM EGTA to the pipette solution or suppressing sarcoplasmic reticulum function by superfusion with caffeine (10 mM), ryanodine (1 microM), or histamine (3-10 microM) blocked the rapid voltage and current spikes. However, caffeine and histamine induced a much slower hump of outward current before blocking the rapid spikes. This slower transient outward current could be elicited only once after external Ca2+ was removed and is consistent with an activation of K+ channels by Ca2+ released from internal stores. In contrast, removal of external Ca2+ alone failed to abolish the rapid spikes. These results suggest that 1) a Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance can markedly affect the electrical behavior of arterial smooth muscle cells and 2) internal Ca2+ stores, probably the sarcoplasmic reticulum, can support rapid and frequent releases of Ca2+. Exposure to a low concentration of histamine (3 microM) caused synchronization of the irregular, rapid fluctuations giving rise to slow, periodic oscillations of Ca2+-activated K+ conductance with a frequency of 0.1-0.3 Hz. These regular oscillations are reminiscent of periodic Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, were inhibited by 10 mM caffeine, and point to a modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release by histamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

An investigation of bacterial causes of arthritis in slaughter hogs.

Joints from 153 arthritic and 80 normal slaughter hogs were examined by culture for presence of bacteria. Although none of the normal joints yielded bacteria, 37% of the disease joints were positive for bacterial growth. Of 67 bacterial isolates obtained, 45% were Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Occurrence of other bacteria in order of their frequency was Streptococcus suis (16%), Actinomyces pyogenes (10%), Mycoplasma spp. including 3 M. hyorhinis isolates (7%), staphylococci (7%), Streptococcus spp. (6%), and organisms of uncertain significance (7%).

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification methods for the detection of hog cholera virus.

A blind panel was tested in a diagnostic evaluation of a reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting hog cholera virus (HCV) from pig tissues. The capability of the RT-PCR test to discriminate between HCV and related pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and those viruses causing similar diseases in swine, including African swine fever virus (ASFV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV), was also considered. Nucleic acid extraction involved either kit-based or conventional phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol methods. A single-round PCR assay, using primers that hybridize to the conserved p120 nonstructural gene region, was 82.5% sensitive (n = 17) and 100% specific (n = 18) in the detection of the presence of HCV RNA. However, the sensitivity was increased to 100% following a second PCR test. In all, 4 HCV, 7 BVDV, 2 ASFV, and 1 PRV isolates were studied. Novel nucleic acid sequences were generated for 9 HCV strains. Analysis of a portion of the p120 region using these methods was suitable for HCV isolate characterization.

African Swine Fever Virus↗
PubMed1983

The subcellular distribution of renin in hog anterior pituitary.

Renin in hog anterior pituitary was found to be located principally in the particulate fractions. Density gradient centrifugation of the granular fraction revealed a discrete band of renin activity distinct from lysosomal and mitochondrial markers. This band has a density similar to that of known kidney renin secretory granules and may be due to renin secretory or storage granules in the anterior pituitary.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Partial purification and characterization of two thiol proteases from hog thyroid lysosomes.

Two proteases were purified from lysosomal supernatants of hog thyroids. The first step of the purification by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography separated the two proteases, which were shown to have quite similar properties with respect to 2-mercaptoethanol requirement and pH optima for benzoyl-L-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) hydrolytic activity, and inhibition by sulfhydryl inhibitors. One of the proteases, designated as thiol protease-1 (TP-1), was further purified by gel filtration (Sephacryl S-200) and vigorously hydrolyzed BANA but not casein. BANA hydrolytic activity of TP-1 was 50% inhibited by 10(-5) M leupeptin and by 10(-7) M L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido(4-amino)butane. A highly purified preparation of the other protease, designated as thiol protease-2 (TP-2), was obtained after gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography. In contrast to TP-1, TP-2 exhibited high hydrolytic activity against both casein and BANA, and was more sensitive to leupeptin and L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido(4-amino)butane, the concentrations for 50% inhibition being 10(-7) and 10(-8) M, respectively. Electrophoresis and chromatofocusing revealed that the two proteases had different isoelectric points. TP-1 could bind to concanavalin A Sepharose and hydrolyzed L-arginine-2-naphthylamide but not carbobenzoxy-L-arginyl-L-arginine methylcoumarylamide whereas TP-2 did not bind to concanavalin A Sepharose and hydrolyzed carbobenzoxy-L-arginyl-L-arginine methylcoumarylamide but not L-arginine-2-naphthylamide. These results suggested that TP-1 and TP-2 had properties similar to those of the liver lysosomal thiol proteases, cathepsins H and B, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Purification and characterization of (H+ + K+)-ATPase from hog gastric mucosa.

A (H+ + K+)-ATPase-enriched membrane fraction derived from the fundic portion of hog gastric mucosa was obtained by a combination of differential and repeated 7% Ficoll gradient centrifugation. The microsomal membrane fraction isolated by repeated 7% Ficoll gradient centrifugation was free of ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase and succinate dehydrogenase; and it was highly enriched in (H+ + K+)-ATPase and K(+)-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase (p-NPPase). The (H+ + K+)-ATPase had a pH optimum of 7.4 and was stimulated by Tl+, K+, Rb+ and NH4+ with Ka values of 0.0667, 0.526, 0.667 and 3.03 mM, respectively, at this pH. On the other hand, monovalent cations such as Na+, Li+ and (CH3)4N+ as well as divalent cations such as Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ and Cd2+ inhibited this enzyme activity concentration-dependently. Ouabain and oligomycin had no effect, whereas omeprazole, a specific (H+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitor, inhibited this enzyme activity in a pH-dependent manner. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a major band (greater than or equal to 90% of protein) at 97,400 daltons, which was phosphorylated in the presence of Mg2+ and [gamma-32P]-ATP and dephosphorylated in the presence of K+. The present method was very simple, and the (H+ + K+)-ATPase activity of the microsomal fraction obtained by this method was much higher compared with those obtained by other methods such as free-flow electrophoresis.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1995

Inhibitory effect of NaCl on hog kidney mitochondrial membrane-bound monoamine oxidase: pH and temperature dependences.

For a further understanding of the inhibitory effect of NaCl on hog kidney mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO), the activity for benzylamine as substrate was assayed spectrophotometrically in the absence and presence of NaCl for mitochondrial outer membrane preparations as well as whole mitochondria. The effect of CaCl2 was also examined for comparison. The inhibition by NaCl but not CaCl2 was strongly pH dependent. The pH dependence of the inhibitory effect of NaCl in phosphate buffer was parallel to the pH dependence of the MAO activity itself. The point at which the slope of the Arrhenius plot in the absence of NaCl decreases with increasing temperature was to be 32.3 degrees C at pH 7.0 and 30.4 degrees C at pH 7.5 in phosphate buffer, while the Arrhenius plot in the presence of NaCl exhibited discontinuities without change in the slope in small temperature ranges, 39.2 degrees C-40.0 degrees C and 33.0 degrees C-34.2 degrees C. It was estimated that the inhibitory effect of NaCl was due to a pH and temperature sensitive cooperative state change involving MAO protein and boundary lipids, while the effect of CaCl2 could be induced by specific Ca2+ binding to acidic phospholipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Structure determination of N-terminal-blocked peptide from hog kidney aldose 1-epimerase by tandem mass spectrometry.

The blocked-N-terminal structure of hog kidney aldose 1-epimerase (mutarotase, EC 5.1.3.3) was determined to be Ac-Val-Ser-Val-Thr-Arg-Ser-Val-Phe-Gly-Asp... by a coupling of conventional methods (enzymatic digestion, amino acid analysis, and Edman sequencing) and tandem mass spectrometry. The side-chain fragmentations observed in the high-energy product ion spectra gave unambiguous sequence information about the arginine-containing N-terminal structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Social responsibility and research ethics in community-driven studies of industrialized hog production.

Environmental health research can document exposures and health effects that result from inequitable relationships between communities of low income or people of color and the institutions that derive benefits (profits, federal and state funding or services, avoidance of wastes) from activities and policies that burden these communities. Researchers, most of whom work in relatively privileged institutions, are placed in situations of conflicting loyalties if they conduct research in collaboration with, or on behalf of, communities burdened by environmental injustices. These conflicts can threaten the self-interest of researchers and may raise social and ethical issues that do not typically arise in research projects that respond to the agendas of institutions. This article describes how we addressed issues of research ethics and social responsibility in environmental health research on industrialized hog production in North Carolina. Researchers and institutional review boards are not well prepared to address ethical issues when interests of entire communities, as well as individual research participants, are involved. Community-driven research partnerships can help address problems in research ethics and can enhance the social responsibility of researchers and their institutions.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Reverse interference method for measurement of hog cholera virus (HCV) and anti-HCV antibody.

A new procedure was developed for the assay of the hog cholera virus (HCV) and anti-HCV antibody. Initially, the suppression effect of HCV on interferon (IFN) by HCV production was confirmed. Swine kidney cell cultures preinfected with HCV produced no IFN, even following the addition of IFN inducers. However the sensitivity of the cell to IFN was not influenced by the infection with this virus. Based on these results, a new method, named reverse interference method, was established. In this method, infective titer of HCV was determined by the appearance of cell pathogenic effects (CPE) induced by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which is caused by the suppression effect on the heterologous interference of GPE- strain of HCV against VSV infection in swine kidney cell cultures. This method showed nearly the same sensitivity as the END method. There was no difference in the infective titer of HCV and antibody titer against HCV as estimated by this method and the END method. The reverse interference method had advantages in rapidity and objectivity compared with the END method.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparative immunohistopathology in pigs infected with highly virulent or less virulent strains of hog cholera virus.

Eight pigs were inoculated subcutaneously with a highly virulent hog cholera virus (HCV) strain ALD. The infected pigs developed severe illness and became moribund on postinoculation day (PID) 7 or PID 10. Histologic lesions were characterized by severe generalized vasculitis, necrosis of lymphocytes, and encephalitis. HCV antigen was detected in crypt tonsilar epithelial cells, macrophages, and reticular endothelial cells of lymphoid tissues. Antigen localization corresponded well with histologic lesions. Five pigs were inoculated with less virulent HCV Kanagawa/74 strain and were euthanatized on PID 30. All five infected pigs recovered from the illness but became stunted. They also had a slight follicular depletion of lymphocytes, histiocytic hyperplasia, and hematopoiesis in the spleen. Less virulent HCV antigen was observed in the tonsils, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal glands, and lungs. Although antigen localization was less associated with histologic lesions, immunoreactivity was stronger than that in the pigs infected with the ALD strain of HCV. An almost complete loss of B lymphocytes was recognized in pigs infected with the ALD strain and was correlated with follicular necrosis in lymphoid tissues. Loss of B lymphocytes was not prominent in the pigs infected with Kanagawa/74 strain. The number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher than that in the noninfected control pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Partial purification of hog thyroid peroxidase using detergent treatment and its spectral changes induced by hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)].

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was partially purified from hog thyroid microsomes after solubilization by means of deoxycholate treatment followed by ammonium sulfate farctionation and affinity chromatography with Con A Sepharose. The absorption spectra of the preparation showed the maxima at around 410 nm for oxidized form, 422 nm for dithionite-reduced form and 422 nm for CO complex of reduced form. The cyanide difference spectrum showed a peak at 431 nm and a trough at 403 nm. This preparation was contaminated with little cytochrome b5 and it was shown that the TPO preparation was able to be used for the following spectrophotometric experiments. The addition of H2O2 to the TPO preparation induced the characteristic change in the difference spectrum with a peak at 430 nm and a trough at 407 nm, which was gradually disappeared in a few minutes, but at the high concentration of H2O2 (35 muM) the trough at 411 nm was observed after decomposition of H2O2, accompanying loss of peroxidase activity. This deepening of the trough caused the heme degradation which was dependent with the concentration of H2O2 added and to less extent at the low concentration of H2O2 (3.5 MUM). Since the difference spectrum produced by the addition of small amount of H2O2 disappeared rapidly after the addition of KI or ascorbate and resembled the spectral change due to the formation of Compound II in the reaction of other perioxidases, it was concluded that the difference spectrum with a peak at 430 nm and a trough at 407 nm observed after the addition of H2O2 was ascribable to the formation of Compound II of TPO. Although Compound I was not observed under the experimental conditions used, the results were accounted for the presence of I bound to TPO or other endogeneous reducing agents. We tentatively concluded that Compound I and Compound II are formed in the reaction of TPO with H2O2 as well as in that of horseradish peroxidase.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[The effects of hog pancreatic kallikrein on the plasma kinins-prostaglandins and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems].

Recently several reports have been presented stating that glandular kallikrein is present in human and animal blood, and that the oral administration of hog pancreatic kallikrein (HPK) normalises decreased urinary kallikrein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretions and elevated blood pressure in hypertensive patients. In this study, HPK (2,000 KU/kg body weight) was intramuscularly injected into male rabbits, and several hormones (plasma kinins, plasma PGE, plasma 6-keto PGF1 alpha, plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone, plasma ACTH) were measured before and after HPK administration in order to clarify the role of glandular kallikrein in the blood. Plasma kinins concentrations were significantly increased (the mean baseline level: 1 +/- 1 pg/ml (mean +/- S.E.), 30 min: 230 +/- 22 (p less than 0.001), 60 min: 288 +/- 36 (p less than 0.001), and 120 min: 130 +/- 9 (p less than 0.001] after HPK administration. Plasma levels of PGE were slightly increased after HPK administration, but the change was not significant as compared with the mean baseline level. Plasma levels of 6-keto PGF1 alpha were significantly increased from the mean baseline level of 229 +/- 38 pg/ml to 594 +/- 131 (p less than 0.05) at 30 min and to 378 +/- 67 (p less than 0.01) at 60 min but were decreased to 278 +/- 37 at 120 min after HPK administration. On the other hand, the changes in plasma TXB2, aldosterone and ACTH concentrations, and PRA were not significant before and after HPK administration. From the present study, it was clarified that the exogenous intramuscular administration of HPK increased plasma levels of kinins and PGI2, but induced no elevation in plasma levels of other hormones including PRA. Therefore, it was concluded in this acute experiment that there was a close relationship between the kallikrein-kinin system and PGs.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1979

Some properties of hog thyroidal membrane-bound adenosine tri-phosphatase: proteolytic activation of Mg-dependent activity.

The ATPase preparations from the hog thyroid was preincubated with various amounts of trypsin. The activity of Mg-ATPase was consistently elevated. On the contrary, the Na, K-ATPase activity decreased with increasing amounts of trypsin. The effects were similar to those which were observed in the enzyme preparations treated with basis polyamino acids as previously reported. This phenomenon seemed to be specific in the preparations from the thyroid. The Mg-dependent activity was increased after pretreatment with trypsin or poly-L-lysine (PLL) when CTP, ITP and UTP were used as substrate. Thus the substrate specificity of Mg-ATPase was low. The enzyme-kinetics using ATP as substrate showed that the increase in activity was due to an increase in Vmax and not to a change in Km. The activity of Mg-ATPase was increased even after 30 min of preincubation with trypsin, while the Na, K-ATPase activity was almost diminished. These results suggest that the activity of Mg-ATPase in the preparation from the thyroid is specifically changed by the modification of the molecular environment of the enzyme with trypsin or basic polyamino acids.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1987

Demonstration of calcium-dependent proteases (calpains) and thyroglobulin proteolysis in hog thyroid cytosol.

Ca2+-dependent neutral proteases in hog thyroid cytosol were found to digest thyroglobulin. The protease activity was divided into two peaks by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Peak I was eluted at 0.2 M NaCl and required only a micromolar range of Ca2+ for its 50% activation, while peak II, which was eluted at about 0.4 M NaCl, displayed little activity until the Ca2+ concentration was increased at more than 10(-4) M. Among various inhibitors used, thiol protease inhibitors (leupeptin, E-64 and monoiodoacetic acid) were the most effective, whereas a calmodulin antagonist (trifluoperazine) and serine protease inhibitors (phenylmethyl-sulfony-fluoride and pepstatin A) were not effective, indicating that these Ca2+-dependent proteases corresponded to calpains 1 and 2. Among the substrates tested, casein was the best and thyroglobulin was also a good for calpain 2. By using immunoblotting procedure with anti-thyroglobulin antibody, it has been found that calpain 2 degrades thyroglobulin to yield 67 K and 46 K thyroglobulin and further that it also degrades 40 K thyroglobulin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The structural components of hog cholera virus.

Hog cholera virus grown in PK-15 cells and SK-cells was labeled with [35S]methionine and [3H]uridine. At least 3 polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after disruption of the virus with sodium dodecyl-sulfate. The molecular weights of the structural proteins were determined to be 55000 (p55), 46000 (gp46), and 36000 (p36). The molecular weight of the viral RNA was determined to be about 4 X 10(6) in polyacrylamide-agarose-gel electrophoresis. In sucrose gradients the RNA has a S20,w value of 40-45S.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Biases associated with genotype and sex in prediction of fat-free lean mass and carcass value in hogs.

Carcass and live measurements of 165 market hogs that represented seven genotypes were used to investigate genotype and sex biases associated with the prediction of fat-free lean mass (FFLM) and carcass value. Carcass value was determined as the sum of the product of weight of individual cuts and their average unit prices adjusted for slaughter and processing costs. Independent variables used in the prediction equations included carcass measurements, such as optical probe, midline ruler, ribbed carcass measurements, and electromagnetic scanning (EMSCAN), and live animal ultrasonic scanning. The effect of including subpopulation mean values of independent variables in the prediction equations for FFLM and carcass value was also investigated. Genotype and sex biases were found in equations in which midline backfat, ribbed carcass, EMSCAN, and live ultrasonic scanning were used as single technology sets of measurements. The prediction equations generally undervalued genotypes with above-average carcass value. Biases were reduced when measurements of combined technologies and mean adjusted variables were used. The FFLM and carcass value of gilts were underestimated, and they were overestimated of barrows. Equations that combined OP and EMSCAN technologies were the most accurate and least biased for both FFLM and carcass value. Equations that included carcass weight and midline last-rib backfat thickness measurements were the least accurate and most biased. Genotype and sex biases must be considered when predicting FFLM and carcass value.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

Molecular characterization of inactive renin: complete purification of prorenin in hog kidney and isolation of inactive renin from neuroblastoma cells: evidence for 2 different types of inactive renin.

To determine the molecular properties of inactive renin and its relationship to active renin, inactive renin in hog kidney was purified by devising affinity chromatography. Electrophoretically homogeneous inactive renin was prepared by 3 million-fold purification. It consists of a single polypeptide chain and undergoes reduction in molecular weight from 50,000 to 38,000 upon activation by proteases but not by dissociative treatment. This type of inactive renin is considered as a zymogen. However, a stable complex of renin and its inhibitor with a molecular weight of 110,000 was found in cultured neuroblastoma cells indicating the presence of a second type of inactive renin.

Animals↗