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PubMed2000

Knowledge and habits of tobacco among ice-hockey-playing boys. An intervention study.

The aim of this study was to investigate tobacco habits among ice-hockey-playing boys in three clubs in the County of Värmland, Sweden and to analyse whether health information about the harmful effects of tobacco could change the players' tobacco habits. In addition, the issue of whether there is any correlation between knowledge of tobacco and its harmful effects with tobacco habits was studied. Ice-hockey-players from three ice-hockey clubs were represented and one of the clubs acted as a control group. A total of 252 male ice-hockey-players, 12-19 years old participated. A specially designed questionnaire containing 33 questions on background, socioeconomics, behaviour, and knowledge was used. The boys answered the questionnaire on three occasions. The first and second examinations took place on the same occasion with the intervention occurring between the examinations. The third examination was carried out after 3-5 weeks. The study showed that the use of snuff played a more important role among the ice-hockey-players than did smoking and that they had tried using snuff at the age of 12. The baseline investigation showed that there were no significant differences between the clubs in tobacco habits and knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco. After the health information, the boys' knowledge of tobacco and its harmful effects increased significantly (p<0.001), but regardless, no change in their use of tobacco was found after 3-5 weeks. Knowledge also increased significantly among the boys in the control group (p<0.001), but no change in the use of tobacco was found here either. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the group of boys who used snuff and the non-users with regard to their knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Trends in dietary habits in Denmark and Sweden since the 1960s].

Dietary habits in Denmark and Sweden are compared during the period 1965-1998 based on data from Food Balance Sheets. Common trends are an increase in consumption of vegetables, fruits, berries and meat and a decrease in consumption of fats. In the latest ten years percentage of energy from fat has also decreased. Denmark has a higher consumption of fats and meat and a lower consumption of fruits, berries and fish. These differences contribute to a higher percentage of energy from fat in the Danish diet compared to the Swedish. Data consequently indicate that dietary habits in Sweden are healthier than in Denmark. Differences in dietary habits may have contributed to differences in life expectancy between the countries. Disparities in dietary habits are seen in both countries. The tendency is greater social differences in Denmark.

Denmark↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of nutritional habits, nutritional status and physical performance in selected group of adolescents].

The purpose of the study was the assessment of nutritional status and nutritional habits as well as physical fitness in a group of 74 adolescents (44 girls and 30 boys) aged 13-19 years, spending their holidays in a recreation centre in Klodzko Valley and the evaluation of correlation coefficients between these parameters. The nutritional status (NS) was evaluated on the basis of body mass index (BMI), skin folds thickness and total body fat (FM). Nutritional habits (NH) were estimated by the method of dietary history with special attention paid to consumption of selected food products and regularity of meals. Physical performance (PhP) of the group was assessed by Harvard's step-test. Evaluation of nutritional habits indicated only a few cases of improper nutrition but about 33% of total examined group followed nutrition guidelines and the scores of NH received by the main part of this group (ca. 66%) were recognised as sufficient. Differences of NS, in adolescents were found, but there was no case of obesity. Significant number of girls (21-55%) showed low values of BMI (<18.4 kg/m2) which could indicate insufficient energy intake. No correlation between NH and NS was however found. Level of physical fitness of the examined group was quite high and strongly correlated with nutritional habits (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). The results proved that the relationship between NH and PhP can be noticed in relatively young persons and that the evaluation of NS of youngsters should include a simple physical performance test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a habitation air in Hangzhou].

The twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were detected in a habitation air air of Hangzhou. The results indicated that the concentrations of PAHs in the habitation air were between 8.237 micrograms/m3 and 14.234 micrograms/m3. The habitation air was seriously polluted by PAHs. The main source of PAHs in the habitation air was from cooking and burning. And the waste gases from vehicular will contribute to it also.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

An estimate of the prevalence of biocompatible and habitable planets.

A Monte Carlo computer model of extra-solar planetary formation and evolution, which includes the planetary geochemical carbon cycle, is presented. The results of a run of one million galactic disc stars are shown where the aim was to assess the possible abundance of both biocompatible and habitable planets. (Biocompatible planets are defined as worlds where the long-term presence of surface liquid water provides environmental conditions suitable for the origin and evolution of life. Habitable planets are those worlds with more specifically Earthlike conditions). The model gives an estimate of 1 biocompatible planet per 39 stars, with the subset of habitable planets being much rarer at 1 such planet per 413 stars. The nearest biocompatible planet may thus lie approximately 14 LY distant and the nearest habitable planet approximately 31 LY away. If planets form in multiple star systems then the above planet/star ratios may be more than doubled. By applying the results to stars in the solar neighbourhood, it is possible to identify 28 stars at distances of < 22 LY with a non-zero probability of possessing a biocompatible planet.

Astronomy↗
PubMed2001

Factors associated with snuffing habits among ice-hockey-playing boys.

The aim of the present investigation was to study differences in background factors between ice-hockey-playing boys who used snuff, who had tried using snuff, and who had never used snuff. The background factors studied were the socio-economic conditions of the boys' parents; the tobacco habits of the boys' parents, siblings, and friends; the boys' choice of theoretical or practical upper secondary school programme; knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco as well as participation in a sport other than ice hockey. Data were collected usinG a questionnaire. Of 249 boys in the age group 12-19 years who participated in the study, 13% used snuff, 34% had tried using snuff, and 53% had never used snuff. The factors knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco and choice of theoretical or practical upper secondary school programme had no significant association with the boys' snuffing habits. This was also true for the parents' tobacco habits unless their habits were analysed separate from each other, where "mother smoked" showed an association with boys who used snuff. The study also showed a significant difference between boys who used snuff and boys who had never used snuff and between boys who had tried using snuff and boys who had never used snuff; boys who used snuff tended to have siblings who used snuff. Of boys who used snuff, 77% reported that their friends' use of snuff had influenced them to start using snuff. A significant difference could also be shown between boys who used snuff, had tried using snuff and never-users depending on whether the boys participated in a sport other than ice hockey. Snuff usage was not as widespread among boys who participated in other sport activities. This was verified by the multivariate logistic regression analysis where "taking part in other sports than ice hockey" was the explanatory variable that showed the strongest association with the dependent variable. An active participation in ice hockey and the environment, in which this sport is practised, would consequently be a strong influencing factor to start using snuff.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[The food habit and its affecting factors of preschool children in Guangzhou].

A survey of nutritional knowledge-attitude-practice was conducted among 1300 preschool children, their parents, 203 teachers and nurses in Kindergarten in 1997. Results showed that the food habit of preschool children was unsuitable. Most preschool children rejected eating animal liver, peanut product and animal blood, but often ate snacks. From statistic analysis among affecting factors, the mother's and teachers' nutritional knowledge and the food habit of parents had significant effect on food habit of preschool children. The family income did not significantly affect food habit of preschool children. Moreover, there was little nutrition education involved in the preschool children courses in 4 kindergartens. The result suggested that the nutrition education plan should be done.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Food habits, physical activity and overweight among adolescents].

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide. Not only adults but also children and adolescents are involved. There are no recent data from French West Indies, where situation is believed to be worrying. Hence, the objective of the study was to provide information on the situation of adolescents, describing their nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity habits. METHODS: A sample of adolescents of both sexes, 14 to 15 years of age, was drawn among the 45 secondary schools of the Island. Of 993 adolescents drawn, 715 participated in the study which consisted in a questionnaire on their food and physical activity habits and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: As a whole these adolescents displayed a greater growth rate than the WHO reference population. About 20% presented a body mass index (BMI) over the chosen thresholds for overweight and obesity. They were slightly more mature than the French Continental children (i. e. girls experienced menarche at 11.9 +/- 1.0 years of age versus 13 years in Metropolitan France). Their food habits were similar in structure and composition, to those of westernised countries, while retaining some features of the "Creole culture". Foods rich in animal fats and carbohydrates were prevailing. Girls ate less dairy products than boys (53% of the adolescent girls drank milk during breakfast against 64% of the boys). Almost every boy had a sport activity out of school, but girls were less often enrolled in sports. Sport activity decreased with age. There were no clear differences in physical activity levels between adolescents with high BMI or low BMI. CONCLUSIONS: There is an excess of overweight and obesity in this adolescent population. These conditions may have appeared soon during childhood and be hardly modified latter. Physical activity level would have a stronger impact on fatness during childhood than at adolescence. Hence, a special attention should be brought early to the nutritional status, food and physical activity habits of young children, given the risks to develop degenerative diseases when adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Changes in drinking habits among Norwegian physicians 1985-2000].

BACKGROUND: The alcohol drinking habits in the Norwegian population has changed. We do not know whether this applies to doctors as well. In general, a possible association between job satisfaction and alcohol drinking habits has not been shown for doctors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional questionnaire surveys of representative samples of Norwegian doctors in 1985, 1993 and 2000. RESULTS: 33% of the doctors drank alcohol more often than once weekly in 2000, versus 22% in 1985. The pace of change accelerated between 1993 and 2000, compared to 1985 to 1993. The proportion of doctors with a modified AUDIT score of 6 or more increased from 12% to 15% from 1993 to 2000, and the proportion with a modified AUDIT score of 13 or more increased from 0.6% to 1.3%. We found no correlation between job satisfaction and drinking habits. INTERPRETATION: The change in drinking habits among Norwegian doctors is similar to the change in the population at large. More frequent moderate consumption of alcohol has not been accompanied by less frequent consumption of larger amounts of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Smoking habit cessation in coronary patients].

OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of coronary events in smoking cessation habits, and study the association between smoking habits and coronary artery disease. METHODS: With a clinical structured interview, three groups were selected (n = 68), from the patients of the Cardiology Service of Hospital Militar Principal. Sample 1 was composed by patients with stable, and unstable angina (n = 18), sample 2 by patients with myocardial infarction (n = 26), and sample 3 by individuals with other cardiac disease (arterial hypertension, or valve disease) (n = 24). The individuals were aged between 48 and 75. The following statistical procedures were used: correspondence analysis, chi-square test (chi 2), and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The association between smoking habits (non smoker, former smoker, and current smoker), and type of disease (angina, myocardial infarction, and arterial hypertension), was statistically significant [chi 2 (68) = 14.5; p = 0.006], and there was also a significant association between smoking habits and coronary artery disease [chi 2 (68) = 4.0; p = 0.045]. The category of ex-smokers and myocardial patients also showed significant association (Fisher exact test = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Previous myocardial infarction events constitute an experience of severe suffering and crisis, in which the patient accepts to stop smoking. We also confirm that smoking is a risk factor for myocardial infarction. Thus the objective of clinic interventions, aiming to promote the smoking cessation intentions, are important to promote this decision.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caries prevalence and distribution, and oral health habits of zero- to four-year-old children in Macau, China.

This study sought to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries and the oral health habits of children ages 0 to 4 years in Macau, China vs. children in Hong Kong. Caregivers of 353 children from 7 nursery centers completed a questionnaire, and dental personnel examined their children with a light and disposable mouth mirror. The children's mean age was 2.8 +/- 0.6 years. Using the diagnostic criterion that cavitation was evidence of dental caries, the caries prevalence was 18%. When the age range was narrowed to 1.8 to 3.5 years, the caries prevalence was 19% in Macau children compared to 17% in Hong Kong children. No statistically significant relationship existed among caries prevalence, feeding habits, or oral hygiene habits, supporting the notion that the etiology of ECC is multifactorial. The similarity of caries prevalence in these 2 populations may result from the effects of cultural norms on the dental habits of the children.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study of hearing and of the auditory habits of youngsters of the city of Sorocaba--São Paulo].

BACKGROUND: currently the exposure to noisy leisure activities are part of the routine of youngsters, representing a considerable risk for hearing. AIM: to study the hearing and the auditory habits of youngsters. METHOD: 75 individuals, with ages ranging from 18 to 25 years, were evaluated using pure tone audiometry and a questionnaire for the verification of their auditory habits. RESULTS: the audiometric results indicate that 45.3% of the individuals presented some sort of hearing impairment, in the 3 to 6 kHz frequency range. As for the auditory habits, most of the youngsters have the habit of exposing herself/himself to high sound pressure levels, especially collective music. CONCLUSION: It is essential for the health professionals to be enrolled in prevention and hearing conservation programs in order to change attitudes and to establish noise control measures for leisure activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of the 5R(5A) alien chromosome substitution on the growth habit and winter hardiness of wheat].

The growth habit, ear emergence time, and frost tolerance of wheat/rye substitution lines have been studied in cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya whose chromosome 5A is substituted with chromosome 5R of Onkhoyskaya rye. Hybrid analysis has demonstrated that the spring habit of the recipient cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya is controlled by dominant gene Vrn-A1 located in chromosome 5A. Onokhoyskaya rye has a dominant gene for the spring habit (Sp1) located in chromosome 5R. It has been found that the resultant 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines have a winter type of development and ears do not emerge during summer in plants sown in spring. The change in growth habit has been shown to be related to the absence of the rye Spl gene expression in the substitution lines. The winter hardiness of winter 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines has been studied under the environmental conditions of Novosibirsk. Testing the lines in the first winter demonstrated that their winter survival is 20-27%. The possible presence of the frost resistance gene homeoallelic to the known genes Fr1 and Fr2 of the common wheat located on chromosomes 5A and 5D, respectively, is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Smoking habits among health staff in the county of Koprivnica-Krizevci--comparative study 1998 and 2002].

The study examined smoking habits among health care workers of all health institutions in the County of Koprivnica-Krizevci with the aim of establishing the prevalence. The first research of smoking habits was done in 1998 in order to get basic data about smoking habits, and the second research was carried out in 2002 with the aim of establishing a trend of smoking habits. An anonymous qestionnaire was given to all employees of all health institutions in the County. It was answered by 508 persons (44%) in 1998 and by 622 persons (50%) in 2002. As far as profession is concerned, 49 (53)% of those who answered the questionnaire were doctors, 24 (42)% dentists, 7 (9)% pharmacists, 53 (58)% were professional nurses and 28 (37)% administrative-technical non-health professionals. The data in parentheses are for 2002. The survey showed that of all employees who answered the questionnaire 34% in 1998 were smokers and 31% in 2002, while 17% were ex-smokers (1998 and 2002) and 48% in 1998 and 52% in 2002 have never been smokers. Although the damage of smoking and consequences is a matter of every day talk about, and the employees of health institutions are the first expected to set an example to become aware and informed, the data of this research showed that the decrease of prevalence of smokers among health care workers is very slow.

Croatia↗
PubMed2004

Breath carbon monoxide as an indication of smoking habit in the military setting.

INTRODUCTION: The breath carbon monoxide (CO) monitor has been shown to be an effective tool in predicting smoking habits. This study aims to assess whether the breath CO level can be employed to determine a person's smoking habit in the military setting and to analyse various factors that can influence the breath CO levels. METHODS: 155 navy personnel were questioned on their smoking habits in phase one of the study. The subjects were explained the objective of the study and instructed to provide two breaths into the CO monitor (EC-50 Smokerlyser, Bedford Instruments, Kent, UK). In a subsequent single blind study, 40 trainees were not told of the purpose of the study and were assessed via a questionnaire and smokerlyser estimation. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the data and assess distribution. Depending on the distribution, a two-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to test for a significant difference between CO levels among smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS: In phase one, the mean breath CO levels were 11.6 (plus or minus 6.2) ppm for smokers and (1.9 plus or minus 0.9) ppm for non-smokers (p-value less than 0.0001). A cut-off level of 5 ppm gave a sensitivity of 96 percent and a specificity of 98 percent. The high CO levels were clustered within five hours of the last cigarette smoked. Therefore, this value may not reliably predict smoking habits if an individual smoked more than five hours before the test. Of the 40 subjects in phase two, five smokers who stated that their last cigarette smoked was 48 hours before the breath test had a mean CO level greater than 5 ppm. (range of 5.5 to 18.0 ppm). On further questioning, all admitted to having smoked on the day of the test. CONCLUSION: The breath CO monitor has good potential for use as an adjunct in future smoking control assessments and a reading greater than 5 ppm strongly suggests that the military outpatient is a smoker.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of pacifier-sucking habits and successful methods to eliminate them--a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to verify the prevalence of nutritive (breast-feeding and bottle-feeding) and non-nutritive (pacifier) sucking habits, the methods used to eliminate them, and success of these methods. METHODS: To collect the data, 502 questionnaires were distributed to parents of 0- to 6-year-old children. RESULTS: Bottle-feeding was used by 83% and pacifier by 63% of children. The professional's explanation, the use of substances on the pacifier, the abrupt interruption of the habit, and parents' explanations were efficient in 90%, 80%, 64%, and 38% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sucking habits had a high prevalence in this sample. An indirect linear relationship between breast-feeding and pacifier use demonstrated that the more the child was breast-fed, the less the pacifier was used. The most efficient method to end the pacifier-sucking habit was professional explanation; however, it was used less often.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed2004

Oral health and habits in children with asthma related to severity and duration of condition.

AIM: This study was designed to examine the oral health status of asthmatic children and to compare the oral health condition and habits of different groups of asthmatic children. METHODS: 140 asthmatic children were involved in the present study. Of those, 30 were younger than 7 years of age, 73 were between 7 and 12, 37 were older than 12. Dental caries was scored according to the guidelines of the BASCD. No radiographs were taken. The gingival health and the amount of plaque were assessed using the bleeding index described by Mühleman and Son [1971] and the plaque index of Silness and Löe [1964] respectively. To differentiate between the asthmatic children three explanatory variables were used: the time the asthmatic symptoms had lasted, the exposure time to the medication and the severity of the asthmatic condition. Finally the parents and children were asked to fill in a questionnaire referring to oral health habits. RESULTS: The mean dmft was 1.99 (SD+/-2.74) and the mean DMFT was 1.10 (SD+/-1.98). Non-parametric correlation and multiple logistic regression analyses showed no significant difference between the caries (dmft/s, DMFT/S), the gingival health (bleeding index) and plaque indices and the three explanatory variables. The impact of possible compensatory factors as oral hygiene and dietary habits was of no significant importance. CONCLUSION: This analysis revealed that neither the period (of the disease and the medication) nor the severity of the asthma had a significant influence on the risk of caries and gingivitis in asthmatic children. No reported oral health and dietary habits could explain this lack of correlation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of the CD36 gene A52C polymorphism to the risk of colorectal cancer among Japanese, with reference to with the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene Glu487Lys polymorphism and drinking habit.

High consumption of white meat (or saturated fatty acids) and alcohol has been demonstrated to have a tendency to increase the risk of colorectal cancer, according to the level of malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adducts derived from lipid per-oxidation in the colorectal mucosa. CD36 plays important roles as a long-chain fatty acid translocase and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) scavenger, while alcohol is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and decreases transiently metabolism of dietary fat and serum lipids. To examine associations between the risk of colorectal cancer and the CD36 gene A52C polymorphism according to the ALDH2 gene Glu487Lys polymorphism and drinking habit, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 128 colorectal cancer cases and 238 cancer-free controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for the C/C genotype relative to the A/A genotype were 1.70 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76-4.11] and 4.24 (95% CI, 1.42-22.66) for men and women, respectively, with the low-activity (Glu/Lys + Lys/Lys) ALDH2 genotype. The high-activity (Glu/Glu) genotype for men and women had no associations. On the other hand, the OR for the C/C genotype with high frequency of drinking habit relative to the A/A genotype with low frequency of drinking habit among men was 3.63 (95% CI, 1.29-13.15). The number of women with a high frequency drinking habit was too small for any corresponding analyses. Our findings suggest a significant interaction between alcohol consumption and the CD36 gene A52C polymorphism related to the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids and oxidized LDL in the etiology of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗