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PubMed2003

Severe persistent orf in young goats.

Orf (contagious ecthyma) is a viral disease of small and wild ruminants, humans, and less frequently other species. In sheep and goats, the disease is characterized by the formation of vesiculo-proliferative lesions in the skin of lips and nostril. Here, a form of generalized orf in 16 goat kids from 2 different locations in west Texas is described. The disease was characterized by multifocal, severe, proliferative dermatitis that persisted from about 2 months of age until the goat kids were euthanized 3 months later. All affected goats were Boer or Boer crosses under 1 year of age. The mean immunoglobulin concentration in sera of affected goats was elevated compared with healthy control goats. Severe to moderate lymphadenomegaly of the nodes draining the areas of the skin affected with orf lesions was present in all 16 goat kids. Suppurative arthritis, chronic fibrinous pneumonia, and premature thymic involution were found in 3, 5, and 7 of the goat kids, respectively. The skin lesions of 3 goat kids were infested with larvae of the opportunistic black garbage fly (Ophira sp.). The orf virus was identified in skin lesions by isolation in Marbin-Darby ovine kidney cells, electron microscopy, and amplification of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The orf virus was not detected in peripheral blood or lymph node mononuclear cells of any of the goats. Cross-neutralization experiments showed that an ovine orf virus antiserum raised in sheep was more effective in neutralizing a sheep orf virus isolate than a caprine orf virus isolate. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these orf cases may be the result of susceptibility factors within some individuals of the Boer breed of goats.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evidence of the exploitation of marine resource by the terrestrial insect Scapteriscus didactylus through stable isotope analyzes of its cuticle.

BACKGROUND: About 4 x 10(5) eggs in more than 5000 marine turtle nests are deposited every year on a 3.6 km long beach in French Guiana (South America). The dry biomass of eggs is estimated to be 5 x 10(3) kg, yet only 25% of this organic matter will return to the ocean in the form of hatchlings. Such amounts of organic matter are supposed to drive the functioning of the beach ecosystem. Previous studies have shown that egg predators and detritivorous organisms dominate the trophic relationships and the dynamics of the system. The role of a terrestrial insect Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille), which damages up to 40% of the eggs of the marine turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), was unexpected. However it was impossible from direct observations to prove that the mole cricket consumed a significant amount of these eggs. Therefore, the precise place of the mole cricket in the nitrogen and carbon cycles of the beach ecosystem could not be determined. In order to answer this question, we looked for a marine signature of carbon and nitrogen source metabolized by the mole cricket. RESULTS: This study estimated the individual variability of delta13C and delta15N in the cuticle of Scapteriscus didactylus. The isotopic signature was compared between individuals collected at two sites: a village where mole crickets fed on human food scraps and the nearby Awala-Yalimapo beach, where food availability depends seasonally on the nesting sea turtles. The mole crickets collected near the habitations garbage showed no significant variations in the stable isotopic signature, within-and between age groups. On the contrary, isotopic values shifted from a signature of a terrestrial herbivorous diet in the mole crickets during early developmental stages, to isotopic values in adults in accordance with the exploitation of marine animal resources. CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity of individual signatures during the year is due to a selective exploitation of the food sources, differing in space and time. Some individuals, from the beach sample consumed a sufficient quantity of turtle eggs to induce the increase of isotopic enrichment observed in the cuticle. Scapteriscus didactylus is an opportunist feeder and plays a role in the turn over of the beach organic matter.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The burden of disease and injury in the United States 1996.

BACKGROUND: Burden of disease studies have been implemented in many countries using the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) to assess major health problems. Important objectives of the study were to quantify intra-country differentials in health outcomes and to place the United States situation in the international context. METHODS: We applied methods developed for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) to data specific to the United States to compute Disability-Adjusted Life Years. Estimates are provided by age and gender for the general population of the United States and for each of the four official race groups: White; Black; American Indian or Alaskan Native; and Asian or Pacific Islander. Several adjustments of GBD methods were made: the inclusion of race; a revised list of causes; and a revised algorithm to allocate cardiovascular disease garbage codes to ischaemic heart disease. We compared the results of this analysis to international estimates published by the World Health Organization for developed and developing regions of the world. RESULTS: In the mid-1990s the leading sources of premature death and disability in the United States, as measured by DALYs, were: cardiovascular conditions, breast and lung cancers, depression, osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol use and abuse. In addition, motor vehicle-related injuries and the HIV epidemic exacted a substantial toll on the health status of the US population, particularly among racial minorities. The major sources of death and disability in these latter populations were more similar to patterns of burden in developing rather than developed countries. CONCLUSION: Estimating DALYs specifically for the United States provides a comprehensive assessment of health problems for this country compared to what is available using mortality data alone.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Processing, lysis, and elimination of brain lipopigments in rejuvenation therapies.

Cerebral lipopigments (LPs)--lipofuscin and ceroid--represent a significant marker in postmitotic normal and pathologic aging, connected with causal and associated neuropathologic damage. Therefore, LP processing, lysis, and elimination may be the main targets in anti-aging and rejuvenation therapies. The regenerative neuroactive factors improve neuron supply with specific nutrients from plasma. They enhance the antioxidative defense, have anti-LP-poietic actions, stimulate brain anabolism, support energetic metabolism, and elevate the reduced lysosomal enzymes. In the second stage, by cytoplasm rehydration, they initiate the breaking up of the neuronal aggregated LP conglomerates, by consecutive disintegration. Then, possibly by the localized exo-endocytosis process between neurons and adjacent glia (especially microglia), intercellular LP transfer can be realized. So, therapeutically activated glia turn into brain garbage collectors and transporters. Therapeutic processing of glial LPs increases in the capillary neighborhood. Highly processed LPs, by glio-endothelial transfer, reach capillary walls before being eliminated. Consequently, neuroactive therapies having these synergistic rejuvenative actions represent new prospects in deceleration of normal and pathological cerebral aging.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

A blip on the radar screen: formulation and implementation of the Medical Waste Tracking Act.

We use the passage and implementation of the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 (MWTA) to explore the implications of health and environmental policies that are formulated in the context of events defined politically as a crisis. Building on Kingdon's (1984) "garbage can" model of policy initiation, we assess the linkage between a policy environment that provides strong but short-lived support for the enactment of a policy and its subsequent implementation. Among the implications of the less-than-impressive substantive results of the MWTA is the lesson that while a crisis can tilt the political balance in favor of regulatory legislation, it cannot as readily produce the consensus required to sustain that regulation at the levels promised in the legislation.

Hazardous Waste↗
PubMed2004

[Physical properties and metal elutions of the thirteen molten slags produced from incinerated ash].

In recent years, there have been many attempts to reuse molten slag. Molten slag is obtained through further treatment of incinerated ash produced in the disposal process of garbage or sewage sludge and is used in building materials, such as brick. To establish the safety of such slag, its physical properties and metal contents were investigated in this study. After examining the physical and chemical characteristics of 13 forms of slag made using different methods, no differences were observed and it was judged that reuse is possible. There was little elution of toxic metals in the elution test when water was used as a solvent. On the other hand, when acid and alkali were used, the elution of toxic metals tended to become greater.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Isolation of a thermophilic poly-L-lactide degrading bacterium from compost and its enzymatic characterization.

Thermophilic poly-L-lactide-degrading bacteria were isolated from a garbage fermentor. One of the isolates, strain PL21, was identified as Bacillus smithii based on its physiological properties, sugar assimilation pattern, and partial 16S rDNA sequence. The degradation activity of poly-L-lactide exibited by the culture fluid was parallel to the esterase activity, and the purified enzyme was active against various fatty acid esters and poly-L-lactide, at 60 degrees C and pH 5.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Talking trash: the economic and environmental issues of landfills.

The U.S. per-capita figure for garbage production has topped four pounds per person per day, and that amount is rising at roughly 5% per year. In the past, municipal solid waste was sent to the nearest local landfill or incinerator. But in 1988, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency instituted the first federal standards for landfills, designed to make them safer. Over 10,000 small municipal landfills have since been consolidated into an estimated 3,500 newer, safer landfills, some of which are "megafills" that can handle up to 10,000 tons of waste a day. The new landfills are outfitted to prevent air and water pollution and limit the spread of disease by scavengers. Although the new landfills provide better controls against air and water pollution as well as an alternate source of municipal income, they are not entirely problem-free. Some experts believe the new landfill technology has not been properly tested and will therefore not provide protection in the long run. Others feel that poorer, less well-informed communities are targeted as sites for new landfills. In addition, many people that live near megafills, which may draw garbarge from several states, are unhappy about the noise, truck traffic, odors, and pests caused by the facilities.

Economics↗
PubMed1994

Mothers' experience with household roles and social support during the first postpartum year.

This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the changes in the division of household labor, and in the emotional and practical support received by new mothers during the first postpartum year. Questionnaires were completed by 436 married, recently employed mothers at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after they had delivered their first child. Results showed that women assumed primary responsibility for the majority of household tasks studied, and that they perceived declines over time in their husbands' participation in household chores, their husbands' and others' expressions of caring, and in the frequency with which friends and relatives "helped out" during the year. Women who had had cesarean sections (versus those with vaginal deliveries) and who returned to work (versus those who stayed home) believed their husbands participated more in traditionally feminine household chores. Women's satisfaction with their husbands' contribution to household activities was significantly related to their own mental health, delivery type (cesarean section), job status (being at home vs. back at work), and family income; and to their husbands' occupation, expressions of caring, and participation in child care and certain household chores (house cleaning, grocery shopping, cooking, washing clothes and dishes, household repairs, car maintenance, and garbage removal). Overall, these findings showed diminishing levels of emotional and practical support for women at a time when the need for support was likely greater: following the birth of their first child.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[The trash collection service: occupational risks versus damages to health].

The authors studied the kind of work a sample of 36 garbage collectors have been doing in a city of the State of São Paulo. A high frequency of occupational accidents and sick-due to health problem and some occupational risks was observed among them, and also that these worker haven't worn the individual protection equipment received, that probably contributes to such number of stop working.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1994

[Seroepidemiologic survey of leptospirosis among environmental sanitation workers in an urban locality in the southern region of Brazil].

Sera from 386 environmental sanitation workers, concerned with water supply, drains and drainage galleries, sewers, garbage collection and road sweepers, were examined for leptospiral agglutinins by the microscopic agglutination test. Altogether 40 of the 386 workers (10.4%) were positive to one or more serovars; however, the difference in seropositivity between the professional categories was not significant (p < 0.05). Twelve serovars were recorded among the seropositive workers with predominance of L. castelonis and L. australis; but the difference between the serovars was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Of the seropositive workers, 86.9% had agglutination titres > or = 100 and < or = 400; the rates for titres 100 and 400 were higher than 800, 1,600 and 3,200 (p < 0.05).

Brazil↗
PubMed1995

[Infant morbimortality due to acute diarrhea in a metropolitan area of northeastern Brazil, 1986-1989].

Six cross-sectional studies involving children under five years of age in three places on S. Luiz island, i.e., Vila Palmeira, Anjo da Guarda and S. José de Ribamar, were performed. A standardized questionnaire on the presence of diarrhoea in the previous 2 weeks was answered by the mothers or by those responsible for the children. Two population based studies (in May 1986 and May 1989) and four sample based surveys (in November of 1986, 1987 and 1988 and in May 1989) were carried out. The prevalence of diarrhoea was highest in May, 1986 and November, 1987. The highest prevalence occurred in S. José de Ribamar. The distribution of cases according to age showed a higher prevalence among children of 6-11 months and between 1 and 2 years of age. The prevalence of diarrhoea was highest among the families: that excreted directly into the sea or a latreen; that used water from uncovered wells; that threw their garbage into the sea; and whose bread-winners were unemployed. Diarrhoea was the principal cause of death in both surveys. Infant mortality, in May 1986, was 44.0 per thousand in children under 1 year of age and 12.8 in children under 5 years old; in May 1989 it was 7.9 per thousand and 4.9 per thousand respectively. The decrease in child morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoea between 1986 and 1989 was statistically significant.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Factors associated with schistosomiasis mansoni in a population from the municipality of Jaboticatubas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Jaboticatubas is a municipality in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte which has been a target of a wide media release as "the capital of schistosomiasis" since the 1960's. In order to give support to a work based on an integrated control, we sought to identify the disease determinants at the site. A transversal study was carried out aimed at identifying prevalence rates of the disease and factors associated with the infection in the district of São José de Almeida, and two close localities, Cipó Velho and São José da Serra, all of them located in the municipality of Jaboticatubas. A parasitological survey was performed, applying the Kato-Katz method with two slides per sample in 1186 schoolchildren which represents 77% of all registered pupils in four public schools in 2001. Among these schoolchildren a number of 101 (8.6%) proved positive for Schistosoma mansoni eggs in their stool samples. A total of 64 families, whose schoolchildren had shown to be positive for schistosomiasis, also undertook examinations. As negative control, a random sample was collected from the 206 families, whose children had proven negative for schistosomiasis. The prevalence among 270 families (1304 people) was 12%. To assess those who continued to have contact with possibly contaminated water, 1061 (81.4%) people of the 270 families were interviewed. A multivariate analysis identified the following factors associated with the infection: time of residence in the area (short period), garbage disposal (use of deserted areas), gender (male), age (from 10 to 29 years), and water contact (daily and weekly). Further analysis of these factors revealed a close correlation between water contact and the disease, with a positive significant frequency concerning almost all those items. Depending on gender and age significant variations of water contact patterns associated with leisure and professional activities were found. A malacological survey on water collections in the area identified snails of the species Biomphalaria straminea and B. glabrata. The latter showed 17 (0.6%) specimens positive for S. mansoni. Qualitative studies have complemented such evidences, which allowed us to design a reference picture and specific indicators of the disease for the local population. Those data provided the essential information to continue the development of an already ongoing educative process, as well as projects on environmental improvements.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk factors for multiple intestinal parasites in an indigenous community of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil].

An investigation into the ethno-epidemiological profile of the Pankararu indigenous group in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, identified multiple intestinal parasites in nearly all members of the community. To detect possible environmental risk factors, we used the data base from a previous survey to test relations between daily living conditions (housing, sanitation, water supply and treatment, and garbage disposal) and the number of different parasite species found in the same household. The sample consisted of 84 families from the original sample of 112. Selection was based on the number of stool tests performed in the family. The mean number of parasite species was 5.0 per family, for a mean family size of 6.1 members. This number was greater for wattle-and-daub houses (mean 6.0 parasite species vs. 4.9 for brick houses; p < 0.03) and when water used in the household was not treated (mean 5.1 parasite species, vs. 4.5 for treated water; p < 0.05). Other household characteristics and hygienic habits did not significantly influence this number. We concluded that multiple intestinal parasitism in the Pernambuco Pankararu community is frequent, to the point of being the rule, and that it relates essentially to water source and treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Socioeconomic and demographic indicators and nutritional status of children in a rural land settlement in Rio de Janeiro].

This study evaluated socioeconomic indicators and nutritional status in 201 children and adolescents in a rural land settlement in São José da Boa Morte, Rio de Janeiro. Nutritional deficit was defined as a value below -2 z score for the reference median from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for weight-for-age (W/A) and stature-for-age (S/A) for children under five years of age and weight-for-stature (W/S) and S/A for children from 5.0 to 9.9 years. For adolescents, the study used cut-off points at the 5th percentile (thin) and 85th percentile (overweight) from the distribution of body mass index (BMI) in the Brazilian population. According to the study, 53.8% of the households had 4 to 6 members, 34.5% had rudimentary cesspools, 31.2% had no running water, 11.0% had no bathroom, 58.2% burned or buried their garbage, and 13.6% of the mothers were illiterate. No case of nutritional deficit was found in the 0-4.9 year age bracket, and in the 5-9.9 year bracket there were one underweight and three overweight children. The authors concluded that the low prevalence of nutritional deficits in the study group, despite the exposure to risk factors, may be related to the presence of protective factors like access to health services, and that there was an important rate of overweight among adolescents (13.3%).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intra-urban differentials in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, and their potential use in health services planning].

Based on the premise that spatial occupation by the population is a socially constructed process, the present study identified and grouped homogeneous sectors vis-à-vis living conditions in the municipality of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Among socioeconomic variables from the Brazilian national census, the study identified and selected those which best represent the intra-urban differentials in living conditions in Florianópolis. The variables were categorized according to uniformity in the groups and orientation from the literature. Factor correspondence analysis was used for sector grouping. High income, low income, high schooling, illiteracy, and sub-standard garbage collection were the variables used to define grouping. As a result, the authors were able to divide the municipality into four homogeneous groups: two opposite groups having the best and worst schooling and income, and two median groups in which access to public services defines the hierarchical level. The northern and southern regions of Florianópolis were identified as receiving the greatest attention from the city administration. A heterogeneous distribution of households within sectors was identified, whereby Florianópolis was characterized as not presenting large agglomerations of poverty; however, this should not be interpreted as the absence of a poor population in the municipality.

Brazil↗
PubMed2003

[Living conditions and infant mortality: intra-urban differentials in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil].

The objective of this study was to show infant mortality differentials in different areas of Recife, analyzing the relationship between living conditions and mortality risk. An ecological study design compared infant mortality coefficients in 1995 with living conditions indicators obtained from the 1991 National Demographic Census. Information on the 770 infant deaths and 27,965 live births were collected from death and birth certificates. Information on water supply, sanitation, garbage collection, literacy, schooling, income, and overcrowding were used to establish a compound indicator for living conditions, constructed through factor analysis. The neighborhoods were then ordered according to the level of living conditions and grouped in 4 clusters, through hierarchical cluster analysis. Infant, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality coefficients were 23.94, 17.66, and 6.28, respectively, for cluster I; and 32.04, 20.24, and 11.80 for cluster IV. In general, an inverse relationship was found between infant mortality and living conditions in clusters from Recife, revealing inequalities that are disguised when coefficients are expressed as averages for the entire city.

Brazil↗