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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Growth and metabolic activity of Shewanella putrefaciens maintained under different CO2 and O2 concentrations.

Growth, trimethylamine (TMA), off-odour and biogenic amine production by a strain of Shewanella putrefaciens isolated from spoiled hake (Merlucius merluccius L.) and cultured in a model system, were tested under four different gas compositions (60% CO2/40% O2, 60% CO2/15% O2/25% N2, 40% CO2/60% O2, 40% CO2/40% O2/20% N2) and under air. After 3 weeks of incubation, the control (air) batch showed the highest microbial counts (> 9 log cfu/ml) and TMA concentrations (45 mg N-TMA/100 ml), and strong putrid off-odours were detected from day 15. High amounts of putrescine and cadaverine were produced in this batch, but histamine increased only slightly. Batches under controlled atmospheres showed reduced growth, TMA, off-odour and biogenic amine production. The 40% CO2/60% O2 mixture had the strongest inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, while the 60% CO2/15% O2/25% N2 mixture was less effective. Putrescine and histamine production was lowest in S. putrefaciens under the 40% CO2/60% O2 mixture. However, the level of histamine in S. putrefaciens was higher under 40% CO2/40% O2/20% N2 than when the bacteria was incubated in air. Under the gas mixtures, there was a similar decrease in the production of cadaverine and agmatine by S. putrefaciens, irrespective of the gas concentrations. The production of 2-phenylethylamine appeared to be inhibited under any atmospheric condition.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characterisation of volatile compounds produced by bacteria isolated from the spoilage flora of cold-smoked salmon.

This study investigated the volatile compounds produced by bacteria belonging to nine different bacterial groups: Lactobacillus sake, L. farciminis, L. alimentarius, Carnobacterium piscicola, Aeromonas sp., Shewanella putrefaciens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Photobacterium phosphoreum and Enterobacteriaceae isolated from cold-smoked salmon. Each bacterial group was represented by several strains. In addition, combinations of the groups were examined as well. Sterile blocks of cold-smoked salmon were inoculated, vacuum-packed and stored at 6 degrees C. After 40 days of storage at 6 degrees C, aerobic viable count and pH were recorded, the volatile fraction of the samples was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and spoilage was assessed by sensory evaluation. Among the 81 volatile compounds identified by GC-MS, 30 appeared to be released as a result of bacterial metabolism. Some of the effects of inoculated bacterial strains on the composition of the volatile fraction seemed to be characteristic of certain bacterial species. Sensory analysis showed relationships between bacteria, the composition of the volatile fraction and the organoleptic quality of smoked salmon.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sensory, chemical and bacteriological changes in vacuum-packed pressurised squid mantle (Todaropsis eblanae) stored at 4 degrees C.

Sensory, chemical and bacteriological changes were studied in vacuum-packed squid mantles (Todaropsis eblanae) that were pressurised at 150, 200, 300 and 400 megapascal (MPa) for 15 min at ambient temperature and stored at 4 degrees C. Sensory analysis showed that the higher the pressurisation the longer the shelf-life. Thus, the lot pressurised at 400 MPa was rejected after 28 days' storage compared with 7 days for the untreated lot. The chemical results generally corresponded with the sensory ones. Furthermore, ammonia (NH3) and trimethylamine (TMA) were produced in the pressurised lots after a pressure dependent delay. Urea decreased to low levels in all lots with the exception of the 400 MPa lot. Onset of production of agmatine, the dominant amine in this species, and other biogenic amines was delayed by increasing pressure, but still, high concentrations of these amines were detected in pressurised lots of acceptable sensory quality. Microbial counts conducted after 1 day of storage showed that the bacterial load was reduced by all pressures, reaching levels below the detection limit in the lots treated with 200-400 MPa. However, growth was resumed in all lots after a pressure dependent delay. Luminous bacteria predominated initially in the lots pressurised at 300 and 400 MPa, but were outnumbered by Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria at the time of sensory rejection of these lots. All colonies isolated prior to pressurisation were identified as Photobacterium phosphoreum. This bacterium also resumed growth faster than other members of the endogenous microflora after pressurisation. All luminous colonies were identified as P. phosphoreum. Lactic acid bacteria isolated at the final sampling point of the lot pressurised at 400 MPa were identified as Carnobacterium piscicola and Carnobacterium divergens, while Serratia liquefaciens and Proteus vulgaris make up Enterobacteriaceae.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1997

Addition of 2.5% lactate and 0.25% acetate controls growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packed, sensory-acceptable servelat sausage and cooked ham stored at 4 degrees C.

A study of the inhibitory effects of propylparaben and of a combination of lactate and acetate against growth of Listeria monocytogenes in inoculated liquid medium, sliced servelat sausage and cooked ham, were performed using rifampicin resistant Listeria strains in inoculation experiments. A consumer acceptance test of products produced with and without the compounds was also performed. Propylparaben was found to be effective in a model liquid non-fat medium, but was without effect in the actual products. This illustrates the potential pitfalls in translating results from studies in liquid media to fat-containing food products. The combined inhibitory and sensory results showed that a mixture of 2.5% lactate and 0.25% acetate (w/w, calculated on the water phase), could be used to increase the margins of safety for sliced and spreadable vacuum-packed ready-to-eat cooked meat products stored for 4-6 weeks. In addition, strict control of temperature during production and storage is very important.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Study of the microbial ecology of cold-smoked salmon during storage at 8 degrees C.

Microbiological, chemical and sensory changes in cold-smoked salmon were studied during 5 weeks of vacuum storage at 8 degrees C. The aerobic 20 degrees C viable count reached its maximum level after 6 days (3 x 10(6) cfu g-1) however, the shelf-life of the product was estimated to be 2 or 3 weeks by the panellists, confirming that there is no correlation between those two factors. Acid, pungent, sour and rancid odours and flavours and pasty texture were the main spoilage characteristics. Trimethylamine did not play a major role in the spoilage mechanisms as only small amounts were produced. Two-hundred and seventy strains were collected over the storage period, purified and characterized. During the first 2 weeks, Gram-negative bacteria were dominant, mainly represented by S. putrefaciens immediately after the smoking process and then P. phosphoreum. Aeromonas spp. were present throughout the storage but in smaller amounts. Gram-negative bacteria then progressively decreased while Gram-positive bacteria, dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), became by far the most common variety found. Carnobacterium piscicola was widely represented (97/155 LAB isolates). A diversification was observed at the end of the storage, with the appearance of L. farciminis, L. sake and L. alimentarius. Occurrence of yeasts and moulds was quite rare. Spoilage potential of the strains was tested on a sterile smoked salmon extract juice. Shewanella putrefaciens, Aeromonas spp. and Brachothrix spp. produced strong off-odours while most of the LAB and P. phosphoreum seemed not to be involved in spoilage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of chronic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate intake on the secretion and removal rate of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in rats.

This work intends to characterize the nature of the plasma triglyceride level decrease in male Wistar rats fed with diets supplemented with 2% (w/w) di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a packaged-food chemical contaminant. After being fed for 21 days, the animals were assessed to determine plasma and liver lipids or to quantify the in vivo hepatic secretion and in vitro plasma removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The liver cholesterol and triglyceride contents in DEHP-fed rats were closely similar to those found in controls, co-existing with a decrease in plasma cholesterol (19%), phospholipid (14%) and triglyceride (36%) levels. The decrease of the plasma triglyceride pool size was not associated with a reduction in hepatic secretion of triglyceride. The total triglyceride lipase activity rose (32%) due to a remarkable increase (100%) of the extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase activity. We can conclude that extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase activity accounts for the hypotriglyceridaemic effect of DEHP through an increase of triglyceride removal rate.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) induced developmental toxicity but not antiandrogenic effects in pre- and postnatally exposed Wistar rats.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) has replaced the phthalates in thin plasticized polyvinyl chloride films used for food packaging, mainly because some phthalates induce testis toxicity and antiandrogenic effects. A dose-range finding study followed by a dose-response/effect study in Wistar rats investigated whether pre- and postnatal DEHA doses of 0, 800, or 1200mg/kg/day body weight and doses of 0, 200, 400, or 800mg/kg/day (main study) elicited developmental toxicity including antiandrogenic effects. In the main study, DEHA induced a prolonged gestation period (800mg/kg/day) and a dose-related increase in postnatal death (400 and 800mg/kg/day). DEHA also induced a permanent decrease in offspring body weight (800mg/kg/day). No antiandrogenic endpoints were affected. We conclude that DEHA induced developmental toxicity and the NOAEL is 200mg/kg. DEHA did not induce antiandrogenic effects similar to those of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate even though the chemical structures have similarities and the two chemicals have a common metabolite.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed2002

NASA food systems: past, present, and future.

The development of space food has been evolving since the Soviet cosmonaut, German Titov, became the first human to eat in space in August 1961. John Glenn was the first American to consume food, applesauce, on the third manned Mercury mission in August 1962. Before these events, there was no knowledge that humans would be able to swallow and, hence, eat in weightlessness. Space food development began with highly engineered foods that met rigid requirements imposed by spacecraft design and short mission durations. Improvements in the habitability of the spacecraft have permitted improvements in the quality of space food. As the missions became longer, the need for better nutrition, more variety, and easily consumable foods also became more important. Currently, the International Space Station astronauts have a wide variety of foods. The goal is to provide acceptable foods that taste similar to foods we eat here on Earth. Extended planetary stays will require even more variety and more technologic advances. Plants will be grown to recycle the air and water and will provide food for the crew. These harvested crops will need to be processed into safe, healthy, and acceptable food ingredients that can then be prepared into menu items.

Eating↗
PubMed1997

Eggshells are shaped by a precise spatio-temporal arrangement of sequentially deposited macromolecules.

The avian eggshell is a composite bioceramic which is formed by a controlled interaction of an organic and an inorganic phase. The organic phase contains, among other constituents, type X collagen and proteoglycans, mainly keratan and dermatan sulfate. Understanding the principles governing the synthesis and temporo-spatial distribution of such macromolecules, and their influence on the organization of the crystalline phase, is an essential aspect of establishing the biological basis of the quality of eggshell, both as an embryonic chamber and as a natural food package. In the present study, we have examined the process of eggshell formation by immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Precise sites and timing of secretion were established for the deposition of particular macromolecules. Type X collagen is detected at the very first moment of shell membrane formation. The appearance of keratan sulfate coincides with the appearance of mammillae, while dermatan sulfate is deposited later, coincident with shell matrix deposition. We propose that keratan sulfate, due to its precise localization, temporal appearance and calcium-binding affinity, relates to the maintenance of calcium reserve bodies, the primary source of calcium for the embryo. On the other hand, dermatan sulfate may control crystal growth, resulting in a preferential orientation of calcite crystals within the palisade layer.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polyketal microparticles: a new delivery vehicle for superoxide dismutase.

There is currently great interest in developing microparticles that can enhance the delivery of proteins to macrophages. In this communication, we present a new acid-sensitive polymer for drug delivery, poly(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl acetone dimethylene ketal) (PCADK). PCADK is designed to hydrolyze, after phagocytosis by macrophages, in the acidic environment of the phagosome and enhance the intracellular delivery of phagocytosed therapeutics. Other key attributes of PCADK for drug delivery are its well-characterized degradation products and straightforward synthesis. PCADK hydrolyzes into 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, a compound used in food packaging, and acetone, a compound on the FDA GRAS list. PCADK was synthesized using the acetal exchange reaction between 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and 2,2-dimethoxypropane, and could be obtained on a multigram scale in one step. The hydrolysis kinetics of the ketal linkages in PCADK were measured by 1H NMR and were determined to be pH-sensitive, having a half-life of 24.1 days at pH 4.5 and over 4 years at pH 7.4. The therapeutic enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which scavenges reactive oxygen species, was encapsulated into PCADK-based microparticles using a double emulsion procedure. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that PCADK-based microparticles dramatically improved the ability of SOD to scavenge reactive oxygen species produced by macrophages. We anticipate numerous applications of PCADK in drug delivery, based on its acid sensitivity, well-characterized degradation products, and straightforward synthesis.

Drug Delivery Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Material properties of plasticized hardwood xylans for potential application as oxygen barrier films.

Free films based on glucuronoxylan isolated from aspen wood were prepared by casting from aqueous solutions and drying in a controlled environment. Addition of xylitol or sorbitol facilitated film formation and thus examination of the material properties of these films. The mechanical properties of the films were evaluated using tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis in a controlled ambient relative humidity. The strain at break increased, and the stress at break and Young's modulus of the films decreased with increasing amounts of xylitol and sorbitol due to plasticization. At high amount of plasticizer, it was found that films with xylitol gave lower extensibility. Wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis showed that xylitol crystallized in a distinct phase, which we believe contributes to the more brittle behavior of these films. The effect of the plasticizers on the glass transition temperature was determined using dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. An increased amount of plasticizer shifted the glass transition to lower temperatures. The effect of moisture on the properties of plasticized films was investigated using water vapor sorption isotherms and by humidity scans in dynamic mechanical analysis. Sorption isotherms showed a transition from type II to type III when adding plasticizer. The films showed low oxygen permeability and thus have a potential application in food packaging.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

Automated solid-phase extraction and measurement of perfluorinated organic acids and amides in human serum and milk.

Organic fluorochemicals are used in multiple commercial applications including surfactants, lubricants, paints, polishes, food packaging, and fire-retarding foams. Recent scientific findings suggest that several perfluorochemicals (PFCs), a group of organic fluorochemicals, are ubiquitous contaminants in humans and animals world wide. Furthermore, concern has increased about the toxicity of these compounds. Therefore, monitoring human exposure to PFCs is important. We have developed a high-throughput method for measuring trace levels of 13 PFCs (2 perfluorosulfonates, 8 perfluorocarboxylates, and 3 perfluorosulfonamides) in serum and milk using an automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method is sensitive, with limits of detection between 0.1 and 1 ng in 1 mL of serum or milk, is not labor intensive, involves minimal manual sample preparation, and uses a commercially available automated SPE system. Our method is suitable for large epidemiologic studies to assess exposure to PFCs. We measured the serum levels of these 13 PFCs in 20 adults nonoccupationally exposed to these compounds. Nine of the PFCs were detected in at least 75% of the subjects. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctane-sulfonamido)acetate (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were found in all of the samples. The concentration order and measured levels of PFOS, PFOA, Me-PFOSA-AcOH, and PFHxS compared well with human serum levels previously reported. Although no human data are available for the perfluorocarboxylates (except PFOA), the high frequency of detection of PFNA and other carboxylates in our study suggests that human exposure to long-alkyl-chain perfluorocarboxylates may be widespread. We also found PFOS in the serum and milk of rats administered PFOS by gavage, but not in the milk of rats not dosed with PFOS. Furthermore, we did not detect most PFCs in two human milk samples. These findings suggest that PFCs may not be as prevalent in human milk as they are in serum. Additional studies are needed to determine whether environmental exposure to PFCs can result in PFCs partitioning into milk. Large epidemiological studies to determine the levels of PFCs among the U.S. general population are warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of heat processing and storage time on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) to aqueous food simulant from Mexican can coatings.

Effects of heat processing and storage time (up to 70 days) on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) from can coatings into an aqueous food simulant were determined. Distilled water was canned in two types of Mexican cans: for tuna and for jalapeño peppers. Results showed that there is an effect of heat treatment on migration of both compounds. Storage time did not show any effect in BPA migration from tuna cans. There was an effect of storage time on BPA migration from jalapeño pepper cans. Results for BADGE migration were affected by its susceptibility to hydrolyze in aqueous simulants. BADGE concentration decreased, or was not detected, during storage in both types of cans. Migration levels for BPA and BADGE were within 0.6-83.4 and <0.25-4.3 microg/kg, respectively. Both were below European and Mercosur legislation limits. Other migrating compounds were detected, although no identification was performed.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed2001

Significance of volatile compounds produced by spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed cold-smoked salmon (Salmo salar) analyzed by GC-MS and multivariate regression.

Changes were studied in the concentration of 38 volatile compounds during chilled storage at 5 degrees C of six lots of commercially produced vacuum-packed cold-smoked salmon and sterile cold-smoked salmon. The majority of volatile compounds produced during spoilage of cold-smoked salmon were alcohols, which were produced by microbial activity. Partial least-squares regression of volatile compounds and sensory results allowed for a multiple compound quality index to be developed. This index was based on volatile bacterial metabolites, 1-propanol and 2-butanone, and 2-furancarboxaldehyde produced by autolytic activity. Only a few of the volatile compounds produced during spoilage of cold-smoked salmon had an aroma value high enough to indicate contribution to the spoilage off-flavor of cold-smoked salmon. These were trimethylamine, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-penten-3-ol, and 1-propanol. The potency and importance of these compounds was confirmed by gas chromatography-olfactometry. The present study provides valuable information on the bacterial reactions responsible for spoilage off-flavors of cold-smoked salmon, which can be used to develop biosensors for on-pack shelf-life determinations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Edible arabinoxylan-based films. 1. Effects of lipid type on water vapor permeability, film structure, and other physical characteristics.

Arabinoxylans (AX) are natural fibers extracted from maize bran, an industrial byproduct. To promote this polymer as a food ingredient, development of edible coatings and films had been proposed. Indeed, composite arabinoxylan-based films were prepared by emulsifying a fat: palmitic acid, oleic acid, triolein, or a hydrogenated palm oil (OK35). Lipid effects on water vapor permeability (WVP), surface hydrophobicity (contact angles), lipid particle size, and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed that OK35-AX emulsion films had the lowest WVP. Emulsified films presented a bimodal particle size distribution; however, the smallest particle mean diameter (0.54 microm) was observed in OK35-AX emulsion films. Contact angles of water comparable to those observed for LDPE films (>90 degrees ) are measured on the OK35-AX film surface. Finally, only triolein-AX emulsion films had elongation higher than films without lipid. These results suggest that OK35 enhances functional properties of AX-based films and should be retained for further research.

Chemical Phenomena↗