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PubMed2004

Indigenous bacteria with antagonistic and plant-growth-promoting activities improve slow-filtration efficiency in soilless cultivation.

In tomato soilless culture, slow filtration allows one to control the development of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. During the disinfecting process, microbial elimination is ensured by mechanical and biological factors. In this study, system efficacy was enhanced further to a biological activation of filter by inoculating the pozzolana grains contained in the filtering unit with 5 selected bacteria. Three strains identified as Pseudomonas putida and 2 as Bacillus cereus came from a filter whose high efficiency to eliminate pathogens has been proven over years. These 5 bacteria displayed either a plant growth promoting activity (P. putida strains) or antagonistic properties (B. cereus strains). Over the first months following their introduction in the filter, the bacterial colonisation of pozzolana grains was particularly high as compared to the one observed in the control filter. Conversely to Bacillus spp. populations, Pseudomonas spp. ones remained abundant throughout the whole cultural season. The biological activation of filter unit very significantly enhanced fungal elimination with respect to the one displayed by the control filter. Indeed, the 6-month period needed by the control filter to reach its best efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum was shortened for the bacteria-amended filter; in addition, a high efficacy filtration was got as soon as the first month. Fast colonization of pozzolana grains by selected bacteria and their subsequent interaction with F. oxysporum are likely responsible for filter efficiency. Our results suggest that Pseudomonas spp. act by competition for nutrients, and Bacillus spp. by antibiosis and (or) direct parasitism. Elimination of other fungal pathogens, i.e., Pythium spp., seems to differ from that of Fusarium since both filters demonstrated a high efficacy at the experiment start. Pythium spp. elimination appears to mainly rely on physical factors. It is worth noting that a certain percentage of the 5 pozzolana-inoculated bacteria failed to colonise the filter unit and were, thus, driven to the plants by the nutrient solution. Their contribution to the establishment of a beneficial microbial community in the rhizosphere is discussed.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed2005

Redescription of the pupa of Culex (Culex) declarator Dyar and Knab (Diptera, Culicidae), with amendments to key to the Culex pupae of the eastern United States.

The pupa of Culex declarator was partially described and illustrated by Lane. This species was recently discovered in Florida for the first time and a series of individual rearings have resulted in a number of pupae and an opportunity to redescribe it fully, with a complete illustration. Amendment to the key to the Culex pupae of the eastern United States is provided.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Medical devices; exemption from premarket notification requirements; class I devices; technical amendment. Final rule; technical amendment.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the language in its medical device classification regulations for class I devices for consistency, to include in sections where it was not present, a specific reference to the limitations on exemptions from premarket notification requirements for each generic device classified. The specific reference language was included when some class I generic devices were first exempted under provisions of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA). These amendments will provide the same reference for devices that were exempted before that time. The language is intended to conveniently provide the reference, and make the sections clear and easy to read. The status of the devices is not being changed.

Device Approval↗
PubMed2001

Interactions between Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Larval susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis was determined for Nosema pyrausta-infected and uninfected European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in bioassays using a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Dipel ES, incorporated into diet. LC50 values for N. pyrausta-infected larvae were significantly lower (P<0.0001) than for uninfected larvae and declined with increasing levels of infection. LC50 values for a 15-d bioassay using field-colony first instars were 0.006 and 0.027 mg of Dipel ES/kg of diet for larvae moderately infected by N. pyrausta and uninfected larvae, respectively. Nosema pyrausta-infected larvae reared on Dipel ES-amended diets produced 70-fold fewer spores (P<0.0001) than larvae reared on standard diet. For example, 15 d after placement as first instars on standard diet, infected field-colony larvae produced 7.6-8.7 million N. pyrausta spores per larva; similar larvae placed on diet containing 0.09 mg of Dipel ES/kg of diet produced 85-103 thousand spores per larva. Infected larvae also weighed less and failed to mature on Dipel ES-amended diets. Increased susceptibility of N. pyrausta-infected larvae to Dipel ES and reduced N. pyrausta spore production in larvae feeding on diet containing Dipel ES suggest that Bt corn will have a direct adverse effect on the survival and continual impact of N, pyrausta as a regulating factor on European corn borer populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of hen-egg antibodies on Clostridium perfringens colonization in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens.

We evaluated the ability of hen-egg antibodies (HEA) to reduce intestinal colonization by Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Antibodies against C. perfringens or cholera toxin (negative control) were obtained from the eggs of laying hens hyperimmunized using a C. perfringens bacterin or cholera toxin. Eggs were collected, pooled, and egg antibodies were concentrated by polyethylene-glycol precipitation. An initial experiment was conducted to determine the in vivo activity of the administered antibody along the length of the intestine. Thereafter, two feeding trials were performed to assess the efficacy of feed amended with the egg antibodies in reducing the level of colonization of C. perfringens in challenged birds. Antibody activity declined from proximal to distal regions of the intestine but remained detectable in the cecum. In the first experiment there was no significant reduction in the number of C. perfringens in the birds fed the diet amended with the anti-C. perfringens egg antibody, compared to the birds that received the anti-cholera toxin egg antibody (n=10), at any of the sampling times. In the second experiment there was a significant decrease in C. perfringens intestinal populations 72 h after treatment (n=15) as assessed by culture-based enumeration, but there was no decrease as measured by quantitative PCR based on the C. perfringens phospholipase C gene. Intestinal-lesion scores were higher in the birds that received the anti-C. perfringens HEA. Our work suggests that administration of HEA did not reduce the level of C. perfringens intestinal colonization and conversely might exacerbate necrotic enteritis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Privacy Act of 1974: Access to records: Veterans Administration. Final rule.

The Veterans Administration (VA) amends one of its regulations governing an individual's access to his or her VA records. The regulation sets forth special procedures, currently provided for in internal VA manuals, to be used to cases where an individual seeks access to his or her VA records and the granting of such access would result in harm to the individual's mental or physical health. Additionally, the VA is rearranging the provisions of 38 CFR 1.577 and 1.579 so that the first section will concern access to records by individuals, and the second section will concern amendment of records. This action is being taken to eliminate the confusion which existed in the application and understanding of the preexisting VA regulations involved. This action will clarify the VA regulations involved and thus better inform the public of their rights with regard to records pertaining to them that are maintained by the VA.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1998

Degradation of phthalate and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate by indigenous and inoculated microorganisms in sludge-amended soil

The metabolism of phthalic acid (PA) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in sludge-amended agricultural soil was studied with radiotracer techniques. The initial rates of metabolism of PA and DEHP (4.1 nmol/g [dry weight]) were estimated to be 731.8 and 25.6 pmol/g (dry weight) per day, respectively. Indigenous microorganisms assimilated 28 and 17% of the carbon in [14C]PA and [14C]DEHP, respectively, into microbial biomass. The rates of DEHP metabolism were much greater in sludge assays without soil than in assays with sludge-amended soil. Mineralization of [14C]DEHP to 14CO2 increased fourfold after inoculation of sludge and soil samples with DEHP-degrading strain SDE 2. The elevated mineralization potential was maintained for more than 27 days. Experiments performed with strain SDE 2 suggested that the bioavailability and mineralization of DEHP decreased substantially in the presence of soil and sludge components. The microorganisms metabolizing PA and DEHP in sludge and sludge-amended soil were characterized by substrate-specific radiolabelling, followed by analysis of 14C-labelled phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (14C-PLFAs). This assay provided a radioactive fingerprint of the organisms actively metabolizing [14C]PA and [14C]DEHP. The 14C-PLFA fingerprints showed that organisms with different PLFA compositions metabolized PA and DEHP in sludge-amended soil. In contrast, microorganisms with comparable 14C-PLFA fingerprints were found to dominate DEHP metabolism in sludge and sludge-amended soil. Our results suggested that indigenous sludge microorganisms dominated DEHP degradation in sludge-amended soil. Mineralization of DEHP and PA followed complex kinetics that could not be described by simple first-order equations. The initial mineralization activity was described by an exponential function; this was followed by a second phase that was described best by a fractional power function. In the initial phase, the half times for PA and DEHP in sludge-amended soil were 2 and 58 days, respectively. In the late phase of incubation, the apparent half times for PA and DEHP increased to 15 and 147 days, respectively. In the second phase (after more than 28 days), the half time for DEHP was 2.9 times longer in sludge-amended soil assays than in sludge assays without soil. Experiments with radiolabelled DEHP degraders suggested that a significant fraction of the 14CO2 produced in long-term degradation assays may have originated from turnover of labelled microbial biomass rather than mineralization of [14C]PA or [14C]DEHP. It was estimated that a significant amount of DEHP with poor biodegradability and extractability remains in sludge-amended soil for extended periods of time despite the presence of microorganisms capable of degrading the compound (e.g., more than 40% of the DEHP added is not mineralized after 1 year).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Riboflavin- and cobalamin-mediated biodegradation of chloroform in a methanogenic consortium.

Chloroform (CF) is an important priority pollutant contaminating groundwater. Reductive dechlorination by anaerobic microorganisms is a promising strategy towards the remediation of CF. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of redox active vitamins as electron shuttles to enhance the anaerobic biodegradation of CF in an unadapted methanogenic consortium not previously exposed to chlorinated compounds. Only negligible degradation of CF was observed in control cultures lacking redox active vitamins. The addition of riboflavin (RF), cyanocobalamin (CNB12), and hydroxycobalamin (HOB12) enabled biodegradation of CF. The reactions were predominantly catalyzed biologically as evidenced by the lack of any CF conversion in heat-killed controls amended with the cobalamins or minor conversion with RF. In live cultures, significant increases in the rate of CF conversion was observed at substoichiometric molar ratios as low as 0.1 to 0.01 vitamin:CF for RF and CNB12, respectively. At the highest molar vitamin:CF ratios tested of 0.2, the first-order rate constant of CF degradation was 5.3- and 91-fold higher in RF and CNB12 amended cultures, respectively, compared to the unamended control culture. The distribution of biotransformation products was highly impacted by the type of redox active vitamin utilized. Cultures supplemented with RF provided high yields of dichloromethane (DCM). On the other hand, cobalamins promoted the near complete mineralization of organochlorine in CF to inorganic chloride and lowered the yield of DCM. In cultures where no or little CF bioconversion occurred, prolonged exposure to CF resulted in cell lysis, as evidenced by the release of intracellular chloride. The results taken as a whole suggest that the anaerobic bioremediation of CF-contaminated sites can greatly be improved with strategies aimed at increasing the concentration of redox active vitamins.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2005

Clestobothrium gibsoni n. sp. (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae) from the bullseye grenadier Bathygadus macrops Goode & Bean (Macrouridae) in the Gulf of Mexico.

Clestobothrium gibsoni n. sp. is described from the intestine of the bullseye grenadier Bathygadus macrops (Macrouridae) collected in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. The new species can be distinguished from both C. crassiceps (Rudolphi, 1819), the type-species of the genus, and C. neglectum (Lönnberg, 1893), the second species in the genus, by its unique ovary, which is transversely elongate and tapered on both ends rather than being U-or H-shaped, and by having more testes (60-65 vs 40-50 and 35-45 per proglottid). The new species is also compared to Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 and B. kivuensis Baer & Fain, 1954, two species with similar scoleces which have previously been assigned to Clestobothrium . The generic diagnosis of Clestobothrium is amended to include species with either anoperculate or operculate eggs. This is the first report of an adult tapeworm from a species of Bathygadus , and the first report of a species of Clestobothrium Lühe, 1899 (Bothriocephalidae) from the Gulf of Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A lesion of the posterior parietal cortex disrupts on-line adjustments during aiming movements.

It is long known that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is critically involved in goal-directed movements. Nevertheless, there are still some controversies about its specific functions. Although most published studies have emphasised the role of PPC in sensorimotor planning processes, it has been recently suggested that PPC can also participate to on-line movement control. We studied kinematics of hand movements in a patient with a bilateral PPC lesion who exhibited no deficit in planning of her grasping movements in central vision. She was instructed to reach and grasp a cylinder presented at different locations and her motor performance was compared to that of four healthy control subjects. To address on-line control specifically, the cylinder was quickly and unexpectedly jumped, on a few trials, at movement onset, to a new location some 10 degrees (of apparent visual angle) from the original location. The patient could easily grasp stationary objects seen in foveal vision, exhibiting the same kinematic pattern as controls. Therefore, she could plan movements accurately. In response to the object jump, unlike the controls, the patient was unable to amend her ongoing movement. In this situation, she completed two distinct movements, a first one toward the initial object location and a second one toward the final object location. These results support the hypothesis that beyond a role in movement planning, PPC plays a major role in the on-line control of reach-to-grasp movements.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of the suitability of soil amendments to reduce 137Cs and 90Sr root uptake in meadows.

In situ remediation strategies are an alternative approach in the management of radioactive contaminated areas, especially when based on modification of soil properties by the addition of amendments. Here, this strategy is applied to reduce 137Cs and 90Sr soil-plant transfer in meadows from areas of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine affected by the Chernobyl fallout. Meadows were established on podzolic and peaty soils. Amendments covered a wide range of materials, such as loamy and sandy soils, polygorskite clay, phosphorite, turf, and sapropel. Field experiments showed the poor efficiency of most of the materials: only the polygorskite clay provoked a notable reduction (1.5-2-fold) in 137Cs root uptake. Subsequent laboratory characterization showed the lack of significant changes in the radiocesium interception potential and soil solution composition in the amended soils, a fact that helped to explain the lack of effect on the reduction of transfer. Moreover, a laboratory methodology based on the quantification of the adsorption potential of the amendments and the reversibility of the adsorption process was applied. This methodology was first proposed for the correct selection of the suitable materials to be used to decrease radionuclide root uptake in future remediation actions and then validated with data of the previous field experiments.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Salsuginus neotropicalis n. sp. (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae) from the pike killifish Belonesox belizanus (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae) from southeastern Mexico.

Salsuginus neotropicalis n. sp. is described from the gills of Belonesox belizanus (Kner), the pike killifish (Poeciliidae), from the southeastern Mexico. S. neotropicalis is distinguished from all other congeners by the morphology of the haptoral sclerites, especially by the presence of a ventral bar with notably enlarged ends, and by possessing overlapping gonads. The diagnosis of Salsuginus is amended based on the position of gonads in this species. This is the first known Salsuginus species occurring in a freshwater fish from the Neotropical Region.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of specific migration (Cf) of plastics additives with their initial concentration in the polymer (Cp).

The first list of plastics additives which may be assigned restrictions in a future amendment to Directive 90/128/ EEC is likely to contain over 200 substances. If food consumption factors are taken into account many compounds on this list could have restrictions removed but there would, without doubt, still be many additives with restrictions. Extensive migration testing of food contact plastics containing restricted additives to ensure compliance would be required. These limits would be difficult to enforce, add significant cost burdens on the packaging industry and, for these reasons, may not provide improved consumer safeguards. An alternative means of control has been proposed based upon polymer composition. However, in order to support such a scheme a reliable correlation between migration of additives to their composition in the polymer must be demonstrated. There has been strong interest in establishing this relationship and a feasibility project to investigate the specific migration of four commonly used additives has been successfully completed. The study was initially funded for 1 year, by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) and industry. Analytical methods to determine the additives in food simulants have been developed and linear correlations have been demonstrated between the concentration of all four additives and their specific migration levels for each polymer studied. Experimental migration data have been compared with those generated by mathematical models.

Diffusion↗
PubMed1992

Applications of a colorimetric plate assay for soluble methane monooxygenase activity.

A straightforward method is described for screening methanotrophic colonies for soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) activity on solid media. Such activity results in the development of a colored complex between 1-naphthol, which is formed when sMMO reacts with naphthalene, and o-dianisidine (tetrazotized). Methanotrophic colonies expressing sMMO turned deep purple when exposed successively to naphthalene and o-dianisidine. The method was evaluated within the contexts of two potential applications. The first was for the enumeration of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b in a methane-amended, unsaturated soil column dedicated to vinyl chloride treatment. The second application was for the isolation and enumeration of sMMO-bearing methanotrophs from sanitary landfill soils. The technique was effective in both applications.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1990

Using Sexton to read Freud: the pre-oedipal phase and the etiology of lesbianism in Sexton's "Rapunzel".

In her poem "Rapunzel," Anne Sexton maps out a model of lesbian etiology that at once parodies the model proposed by Freud and significantly amends it. Freud's famous model for female development, as he articulates it first in "Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes," and later in "Female Sexuality," may be profitably compared to the model implied by Sexton's poem. The female pre-Oedipal phase is crucially at stake in such a comparison, as Sexton's account suggests that the pleasures of the pre-Oedipal mother-daughter dyad are dangerously strong for the girl child, and seem to be the force that compels the majority of girls into the rechanneling of libidinal desire from the mother to the father. Sexton's poem emphasizes the continuous pressures exerted by the pre-Oedipal phase upon the psyche of the developing girl. Sexton's emphasis on the pre-Oedipal phase, and her depiction of heterosexual love, in "Rapunzel" and elsewhere, as regressive, suggests that the "normal" heterosexual female, who seeks a father figure in order to save herself from re-absorption into the primal mother-daughter dyad, is actually acting out an infantile fantasy of the devouring mother. The morbid irony of Sexton's "Rapunzel" stems from its depiction of a young woman who flees the boundary-less world of the pre-Oedipal state, only to resurrect the infantile fantasy of the devouring mother in the arms of a father substitute.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Specific list for categorization of laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by complexity--PHS. Notice with comment period.

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100-578, requires that the Secretary provide for the categorization of specific laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by level of complexity. 42 CFR 493.17, published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, establishes criteria for such categorization. It is the Department's intention to complete the categorization of all currently available clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations prior to the effective date of the amendments to 42 CFR Part 493 (September 1, 1992). This Notice announces the first of a series of lists containing specific clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity. Additional lists of test systems, assays and examinations will be published periodically. On or before September 1, 1992, a complete list of all laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity, will be published in the form of a compilation of these Notices. Any clinical laboratory test system, assay or examination that is not on that final list will be considered high complexity, until categorized otherwise, as provided under 42 CFR 493.17. After publication of the compilation, applications will be taken to categorize (or recategorize) other laboratory test systems, assays and examinations following the procedures delineated in 42 CFR 493.17(d). Notices will be published periodically in the Federal Register to announce any additional test system, assay or examination that has been categorized (or re-categorize) during the preceding interval.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1998

Recent deliberations of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation's sphygmomanometer committee with respect to neonates, infants, and children.

The sphygmomanometer committee of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) has the responsibility for writing American national standards for performance both of nonautomated and of automated (electronic) sphygmomanometers. These voluntary standards are used by organizations that wish to market devices within the USA. These standards, published by AAMI, may also be used by the Food and Drug Administration for determining whether these devices may be sold in the USA. During the past few years a pediatric subcommittee has been formed. Bruce S. Alpert is its chairman and Myron L. Cohen, is co-chair. The first portion of this article will summarize the deliberations which resulted in an amendment to the AAMI document SP10 [1] in relation to automated sphygmomanometers for use on neonates [2]. The amendment appears in its entirety at the end of this article. The second portion of the article will deal with the implications of the 1996 update to the 1987 Task Force's Report [3] and the efforts of certain pediatric scientists to have the National Institutes of Health (NIH) modify or retract much of that report.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Reconstruction of the anterior floor of the mouth using a labial mucosal flap.

"Definitive extirpative surgery alone is no longer an acceptable approach to the management of intra-oral carcinoma. With the resultant functional impairment of the oral cavity, it is incumbent upon the surgeon to accept the responsibility for performing a well-conceived plan of surgical reconstruction." Two cases are presented in this paper, both of which had T2 squamous cell carcinoma lesions of the anterior floor of the mouth. Each case was amendable to wide excision with marginal mandibulectomy and neck dissection. Closure in the first case was accomplished in the conventional manner by suturing the tongue anteriorly to the lip, necessitating a secondary skin graft vestibuloplasty to restore function and esthetics. Had postoperative radiotherapy been required, such a procedure may not have been possible or would have been difficult. Most surgeons agree that the best time to correct any deformity is at the first operation. In the second case, this was accomplished by the use of a simple mucosal pedicle flap supported by a surgical stent. Serious complications may have been avoided if a secondary reconstructive procedure had to be performed after radiotherapy.

Aged↗