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PubMed2005

Nutritional content of foods advertised during the television programs children watch most.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to code food (nutritional content and food type and eating occasion) and character (cartoon and live action) attributes of food advertisements airing during television programs heavily viewed by children, and to represent and evaluate the nutritional content of advertised foods in terms of the nutrition facts label. METHODS: Food advertisements (n=426) aimed at general and child audiences were coded for food and character attributes. "Nutrition Facts" label data for advertised foods (n=275) were then analyzed. RESULTS: Convenience/fast foods and sweets comprised 83% of advertised foods. Snacktime eating was depicted more often than breakfast, lunch, and dinner combined. Apparent character body size was unrelated to eating behavior. A 2000-calorie diet of foods in the general-audience advertisements would exceed recommended daily values (RDVs) of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. A similar diet of foods in the child-audience advertisements would exceed the sodium RDV and provide 171 g (nearly 1 cup) of added sugar. CONCLUSIONS: Snack, convenience, and fast foods and sweets continue to dominate food advertisements viewed by children. Advertised foods exceed RDVs of fat, saturated fat, and sodium, yet fail to provide RDVs of fiber and certain vitamins and minerals.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Television and children's consumption patterns. A review of the literature.

The recent increase in childhood obesity has, among other things, focused attention on the role that television may play. This paper summarizes results of studies published in peer review journals since 1970 with data pertaining to the relationship between television use and children's food intake. Studies fall into four categories: content analyses; effects of television advertising on children's food behaviors; television and pediatric obesity, with effects on children's dietary intake and physical activity; and television use and children's food consumption patterns. Content analyses have shown that food is the most frequently advertised product category on children's TV. The majority of these ads target highly sweetened products, but more recently, the proportion from fast food meal promotions has been growing. Controlled studies on children's choices have consistently shown that children exposed to advertising choose advertised food products at significantly higher rates than do those not exposed. Purchase request studies have documented associations between number of hours of TV watched and number of requests from the child to the mother for specific food items, as well as the presence of those items in the home. Greater TV use has been associated with higher intakes of energy, fat, sweet and salty snacks, and carbonated beverages and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables. Several large studies have documented associations between number of hours of TV watched and both the prevalence and incidence of obesity. The combination of lifestyle factors that accompany heavy television use appear to place children at risk of obesity and poor nutritional status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Food intake and reward mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia: implications for metabolic disturbances and treatment with second-generation antipsychotic agents.

Obesity is highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia and is associated with detrimental health consequences. Although excessive consumption of fast food and pharmacotherapy with such second-generation antipsychotic agents (SGAs) as clozapine and olanzapine has been implicated in the schizophrenia/obesity comorbidity, the pathophysiology of this link remains unclear. Here, we propose a mechanism based on brain reward function, a relevant etiologic factor in both schizophrenia and overeating. A comprehensive literature search on neurobiology of schizophrenia and of eating behavior was performed. The collected articles were critically reviewed and relevant data were extracted and summarized within four key areas: (1) energy homeostasis, (2) food reward and hedonics, (3) reward function in schizophrenia, and (4) metabolic effects of the SGAs. A mesolimbic hyperdopaminergic state may render motivational/incentive reward system insensitive to low salience/palatability food. This, together with poor cognitive control from hypofunctional prefrontal cortex and enhanced hedonic impact of food, owing to exaggerated opioidergic drive (clinically manifested as pain insensitivity), may underlie unhealthy eating habits in patients with schizophrenia. Treatment with SGAs purportedly improves dopamine-mediated reward aspects, but at the cost of increased appetite and worsened or at least not improved opiodergic capacity. These effects can further deteriorate eating patterns. Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of these insights need further validation via prospective clinical trials and neuroimaging studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Presence of Salmonella as a risk to public health in the Caribbean zone of Colombia].

Salmonella is frequently involved in diarrhoeal disease throughout the world and is disseminated mainly by food, polluted waters or infected food-handlers. In Colombia, the serotypes of Salmonella and their distribution in food have not been characterized. Therefore, the objective was to establish the epidemiology of Salmonella in the Caribbean zone. Six hundred thirty-six samples were obtained in fast food outlets located in city squares or markets of Barranquilla (n=245), Montería (n=222), Sincelejo (n=87) and Cartagena (n=82). Salmonella was isolated by the conventional methods recommended by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Briefly, 25 g of each sample was inoculated in 225 ml of broth. Twenty-four hours later, a 1 ml aliquot was inoculated onto selective media for Salmonella. Suspicious colonies were identified by conventional biochemical tests and confirmed by conventional serology for Salmonella detection. Forty-seven Salmonella serotypes were isolated from meat (40%), sausage (25%), cheese (13%), pig (13%), chicken (4.2%) and egg 'arepas' (4.2%). The serologic characterization indicated the following serotypes: S. Anatum (26%), S. Newport (13%), S. Typhimurium (9%), S. Gaminara (9%) and S. Uganda (9%). No statistically significant Salmonella isolations among 4 socioeconomic categories were observed (p=0.05). However, differences were observed when rates were compared for Salmonella by food type for socioeconomic categories 1, 2 and 3 (p<0.05), categories 2 and 3 did not show differences between them (p>0.05).

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

[Atherogenic trans isomers of fatty acids in some food products].

OBJECTIVE: Trans isomers of fatty acids (TFA) contain double bonds in their molecular structure with the trans configuration. Food products prominent for their TFA content include plant oils (margarine), mayonnaise, products baked with plant oils, and ready-made glazes and icings. The so-called fast foods and snacks (bars, chips) represent a significant source of TFA, particularly for children and youth. Considering the potentially atherogenic properties of TFA, this work was undertaken to determine the content of the principal monounsaturated TFA in some food products ubiquitous on the market, i.e. margarines and snacks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied bars (Snickers, Mars, Twix), chips (Lay's, Snack, Cheetos), and margarines (Rama Classic, Rama Olivio, Vita, Flora, Finea, Delma, Masmix, Krówka, Smakowita with butter, Extra Pomorskie). The content of TFA was determined with gas chromatography. RESULTS: The highest content ofmonounsatured TFA among sweets was disclosed for the Twix bar (2.94 microg/g), while the lowest for Snickers (0.3 microg/g). Among margarines, the highest content of TFA was found for Smakowita with butter (87.6 microg/g), Krówka (46 microg/g), and Vita (38.7 microg/g), whereas the content was lowest in Finea (0.12 microg/g) and Delma (0.14 microg/g). In the case of chips, the content was highest for Cheetos (3.5 microg/g) and lowest for Snack (0.09 microg/g). CONCLUSIONS: The content of atherogenic TFA in common food products varies widely. In some cases, the content of TFA is considerable and unjustly undisclosed by manufacturers. Promotion of these products should include information in respect of TFA. This conclusion is of particular importance considering the significance of these products in the diet of children and youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[The problem of hidden food allergens: two cases of anaphylaxis to peanut proteins concealed in a pizza sauce].

Peanut is one of the major food allergens inducing anaphylaxis. It is increasingly consumed and often used as a hidden ingredient, thus making avoidance especially difficult for allergic patients. In Switzerland legislation stipulates that all ingredients of a processed food exceeding 2% of the total mass of the finished food product should be labelled. However, in the case of a mixture of vegetables it can be labelled as "vegetable mix" if it does not exceed 10% of the total weight. Peanut, which is a member of the legume family, can thus form up to 10% of processed foods without being mentioned on the label, thus making avoidance impossible. We report on two patients who presented severe anaphylaxis from peanut hidden in a pizza from a fast food restaurant. We were able to provide evidence for the presence of major peanut antigens in the pizza sauce by immunochemical analysis. These two cases clearly demonstrate the danger of peanut hidden in foods and point up the necessity of a change in legislation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Trends in food locations and sources among adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine overall trends of total energy intake by food location and food type in diets of adolescents and young adults. METHODS: This study used a nationally representative sample of 16,810 individuals, ages 12-29 from the 1977 to 1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated for adolescents ages 12-18 and young adults ages 19-29. The percentage of energy intake by location and for specific food group was computed for both age groups, separately. RESULTS: Both adolescents and young adults are obtaining less of their energy intake at home and more at restaurants and fast food places. This is predominantly seen among calories from snacking occasions for adolescents and both meals and snacks among the older age group. Significant increases in consumption of pizza, cheeseburgers, and salty snacks and decreases in consumption of desserts and certain milk and meat products by both age groups are shown. CONCLUSIONS: To improve the diets of adolescents and young adults, healthy food choices outside the home need to be as readily available as the foods which have increased in popularity over the past 20 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of dietary habits in the urban and rural Croatian schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Post-war socio-economic changes in Croatia probably affected dietary habits, and dietary data about schoolchildren after the war are missing. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to compare current nutrient intakes and dietary behavior between urban and rural schoolchildren in Croatia. METHODS: A completely quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. Subjects were 315 urban and 163 rural schoolchildren. Mean age was 12.5 and 12.6 years in the urban and rural area, respectively. RESULTS: Consumption of fast food, soft drinks and alcohol was more prevalent and more linked with dietary behavior in the urban than in the rural area. In both living areas protein intake was excessive (in the urban area 38.1% of subjects and in the rural 36.2% of subjects had protein intake higher than 200% RDA). Under 75% RDA/DRI in both living areas was observed for vitamin D, folate, calcium and selenium. Micronutrient intakes negatively correlated with age in both living areas, but were more pronounced in the urban area. CONCLUSION: The urban sample had more adequate energy and nutrient intakes which is consistent with prewar findings.

Child↗
PubMed2006

High-sodium food choices by southern, urban African Americans with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Sodium restriction is important in the management of heart failure (HF). Although many low-sodium educational resources are available, few are directed specifically at urban African Americans. METHODS AND RESULTS: A registered dietitian prospectively interviewed 50 African-American and 25 white patients in an urban public hospital (derivation cohort) in Dallas, TX, using a food-frequency instrument that listed 146 food choices. Foods >300 mg sodium/serving consumed at least weekly by 50% of an ethnic group were classified as being a high-sodium core food for that group. Classification of foods (core or not core) was validated in a second African-American cohort (n = 144). Five high-sodium food choices were classified as core food in both the derivation and validation African-American cohorts (salt in cooking, canned vegetables, cheese, processed meats, and cold cereal) and another 3 when the derivation and validation cohorts were combined (fast food, fried chicken, and corn bread). Four of these 8 foods were not classified as core foods in whites. CONCLUSION: Eight high-sodium foods were frequently consumed by southern, urban African Americans with heart failure. Several of these foods were not commonly consumed by whites, emphasizing the need to be sensitive to ethnic differences in dietary habits when educating patients about sodium intake.

Black People↗
PubMed2006

Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases.

Global energy imbalances and related obesity levels are rapidly increasing. The world is rapidly shifting from a dietary period in which the higher-income countries are dominated by patterns of degenerative diseases (whereas the lower- and middle-income countries are dominated by receding famine) to one in which the world is increasingly being dominated by degenerative diseases. This article documents the high levels of overweight and obesity found across higher- and lower-income countries and the global shift of this burden toward the poor and toward urban and rural populations. Dietary changes appear to be shifting universally toward a diet dominated by higher intakes of animal and partially hydrogenated fats and lower intakes of fiber. Activity patterns at work, at leisure, during travel, and in the home are equally shifting rapidly toward reduced energy expenditure. Large-scale decreases in food prices (eg, beef prices) have increased access to supermarkets, and the urbanization of both urban and rural areas is a key underlying factor. Limited documentation of the extent of the increased effects of the fast food and bottled soft drink industries on this nutrition shift is available, but some examples of the heterogeneity of the underlying changes are presented. The challenge to global health is clear.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2005

School lunch and snacking patterns among high school students: associations with school food environment and policies.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between high school students' lunch patterns and vending machine purchases and the school food environment and policies. METHODS: A randomly selected sample of 1088 high school students from 20 schools completed surveys about their lunch practices and vending machine purchases. School food policies were assessed by principal and food director surveys. The number of vending machines and their hours of operation were assessed by trained research staff. RESULTS: Students at schools with open campus policies during lunchtime were significantly more likely to eat lunch at a fast food restaurant than students at schools with closed campus policies (0.7 days/week vs. 0.2 days/week, p < .001). Student snack food purchases at school were significantly associated with the number of snack machines at schools (p < .001) and policies about the types of food that can be sold. In schools with policies, students reported making snack food purchases an average of 0.5 +/- 1.1 days/week as compared to an average of 0.9 +/- 1.3 days/week in schools without policies (p < .001). In schools in which soft drink machines were turned off during lunch time, students purchased soft drinks from vending machines 1.4 +/- 1.6 days/week as compared to 1.9 +/- 1.8 days/week in schools in which soft drink machines were turned on during lunch (p = .040). CONCLUSION: School food policies that decrease access to foods high in fats and sugars are associated with less frequent purchase of these items in school among high school students. Schools should examine their food-related policies and decrease access to foods that are low in nutrients and high in fats and sugars.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Electroencephalographic characterization of scopolamine-induced convulsions in fasted mice after food intake.

The present study was conducted to evaluate scopolamine-induced convulsions in fasted mice after food intake effects on the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Continuous EEG recordings were taken with Neuroscan for 10 min in freely moving mice with six chronic cortical electrode implants. Animals were weighed and deprived of food for 48 h. EEG recordings were taken at the 24th and 48th hour after their food deprivations. Later, all animals were treated with saline or scopolamine of 3mg/kg i.p. and EEG recordings were repeated for 10 min. Twenty minutes later, they were given food pellets and were allowed to eat ad libitum. All animals were observed for 60 min to determine the incidence and onset of convulsions and EEG recordings were taken simultaneously. The present results demonstrate that food deprivation causes differences in EEG in the elapsed time. The changes in EEG induced after food deprivation become different with scopolamine administration. In scopolamine treatment group, eating caused a series of high-voltage polyspikes and synchronized spikes with a predominant frequency in the 1-3 Hz range and fast activity that represents a typical epileptiform manifestation. It was concluded that the EEG properties and the behavioral patterns of these convulsions are in accordance with each other.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[An electromyographic study of the stomach after selective proximal vagotomy in dogs (author's transl)].

To clarify the gastric motor function after selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) by electromygoraphy in dogs, I designed the following experimental groups; Group I is the control, untreated dogs; Group II is SPV operated dogs; Group III is selective antral vagotomy (SAV) operated dogs. The gastric electromyogram was taken from fasted food stimulated, and insulin stimulated dogs in each groups, and the recording was begun two weeks after the operation. The results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no significant differences in discharge intervals before and after food and insulin stimulation in all groups. 2) The propagation velocity was delayed markedly in SPV- and SAV-operated dogs compared to the untreated dogs before stimulation. 3) It seemed to be that the delay of propagation velocity at fasting, was more prominent in SAV than in SPV. Therefore, it is suggested that antral branch might play an important role on the gastric motor function.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Food habits of young Swedish and Norwegian vegetarians and omnivores.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vegetarianism and compare food habits among vegetarian and omnivorous adolescents in Sweden and Norway. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by questionnaire in Sweden and Norway to gather information about food habits. SETTING: The municipalities of Umeå and Stockholm in Sweden, and Bergen in Norway. SUBJECTS: In total 2041 ninth-grade students (578 from Umeå, 504 from Stockholm and 959 from Bergen), mean age 15.5 years, were included. The response rate was 95% in Umeå, 91% in Stockholm and 83% in Bergen. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher prevalence of vegetarianism in Umeå (15.6%) than in Stockholm (4.8%) and Bergen (3.8%). Vegetarians generally wanted more information about a healthy diet and vegetarian females ate dietary supplements to prevent deficiencies more often than omnivorous females (P < 0.01). The young male vegetarians more or less excluded animal products from their diet without changing their food frequency intake or modifying their dietary habits in other respects, while the young female vegetarians more often consumed vegetables and dietary supplements (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the intake of fruits/berries, alcoholic beverages, ice cream, sweets/chocolates and fast foods by vegetarians compared with omnivores. CONCLUSIONS: There were three to four times more vegetarians in Umeå than in Stockholm and Bergen. The food habits of the young vegetarians differed from those of omnivorous adolescents and also in some respects from previously published comparative studies of vegetarians' and omnivores' food habits. It is uncertain whether the health benefits shown in previous studies on vegetarianism will be experienced by this young generation of vegetarians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Restaurant eating in nonpurge binge-eating women.

This study describes restaurant-eating behaviors for nonpurge binge-eating women in comparison to dieters. Restaurant-eating behaviors were determined from a content analysis of 14-day food diaries using a convenience sample of 71 women who reported binging without purging and 46 dieters without a recent binge history. Comparing bingers to dieters, there were no significant differences in frequency of eating out, dessert consumption at restaurants, or fast food eating. Bingers more often perceived restaurant eating to be uncontrolled and excessive. Both bingers and dieters consumed significantly more calories (226-253 kcal) and fat (10.4-16.0 gm) on restaurant days. Extra calories consumed on restaurant-eating days may contribute to weight gain over time, especially with frequent restaurant eating. Restaurants may present a high-risk food environment for bingers and dieters, contributing to loss of control and excess consumption.

Eating↗
PubMed1998

[Food habits, consumption, and knowledge of a low-income French population].

Behaviors related to nutrition as well as the eating habits of low-income French people are analyzed from data collected by the Nutrition and Health Barometer of the CFES in 1996. French people with monthly incomes of less than 4000 francs appear to go to fast-food restaurants more often than to other types of restaurant (for leisure or work). They appear to eat their three main meals alone more often, to spend less time over the evening meal, to watch television during their noon and evening meals, to have cheese or another dairy product rather than a main dish, and to limit their evening meal to a single dish. They are less numerous than higher-income people to have the "ideal" breakfast. These economically disavantaged French people do their shopping more often in large of medium-sized supermarkets and more often plan their meals according to the family budget. In terms of food they are more numerous to eat neither fruit nor vegetables; they consume less pork, fish and shellfish, dairy products, alcoholic beverages and especially before-dinner drinks. This study shows that the eating behavior of low-income French people is less in conformity with commonly accepted nutritional recommendations. Likewise, the rate of obesity observed among the women from this households appears high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity.

BACKGROUND: The "obesogenicity" of modern environments is fueling the obesity pandemic. We describe a framework, known as ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity), which is a conceptual model for understanding the obesogenicity of environments and a practical tool for prioritizing environmental elements for research and intervention. METHODS: Development of the ANGELO framework. The basic framework is a 2 x 4 grid which dissects the environment into environmental size (micro and macro) by type: physical (what is available), economic (what are the costs), political (what are the "rules"), and sociocultural (what are the attitudes and beliefs). Within this grid, the elements which influence food intake and physical activity are characterized as obesogenic or "leptogenic" (promoting leanness). RESULTS: Application of the ANGELO framework. The ANGELO framework has been piloted at the population level (island communities) to prioritize the settings/sectors for intervention and at the setting level (fast food outlets) to prioritize research needs and interventions. Environmental elements were prioritized by rating their validity (evidence of impact), relevance (to the local context), and potential changeability. CONCLUSIONS: The ANGELO framework appears to be a flexible and robust instrument for the needs analysis and problem identification stages of reducing the obesogenicity of modern environments.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2002

Fasting plasma concentrations of selected flavonoids as markers of their ordinary dietary intake.

BACKGROUND: Dietary flavonoids, especially flavonols, are discussed as potentially preventive agents in the etiology of diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer. However, their consideration in epidemiologic studies is hampered by difficulties in exposure assessment. AIM OF THE STUDY: By comparison with dietary intake estimates, fasting plasma flavonoid concentrations should be evaluated as possible biomarkers of the ordinary dietary intake. METHODS: 7-d dietary records were completed by 48 healthy female students. Flavonoid intake was estimated by means of available literature data on the flavonoid content of foods. Fasting plasma samples were taken at the end of the record period for flavonoid determination (HPLC). RESULTS: The mean intake estimates (7-d period) of quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, and hesperetin amounted to 17.9, 4.7, 12.1, and 17.4 mg/d, respectively; the corresponding mean plasma concentrations were 22.9, 10.7, 8.2, and 22.2 nmol/l. For all four flavonoids significant correlations between 7d-intake results and fasting plasma concentrations (r = 0.30-0.46, p < 0.05) existed. As expected from the known short elimination half-life of some plasma flavonoids, distinctly higher correlation coefficients were found for the relationship between intake estimates for the last day before blood sampling and the fasting plasma concentrations (r = 0.42-0.64; p < 0.01). The intraindividual variation in fasting plasma flavonoid concentrations during ad libitum intake was found to be rather high (mean coefficient of variation between 82 and 91 %; n = 4). CONCLUSIONS: The flavonoid content in fasting plasma samples seems to be a suitable biomarker of short-term intake and a possible biomarker of the medium-term intake. Due to the high intraindividual variation the combined use of plasma flavonoid concentrations and dietary intake estimates may be the best choice in epidemiologic studies.

Adult↗