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PubMed2006

Camel tuberculosis--a case report.

An adult male dromedary bull was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (Tb). The dromedary was severely emaciated and died 2 months after the onset of the disease. It exhibited typical Tb lesions in both lungs and lung lymph nodes. A guinea pig inoculated with lung tissue from theTb camel died after 3 weeks from typical Tb. Mycobacteria were isolated from the dromedary's lung and lung lymph nodes and also from different organs of the guinea pig. The microorganism was identified as member of the antelope clade of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lumpy skin disease, an African capripox virus disease of cattle.

Lumpy skin disease is an infectious viral disease of cattle, which often occurs in epizootic form. The disease is characterized by the eruption of nodules in the skin, which may cover the whole of the animal's body. Systemic effects include pyrexia, anorexia, dysgalactia and pneumonia; lesions are often found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract. The severity of the disease varies considerably between breeds and strains of cattle. Many cattle suffer severe emaciation and loss of production for several months. The skin lesions cause permanent damage to the hides. The mode of transmission of the disease has not been clearly established. Contact infections do not readily occur and the evidence from the epizootiology strongly suggests that insect vectors are involved. The disease has been confined to sub-Saharan Africa, until it recently appeared in epizootic form in Egypt and in Israel. Transmission occurs in a wide variety of biotypes, from semi-desert to temperate grasslands and irrigated land. It has the potential to extend its range further.

Africa↗

PubMed1988

Visceral myopathy of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts in infants.

We describe 4 infants who had chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction caused by visceral myopathy. Three of the 4 were girls. Two were symptomatic at birth and 2 were symptomatic by 3 wk of age. All had abdominal distention and emaciation, 3 of the 4 had severe obstipation and fecal impactions, and 3 had signs of urologic obstruction. All had gaseous distention of the small bowel and colon, and barium studies showed dilated small bowel and colon, with slow transport through the small intestine. Two of 3 had enlarged stomachs and slowed gastric emptying, and 3 had dilated bladders and ureters. The 1 infant studied by esophageal manometry had absence of esophageal contractions. Despite total parenteral nutrition in 3, all died within 10-18 mo. The pathologic features of visceral myopathy were identified in variable sample sites from the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, bladder, and ureter of the 4 infants. Of 170 family members related to 3 of the infants, there was no consanguinity and no one appeared to be clinically affected. Thus, an infantile form of visceral myopathy exists which, pathologically, is identical to the familial and sporadic forms of visceral myopathy previously identified in adolescents and adults.

Digestive System↗

PubMed1983

Central pontine myelinolysis following saline treatment of a diabetic rat for dehydration.

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) was observed at necropsy in an emaciated 333-day-old BB Wistar insulin-dependent diabetic rat that had been treated for dehydration by subcutaneous injection of normal saline. There was a large area of nearly complete demyelination involving most of the basal portion of the pons, part of the tegmentum, and the base of the middle cerebellar peduncles. There was a relative sparing of neurons and axons, but some unidentifiable large cells with degenerative changes in the cytoplasm were present. No oligodendrocytes or reactive astrocytes were seen and there was no evidence of inflammation or infarction. Although diffuse demyelination can be induced in rats by rapid fluctuation of serum electrolytes, no studies have experimentally induced central pontine myelinolysis nor has it been observed incidentally in animals previously.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The prevalence and pathogenesis of naturally-occurring Haemonchus longistipes infection in Sudanese camels.

Camel haemonchosis is prevalent in the Sudan, especially during the rainy season, with a decrease in prevalence in the dry season possibly due to delayed maturation of the worms. The naturally occurring disease in Sudanese camels is characterized by emaciation, anaemia, oedema of the lower parts of the limbs, eosinophilia, hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and eosinophilia, as well as elevated blood urea concentrations.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed1989

Arteriosclerosis and related lesions in rabbits.

Eleven female rabbits, mainly of the NZW breed, aged between 1 and 3.5 years, were examined post mortem. All had originated over the years 1982 to 1987 from the same rabbitry where they had been fed on pellets from the same manufacturer. Apart from one rabbit, all had a history of progressive loss of bodily condition and six of them had also been infertile. Grossly, most of them were emaciated and their arteries were hardened. In some, hepatopathy, nephropathy and pulmonary emphysema were evident. In one case, mummified foetuses were recovered from the abdominal cavity. Microscopically, degenerative changes and calcification were found in the walls of arteries, kidneys, lungs, hearts and ovaries.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Resistance of obese and non-obese, spontaneously hypertensive rats to alloxan-induced diabetes.

Male, 5 months old, massively obese, spontaneously hypertensive rats (Obese/SHR) were given 10 mg alloxan/100 g b.w., s.c., to induce diabetes. Control Obese and non-obese/SHR were given saline. Insulin therapy was withheld. All of the animals were killed at 6 months of age. Alloxan caused a slight but statistically significant increase in blood pressure, pituitary and adrenal glandular hyperplasia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and increased BUN levels. The giant sized islets of Langerhans in Obese/SHR showed only partial degranulation of the insulin-producing beta cells concomitant with residual but apparently adequate blood insulin levels, whereas the islets of non-obese/SHR exhibited virtually total beta cell degranulation and only trace amounts of blood insulin. The alloxanized, non-obese rats were severely emaciated; the alloxanized Obese/SHR maintained their obesity. Alloxan-treated, Obese and non-obese/SHR manifested gross and microscopic degenerative changes suggesting acceleration of the normal aging process. The genetically-programmed pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and Cushingoid pathophysiology of Obese/SHR may be due to hyperadrenocorticism.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1992

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of yaks (Bos grunniens) and confirmation by recovery of pyrrolic metabolites from formalin-fixed liver tissue.

Severe losses of yaks (Bos grunniens) were investigated in the most eastern region of Bhutan. The most serious disease was a fatal chronic skin disease with emaciation and anaemia. Post mortem examinations revealed major lesions in the liver, consisting of hepatic megalocytosis, bile duct proliferation, fibrosis and remodelling of the hepatic structure. There was also renal megalocytosis, ascites and mild to moderate icterus. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning was diagnosed and confirmed by demonstrating sulphur-bound pyrrolic metabolites of the alkaloids in preserved liver tissue. Skin lesions with hyaline parakeratosis were an important feature. Similar lesions were found in the mucosa of the oral cavity. No records could be found of such skin lesions in any other species or disease. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning seriously affects the livelihood of the local population which depends almost entirely on the yak. Various control measures are discussed. The key to be found is the identification of the toxic plants.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma (brucei) evansi in small east African goats.

Trypanosoma evansi is the cause of surra, a camel disease which is the most important single cause of economic losses in camel rearing areas. Sheep and goats herded with camels are the most likely hosts for T evansi. Upon intravenous infections goats developed erratic parasitaemia, lost weight and their packed cell volume dropped significantly (P < 0.001). Trypanosomes were demonstrated by direct microscopy in extravascular locations such as synovial, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids and also in lymph by subinoculations into mice. The carcases were emaciated and pale. Histologically there was lymphatic tissue hyperplasia, muscular atrophy and nephrotic changes. Two animals had necrotic foci in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen and lungs and also bronchopneumonia. Histologically there was depopulation of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissues, destruction of hepatocytes in the liver with infiltration by inflammatory cells in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and the kidneys.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMed1986

Thirteen-week toxicology studies of 1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone in Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice.

1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone (ADBAQ), an intermediate in the production of commercial dyes for wool, silk, and synthetic fibers, was selected for toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in two rodent species. In advance of the 2-year studies, 13-week studies were conducted in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice which were fed a diet containing ADBAQ at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.50, and 5.00%. ADBAQ stained the skin and fur red at all doses in rats and at 1.00% and higher concentrations in mice. Lethargy and emaciation were noted at the 2.50% and higher doses in rats of both sexes. In general, the absolute weight of the liver and the liver/organ weight ratios increased in both sexes and species at all doses. Treated rats developed a chronic toxic hepatitis characterized by hepatocytomegaly, centrilobular vacuolar degeneration and necrosis, regenerative nodules, acute necrotizing cholangitis, bile duct hyperplasia, chronic active inflammation in periportal areas, and focal pigmentation. The hepatopathy occurred at all doses in males and at 0.50% and higher in females and correlated with elevations of serum glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Hyaline droplet degeneration in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys occurred in male rats, and uterine atrophy was observed in female rats at 1.00% and higher. Anemia occurred in both sexes of rats at all doses and thymic atrophy was observed in both sexes of high-dose rats. In male mice minimal dose-related lesions in the liver included centrilobular glycogen depletion at 1.00% and higher and pigmentation at all doses. At comparable doses, ADBAQ was considered to be markedly toxic in rats and of minimal nonlife-threatening toxicity in mice.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1983

Nonsurgical treatment of huge suprasellar germinoma.

A case describing a huge, suprasellar germinoma with subfrontal extension that produced striking emaciation of the patient as an initial symptom is discussed. Diagnosis of germinoma was made on the basis of a computed tomography scan and cytology of the ventricular fluid. The tumor responded well to radiation treatment, which may indicate that it is not always necessary to reduce tumor bulk by direct surgical intervention before radiation therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

The involvement of gonads and gonadal steroids in the regulation of food intake, body weight and adiposity in the white Leghorn cock.

The effects of long-term injections of testosterone propionate (TP), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and TP+DES simultaneously to castrated and sham-operated White Leghorn cocks on feeding, weight gain, obesity, blood lipids and weight of various glands were studied. DES induced marked adiposity while TP reduced carcass fat content. Injections of TP+DES induced only moderate obesity. The responses of the castrated cocks to TP or DES were not always parallel to those of the sham-operated ones. In sham-operated cocks, TP induced permanent hypophagia and emaciation while in castrated cocks, although alleviating adiposity, it did not reduce the rate of weight gain and induced only a transient hypophagia. DES induced permanent hyperphagia and accelerated weight gain in sham-operated cocks while in those castrated, it induced only transient hyperphagia which later on changed into hypophagia. Although the latter cocks did not gain more weight than those castrated with no steroids supplementation, they were much more obese and had a fat content similar to that of the sham-operated ones treated with DES. The castration was found to alleviate the depressing effect of TP on adenohypophyseal and thyroidal weights. The results may suggest: (1) In the White Leghorn cocks, DES increases lipogenesis and food intake while TP results in the contrary. (2) Castration should not be considered as a lack of gonadal steroids only.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Synchronization of estrus in suckled postpartum beef cows with melengestrol acetate and PGF2alpha.

A total of 402 two suckled postpartum beef cows at 2 locations (CSU and ECRC) were utilized in 3 trials to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination melengestrol acetate (MGA)-PGF2alpha estrus synchronization system in spring-calving cows. The cows were allocated by days post partum, body condition score (1 = emaciated; 9 = obese), sire breed, and dam age at the beginning of treatment to 1 of 2 treatments within location and trial: MGA-PGF2alpha (0.5 mg MGA/head/d for 14 d with 25 mg of PGF2alpha injected 17 d after MGA withdrawal), and unsynchronized controls. All cows were observed for estrus at 12-h intervals for at least 5 d post injection. Cows observed in standing estrus were inseminated 12 to 18 h later. There was a location effect on response to treatment that was attributed to differences in body condition score between locations so data were analyzed within a location. Body condition score at the CSU location was 5.7 compared with 4.0 at the ECRC location. The CSU MGA-PGF2alpha treated cows had higher (P < 0.05) 5-day estrus and 5-d pregnancy rates (78.6 and 61.0%, respectively) than the CSU controls (11.1 and 6.9%, respectively). Similar results for 5-d estrus and pregnancy rates but of decreased magnitude were also observed for the ECRC MGA-PGF2alpha treated (31.6 and 21.4%, respectively) cows compared with that of the ECRC controls (11.9 and 8.5%, respectively). The CSU MGA-PGF2alpha treated cows had higher (P < 0.05) 25- and 60-d pregnancy rates (82.5 and 94.8%) than the CSU controls (65.3 and 87.5%). The 25- and 60-d pregnancy rates were similar between the ECRC MGA-PGF2alpha treated cows and ECRC control cows. The MGA-PGF2alpha estrus synchronization system appears to contribute to pregnancy early in the breeding season in postpartum beef cows, although its effectiveness is limited by cow body condition.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Relationships between administration of GnRH, body condition score and fertility in Holstein dairy cattle.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of GnRH treatment in dairy cows differing in body condition score. A total of 2437 primiparous and multiparous cows was allocated randomly to receive either GnRH (100 microg) or placebo at the post partum exam (25 to 35 d) and at the first breeding. Complete records were available from 1906 cows: Group 1 (n = 535) placebo and placebo; Group 2 (n = 489) GnRH and placebo; Group 3 (n = 438) placebo and GnRH; and Group 4 (n = 444) GnRH and GnRH. The change of body condition score during early lactation was determined on a 1 to 5 scale (1 = emaciated to 5 = obese). Cows with a high body condition score (> or =3.0) at the first breeding had 8.8 fewer days to first service and 6.4 fewer days open but more services per conception (0.16) than cows with low body condition score (<3.0). Conception rate improved when GnRH was administered at the first breeding to cows with a body condition score of <3.0 at the first breeding regardless of parity. The administration of GnRH at the post partum exam decreased the conception rate in first lactation cows but was beneficial for cows in second and greater lactations. Thus the efficacy of GnRH may not be consistent in all parities and body condition groups.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

A controlled study of type A behavior and psychophysiologic responses to stress in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescents and young adults meeting DSM-III criteria for anorexia nervosa (n = 13) and atypical eating disorders (n = 7) were compared with weight-recovered anorectics (n = 6) and normal weight controls (n = 11) using a type-A structured interview and a computerized stress procedure. Heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiographic changes were monitored. Anorexia nervosa subjects demonstrated significantly more type-A characteristics than controls. The emaciated and weight-recovered anorectics had elevated hostility scores on the type-A interview, which has been shown in recent studies of type-A behavior to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This pilot study is the first to demonstrate a significant relationship between anorexia and the type-A behavioral pattern. Also the anorectic subjects showed significantly more cardiovascular reactivity than controls as measured by failure of stressed anorectic subjects to lower their systolic blood pressure to baseline levels as controls did. These results support the importance of monitoring stress reactions and personality traits as well as traditional biological measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

History, biology and control of sheep scab.

Sheep scab is one of the oldest known diseases of sheep. It is caused by either of the mange mites Psoroptes ovis (Fig. 1 and cover) or Sarcoptes scabiei. P. ovis causes irritation so intense that sheep become preoccupied with scratching, cease to feed and rapidly become emaciated. It should be eradicated on welfare grounds alone (Fig. 2).

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Is psychotherapy mandatory during the acute refeeding period in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?

Forty-five adolescent and preadolescent patients (42 females, three males) with anorexia nervosa (AN) were treated in a pediatric day care unit of a large urban hospital by a multidisciplinary team. In our treatment model, the pediatrician has the responsibility for the initial evaluation and physical rehabilitation while the pediatric psychiatrist does the initial evaluation of the patient and family and is available for intervention in an emergency. Parents are actively involved in the treatment program. Family psychotherapy is recommended for each patient and his or her family. Among 45 patients, 24 did not enter psychotherapy during the first 2 months of the refeeding period, while the remaining 21 patients started psychotherapy (family and/or individual) during this period. Weight gain was higher in the group without formal psychotherapy during the initial period of refeeding (7.3 +/- 3.1 kg versus 5 +/- 2.5 kg; p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the initiation of structured psychotherapy is not mandatory and does not contribute to treatment effectiveness in the acute phase when emaciation and negativism may hinder the psychotherapeutic process. We believe a multidisciplinary team, together with the parents, is the treatment of choice during the acute phase of AN.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Toxicity of the anticancer folate antagonist trimetrexate in rats.

Trimetrexate is a nonclassical folate antagonist that is active against a number of experimental murine and human tumor cell lines. To assess its toxicity, rats were administered single or repeated (daily x5) doses by either the oral or the intravenous route. Oral doses were 0, 90, 180, 295, and 375 mg/kg (single dose) and 0, 32, 65, and 80 mg/kg (daily x5). Intravenous doses were 0, 6, 20, and 60 mg/kg (single dose) and 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg (daily x5). In the oral studies, signs of toxicity first appeared 2 to 3 days after initiation of dosing. Clinical signs included hypoactivity, diarrhea, urine scald, rhinorrhea, emaciation, and death. Significant pathologic findings were degenerative enteropathy in small and large intestines, bone marrow hypocellularity, decreased WBCs (neutrophils, lymphocytes), generalized lymphoid depletion, and testicular tubular degeneration. Except for the testicular changes, these effects were most severe in animals dosed at 65 and 80 mg/kg in the oral x5 study (65-70% mortality). Repeated oral doses at 32 mg/kg and single oral doses through 375 mg/kg caused only mild to moderate effects and less than 5% mortality. In contrast, single intravenous doses at 60 mg/kg resulted in immediate death (20% mortality) due to apparent CNS toxicity. Intravenous doses below 60 mg/kg were essentially asymptomatic. Toxicity in the intravenous studies was limited to decreased WBCs, splenic and thymic lymphoid depletion (repeated dosing), and testicular tubular degeneration and/or atrophy. Except for the testicular lesions, most of the effects in the oral and intravenous studies were reversible within 4 weeks. The results show that the acute toxicity of trimetrexate in rats is somewhat dependent on its route of administration, although the spectrum of effects is qualitatively similar to that observed in other species and with other folate antagonists. The dose-limiting toxicity of trimetrexate in rats common to both routes of administration is myelosuppression.

Administration, Oral↗