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Results for “Dissociative Identity Disorder”

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PubMed1985

Multiple personality in the human information-processor: a case history and theoretical formulation.

A case of multiple personality is presented, which details the roles of the "executive" and "destabilizer" personalities in the functioning of the overall system, and in treatment. A neo-associationist model of personality, affect and cognition, previously presented by the author (Andorfer, 1980) and applied to schizophrenia (Andorfer, 1984), is here extended to multiple personality. This model is used to account for the mechanisms and clinical phenomena of dissociation and reintegration and the role of the "executive" personality in each. Strategies for treatment are recommended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Sensory gating deficits, pattern completion, and disturbed fronto-limbic balance, a model for description of hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia, if not the most difficult, is one of the most difficult mysterious puzzles for psychiatrists, psychologists, and neuroscientists to solve. In this paper, based on the previously known pathologies of schizophrenia, a new model is proposed for explanation of the formation of positive psychotic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions. This model can be used for understanding psychotic or psychotic-like positive symptoms of bipolar mood disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive, and amphetamine and drug-induced psychotic disorders. Based on the postulated model, a spectral view on these disorders with psychotic features is also proposed. These pathologies include auditory sensory gating deficits in hippocampus, abnormal emotional coding in amygdala, pattern completion in thalamic and cortical areas, and disturbed fronto-limbic balance. This model includes anatomical and neurotransmitter defects of hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, cingula, and prefrontal cortex and their interconnections. A role for hippocampal sensory gating deficits in the pathogenesis of positive psychotic symptoms and interrelation between amygdala and its dopamine level with hippocampus is speculated. This model also hires the interesting function of pattern completion in thalamus and cortical areas for a better explanation of the pathogenesis of hallucinations and delusional psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, there is also explanation for the polygenic etiology of the schizophrenic and psychotic disorders and relation between schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder in anatomy and neural systems involved. A spectral view is proposed that explains the absence of clear cut border between different psychotic or psychotic-like disorders in their form and severity based on the involved genes and brain functional systems. Including excessive prefrontal pruning, there is also explanation for the appearance of positive psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. An explanation for the high dopamine level of amygdala despite its decreased size and abnormal anatomy is also suggested as a compensatory function which might explain the decline in positive psychotic symptoms when schizophrenics age according to amygdala burn out. Based on this model, speculations are provided for: late onset of the effects of antipsychotics on positive psychotic symptoms, mechanism for the therapeutic effect of serotonin type 2A receptor blockers and GABAergic medications in psychosis, role of smoking in diminution of psychotic symptoms, and relationship between biological and psychological issues in the formation of psychotic symptoms. Finally, based on this model, a new role for nicotinic cholinergic drugs (such as galantamine) for treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic or psychotic-like disorders is proposed.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1986

Hypnosis and hypnotizability: implications for clinical intervention.

Increasing laboratory and clinical research during the past 25 years has greatly enhanced understanding of hypnosis. Drawing on this research, the authors illuminate the many factors that define the domain of hypnosis, the most crucial of which is individual differences in hypnotizability. The important treatment ramifications of this factor are discussed, as are its pathogenic and diagnostic possibilities. The authors examine hypnotizability from a developmental perspective and conclude with an in-depth discussion of the clinical use of hypnosis with children, who have been shown to be particularly susceptible to hypnotic suggestion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Multiple personality disorder in childhood.

Multiple Personality Disorder (M.P.D.) has been diagnosed in adults and adolescents at an almost exponential rate over the last 10 years in contrast to the previous 100 years. Childhood M.P.D., a more recently recognized entity, has been identified both by retrospective patient reports and actual child case reports, of which we were able to note 12 in total, 4 of which may be more accurately described as "incipient M.P.D." Given the apparently rapid response to treatment compared to adults and the high morbidity caused by the adult form of the disorder, the authors recommend a "high index of suspicion" and the use of screening questionnaires to detect cases of M.P.D. in high risk populations of children. Although the natural history of M.P.D. is not known, early identification and treatment could lower the number of cases of childhood M.P.D. that become established as adult cases and decrease the associated morbidity of the disorder in both children and adults. More research is needed to establish prevalence, etiology and effective treatment methods.

Abreaction↗