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PubMed1991

Diagnosing dissociative disorders in The Netherlands: a pilot study with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the ability to diagnose dissociative disorders in The Netherlands, the authors conducted a study using a Dutch version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) with additional questions on childhood trauma and symptoms of borderline and histrionic personality disorders. METHOD: All interviews were audiotaped or videotaped and rated by two investigators separately. Forty-four patients (42 women and two men) participated in the study. Most of the patients had been referred for evaluation of dissociative symptoms; five had participated in a nationwide survey on incest. None of the patients had ever received a diagnosis of a dissociative disorder, and none had evidence of organic brain syndrome or mental retardation. All patients were in active treatment; 23 were being treated in an outpatient psychiatric service, 13 in an inpatient psychiatric service, and eight in private practice. Thirty-two patients had been psychiatric inpatients at least once. RESULTS: Four diagnostic groups of patients were identified: two with dissociative disorders (12 patients with multiple personality disorder and 11 with dissociative disorder not otherwise specified), one with DSM-III-R personality disorders (11 patients), and one without dissociative or personality disorders (10 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Dissociative disorders are clearly not only an American phenomenon. The diagnosis can be made outside of the United States if the symptoms are sought. The SCID-D proved to be a promising instrument.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of bipolar I disorder and axis I and II disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To present nationally representative data on 12-month and lifetime prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of bipolar I disorder. METHOD: The data were derived from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093). Prevalences and associations of bipolar I disorder with sociodemographic correlates and Axis I and II disorders were determined. RESULTS: Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV bipolar I disorder were 2.0% (95% CI = 1.82 to 2.18) and 3.3% (95% CI = 2.76 to 3.84), respectively, and no sex differences were observed. The odds of bipolar I disorder were significantly greater among Native Americans, younger adults, and respondents who were widowed/separated/divorced and of lower socioeconomic status and significantly lower among Asians and Hispanics (p < .05). Men were significantly (p < .05) more likely to have unipolar mania and earlier onset and longer duration of manic episodes, while women were more likely to have mixed and major depressive episodes and to be treated for manic, mixed, and major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder was found to be highly and significantly related (p < .05) to substance use, anxiety, and personality disorders, but not to alcohol abuse. CONCLUSION: Bipolar I disorder is more prevalent in the U.S. population than previously estimated, highlighting the underestimation of the economic costs associated with this illness. Associations between bipolar I disorder and Axis I and II disorders were all significant, underscoring the need for systematic assessment of comorbidity among bipolar I patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Multiple anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with mood spectrum disorders with psychotic features.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated frequencies and clinical correlates of multiple associations of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and social phobia in patients with severe mood disorders. METHOD: Subjects were 77 consecutively hospitalized adults with psychotic symptoms and with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, major depression, or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Principal diagnosis and comorbidity were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Patient Version. RESULTS: Of the entire cohort, 33.8% had a single anxiety disorder and 14.3% had two or three comorbid diagnoses. Patients with multiple comorbidity had significantly higher scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and SCL-90 and abused stimulants more frequently than did those without anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple associations of panic disorder, OCD, and social phobia are not rare among patients with affective psychoses and are likely to be associated with more severe psychopathology than is found in patients without anxiety disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Media Literacy for Prevention of Gaming Disorder and Unspecified Internet Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Mitigating the harmful effects of digitalization on youth mental health is essential. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with a media literacy-based intervention for gaming disorder and unspecified internet use disorder and to determine whether universal or indicated prevention yields stronger benefits. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: PROTECTconfirm was a randomized clinical trial conducted from July 1, 2020, to August 31, 2024, across 44 secondary schools in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, with 1-, 4-, and 12-month follow-up. All students were included in universal prevention analyses, whereas indicated prevention analyses included a subgroup of adolescents at high risk meeting 2 or more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria for gaming disorder or unspecified internet use disorder at baseline. INTERVENTIONS: Students were individually randomized within 90 classes to PROTECTtraining, a CBT-based program; or PROTECTinfo, a structurally parallel media literacy program. Both consisted of four 90-minute sessions delivered weekly during school hours by trained local prevention professionals under live supervision and adherence protocols. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was gaming disorder symptom severity and unspecified internet use disorder symptom severity, assessed at 12 months with a modified version of the Video Game Dependency Scale. Secondary outcomes included internalizing, externalizing, and transdiagnostic symptoms. Primary and secondary outcomes were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: A total of 1793 students were randomized to PROTECTtraining (n = 896; mean [SD] age, 13.1 [1.5] years; 498 male students [56.1%]) or PROTECTinfo (n = 897; mean [SD] age, 13.1 [1.5] years; 484 male students [54.8%]). Participants in the subsample of 205 adolescents at high risk showed significantly lower 12-month severity of gaming disorder and unspecified internet use disorder symptoms with PROTECTtraining than with PROTECTinfo (mean [SD] Modified Video Game Dependency Scale score: 14.7 [9.7] vs 17.7 [10.3]; within-group Cohen d = -0.91 [95% CI, -1.10 to -0.72] vs Cohen d = -0.61 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.42]; between-group Cohen d = -0.30 [95% CI, -0.55 to -0.05]), but not in the total sample (mean [SD] Modified Video Game Dependency Scale score: PROTECTtraining, 8.8 [8.3] vs PROTECTinfo, 9.4 [8.4]; within-group Cohen d = -0.11 [95% CI, -0.18 to -0.05] vs Cohen d = -0.04 [95% CI, -0.11 to 0.02]; between-group Cohen d = -0.07 [95% CI, -0.16 to 0.01]). Secondary outcomes did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this randomized clinical trial of 1793 adolescents, the CBT-based intervention reduced gaming disorder symptoms and unspecified internet use disorder symptoms more effectively than the media literacy-based intervention among adolescents at high risk. These findings support the use of CBT-based approaches primarily within indicated, rather than universal, prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) trial registration: DRKS00033989.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Panic disorder in the families of patients with normal coronary arteries and non-fear panic disorder.

Patients with non-fear panic disorder (NFPD) meet DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder, but do not report subjective fear or anxiety. Although apparently common in medical settings, this controversial group is in need of further diagnostic validation. This study assessed family history of panic disorder in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries (CP/NCA) and either NFPD, panic disorder with fear, or no panic. It was hypothesized that the two panic disorder groups would have similar, elevated rates of panic disorder in their first-degree relatives, compared to patients without panic. The results support the hypothesis; about 17% of the first-degree relatives of both NFPD and panic disorder patients were diagnosable with panic disorder according to proband interviews, whereas only 4.6% of the first-degree relatives of patients without panic were so diagnosable. These results support the diagnostic validity of NFPD in CP/NCA patients, because such patients had a family history of panic disorder similar to patients with a more classical panic disorder presentation. The lack of fear symptoms and behavior in NFPD may cause panic disorder to be overlooked as a potential cause of somatic symptoms in patients with no medical explanation for their condition.

Chest Pain↗

PubMed1995

High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Although well-documented in clinical and epidemiological studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, the familial nature of the adult syndrome has not been well investigated. One approach to evaluate the familial nature of adult ADHD is through a high-risk design aimed at estimating the risk for the disorder in children of parents with child-hood-onset ADHD. METHOD: Children at risk for ADHD were ascertained from the study group of 84 referred adults with clinical diagnoses of childhood onset of the disorder, confirmed by structured interviews. Diagnostic information on the disorder was derived from the ADHD module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children--Epidemiologic Version, supplemented with information regarding treatment for ADHD for the affected child and school history including repeated grades, placement in special classes, and tutoring. RESULTS: Of the 84 children at risk, 48 (57%) met criteria for ADHD. The rate of the disorder in children of adults with the disorder was significantly higher than the previously reported rate of ADHD among siblings of children with the disorder. Of the 48 ADHD children of parents with the disorder, 36 (75%) were treated for it. The rates of school failure were almost identical to those previously reported in a group of referred children and adolescents with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the validity of the adult diagnosis of ADHD and suggest that the adult form of this disorder may have stronger familial etiological risk factors than its pediatric form. If these results are confirmed, families selected through adult probands with ADHD might be especially useful for testing genetic hypotheses about the disorder.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comorbidity of eating disorders and bipolar affective disorders].

Eating disorders--anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) occur usually in young females. The significant pathogenic differences between patients who only restrict food, and patients with binge eating and compensatory behaviours, such as vomiting and purging were described. The prevalence of bipolar affective disorders--especially bipolar II and bipolar spectrum disorders (BS) may reach 5% in the general population. About half of the depressive episodes are associated with a "mild" bipolar disorder, and such a diagnosis is suggested by impulsivity and mood-instability. Previously, majority of research on the comorbidity between eating and affective disorders focused on depressive symptomatology, however difficulties in the reliable assessment of hypomania may obfuscate the estimation of the co-occurrence of eating disorders with BS. Epidemiological studies suggest the association between BS and eating disorders with binge episodes (bulimia nervosa, anorexia- bulimic type and EDNOS with binge episodes). Co-occurrence of such disorders with depressive symptoms probably suggests the diagnosis of BS, not recurrent depression. Bulimic behaviours, impulsivity and affective disorders might be related to the impairment of the serotonergic neurotransmission, which may result from the genetic vulnerability and early life trauma. Currently, the first-line pharmacological treatment of co-occurring eating disorders with binge episodes and BS are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However in some cases, the use of mood-stabilising agents as monotherapy or in combination with serotonergic drugs may be helpful.

Anorexia Nervosa↗

PubMed1990

[Epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Japanese school children. Part III: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in junior high school children].

In order to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in junior high school children, an epidemiological survey of Japanese regular public junior high school children was conducted using Rutter's questionnaire method for screening and a diagnostic interview by pediatricians for the final diagnosis. Both teacher's and parent's questionnaires by Rutter were utilized. Two pediatricians carried out semi-structured interviews of 10-12 minutes for every child and diagnosed their mental state. In part 1 (previously reported), the Japanese version of Rutter's questionnaires was found to be satisfactory for screening, and the diagnostic interview used in this survey was shown to be a reliable tool for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of the adolescent. In part 2, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was studied in the 592 school children who were the subject of the preliminary survey. In the present study, a total of 1,992 children from 5 junior high schools in Gunma prefecture were surveyed cross-sectionally of whom 1,672 (84.3%) screened negative, and 312 (15.7%) positive. The positives and a part of the negatives were randomly selected for interviews, and were diagnosed as to whether they have psychiatric disorders or not by the criteria of Rutter. The overall prevalence rate of diagnosed psychiatric disorders in these school children was 14.8%, (20.1% for males and 8.3% for females). The prevalence rate is significantly higher in males than in females. Disorders diagnosed were classified into emotional, conduct, and mixed disorder, based on Rutter's classification. No cases of schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa were found here as well as in the preliminary survey. The ratio of emotional to conduct disorders was 1.9. Prevalence of conduct disorder in females was one seventh that in males. This study also revealed that the questionnaire method is effective for screening for psychiatric disorders in children, but is not sufficient for differentiating types of disorders. Therefore the diagnostic interview was shown to be useful not only for epidemiological surveys but also for mental health services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar disorder patients with first manic episode.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that obsessive--compulsive disorder (OCD) co-occurs with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) at a higher rate than in the general population. The inflated rate of comorbidity may result from chronic illness, antipsychotic therapy or treatment-seeking behavior. To control for these factors we evaluated the prevalence of OCD in patients with first-episode acute mania who met DSM-IV criteria for BD-I, and compared them with our previously reported group of first-episode schizophrenia patients. METHOD: Fifty-six BD-I patients with a first-episode of acute mania were screened for OCD and additional comorbid disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorders and appropriate rating scales. RESULTS: Only one patient (1.8%) met DSM-IV criteria for OCD, and two (3.6%) met criteria for sub-threshold OCD. In contrast, there was a substantial aggregation of substance use disorders 32.1% (N=8), anxiety disorders, other than OCD 26.8% (N=15) and eating disorders 14.3% (N=8). LIMITATIONS: Small sample size, cross-sectional nature of the assessments and the inclusion of only BD-I patients. CONCLUSION: The rate of OCD in first-episode BD-I patients did not differ significantly from that found in the general population and was substantially lower than in previously reported first-episode schizophrenia patients (1.8% vs. 14%). We suggest that a preferential association of OCD with schizophrenia early in the course of illness represents a pathophysiological linkage between the two disorders, and putatively a specific schizo-obsessive subtype. In contrast, OCD in BD-I may stand for "true" comorbidity. Large-scale parallel comparative evaluations of comorbidity in BD-I and schizophrenia may contribute to the search for specific pathophysiological mechanisms of distinct comorbid-related subsets in either disorder.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1992

Phenomenology and course of psychiatric disorders associated with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Studies indicate that chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently associated with other psychiatric disorders. Questions regarding the nature and interrelationships of these conditions require clarification. The purpose of this study was to address primary and secondary illness relationships by focusing on the specific phenomenology and course of illness onset of PTSD comorbidity. METHOD: In order to minimize confounding factors, only outpatients without recent substance use disorders were included. Sixty subjects who had been exposed to severe combat stress including veterans of Vietnam and veterans of World War II or Korea, 15 of whom were former prisoners of war, received structured assessments over serial evaluations. RESULTS: PTSD was the most prevalent lifetime disorder followed by major depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobic disorder or symptoms. Endogenous-appearing features overlapping other clinical populations were common; however, some specific symptom patterns also were suggestive of traumatic influence. Unlike generalized anxiety disorder and past substance use, the mean onset of phobias, major depression, and panic disorder, respectively, occurred later than PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that persistent conditions related to PTSD progress toward symptoms that are increasingly autonomous in their pattern of occurrence.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Do eating disorders co-occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare lifetime rates of occurrence of eating disorders (ED) with four Axis II personality disorders (PD) and with major depressive disorder (MDD) without PD. The eating disorders met criteria outlined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). METHOD: Six hundred sixty-eight patients recruited for the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) were reliably assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The distribution of ED diagnoses was compared among four PD study groups (schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive) and a fifth study group with MDD without any PD. RESULTS: The distribution of lifetime diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (N = 40), bulimia nervosa (N = 56), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (N = 118) did not differ significantly across the five study groups, between the MDD group versus all PD groups, and among the four PD study groups. CONCLUSIONS: ED diagnoses did not differentially co-occur significantly across common Axis I and II disorders. The pattern of ED lifetime co-occurrence rates demonstrates the powerful influence of base rates and highlights that declarations of comorbidity demand significant variations from base-rate patterns.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fifteen-year follow-up of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition depressive disorders: the prognostic significance of psychotic features.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), after Kraepelin's original description of "manic-depressive insanity," embodied a broad concept of affective disorders including mood-congruent and mood-incongruent psychotic features. Controversial results have been reported about the prognostic significance of psychotic symptoms in depressive disorders challenging this broad concept of affective disorders. One hundred seventeen inpatients first hospitalized in 1980 to 1982 who retrospectively fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders with mood-congruent or mood-incongruent psychotic features (n = 20), nonpsychotic depressive disorders (n = 33), or schizophrenia (n = 64) were followed up 15 years after their first hospitalization. Global functioning was recorded with the Global Assessment Scale; the clinical picture at follow-up was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. With respect to global functioning, clinical picture, and social impairment at follow-up, depressive disorders with psychotic features were similar to those without, but markedly different from schizophrenia. However, patients with psychotic depressive disorders experienced more rehospitalizations than those with nonpsychotic ones. The findings indicating low prognostic significance of psychotic symptoms in depressive disorders are in line with the broad concept of affective disorders in DSM-IV.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Comorbid anxiety and mood disorders among persons with social anxiety disorder.

Axis I comorbidity is associated with greater severity of social anxiety disorder. However, the differential effects of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders on symptom severity or treatment outcome have not been investigated. We evaluated 69 persons with uncomplicated social anxiety disorder, 39 persons with an additional anxiety disorder, and 33 persons with an additional mood disorder (with or without additional anxiety disorders). Those with comorbid mood disorders reported greater duration of social anxiety than those with uncomplicated social anxiety disorder. They were also judged, before and after 12 weeks of cognitive-behavioral group treatment and at follow-up, to be more severely impaired than those with no comorbid diagnosis. In contrast, persons with comorbid anxiety disorders were rated as more impaired than those with no comorbid diagnosis on only a single measure. Type of comorbid diagnosis did not result in differential rates of improvement of social anxiety disorder.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in borderline personality disorder: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study.

A majority of the literature on borderline personality disorder (BPD) focuses on its occurrence in women or does not specifically assess for gender differences in clinical presentations. Some studies report that men with BPD may be more likely to be diagnosed with substance use disorders, as well as paranoid, passive-aggressive, narcissistic, sadistic, and antisocial personality disorders (PDs). Additionally, women with BPD appear to be more likely to report histories of adult physical and sexual abuse and to meet diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders. The purpose of the present study was to further examine gender differences in BPD. Using baseline data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS), men and women who met criteria for BPD were compared on current axis I and II disorders, BPD diagnostic criteria, childhood trauma histories, psychosocial functioning, temperament, and personality traits. Men with BPD were more likely to present with substance use disorders, and with schizotypal, narcissistic, and antisocial PDs, while women with BPD were more likely to present with PTSD, eating disorders, and the BPD criterion of identity disturbance. Generally speaking, women and men with BPD displayed more similarities than differences in clinical presentations. The differences that did emerge are consistent with those found in epidemiological studies of psychopathology and therefore do not appear unique to BPD. Additionally, many gender differences traditionally found in epidemiological samples did not emerge in BPD subjects. For example, no difference was found in rates of major depressive disorder, a condition that is more prevalent in females. Thus, BPD pathology may be a prevailing characterization that can attenuate usual gender-based distinctions.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Eating disorders with and without substance use disorders: a comparative study of inpatients.

We assessed the co-occurrence of DSM-III-R axis I and II disorders and self-reported psychologic distress in inpatients with eating disorders with and without substance use disorders (ED-SUD and ED groups, respectively) and in a matched comparison sample with substance use disorders but no eating disorder (SUD group). The three groups showed similar distributions of axis I disorders but differed in the distribution of axis II disorders. Cluster B personality disorders were diagnosed more frequently in SUD and ED-SUD groups than in the ED group. In contrast, cluster C personality disorders were diagnosed more frequently in the ED group than in SUD and ED-SUD groups. The SUD group reported greater psychologic distress than ED and ED-SUD groups. Possible implications of the observed group differences for psychologic models of why these disorders may be associated are considered.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders.

Epidemiological studies of insomnia in the general population have reported high prevalence rates. However, few have applied diagnostic criteria from existing classification systems. Consequently. It is not possible to determine whether subjects suffered from a sleep disorder or whether the insomnia constituted a symptom of a mental disorder. Insomnia and its relationship with other mental disorders was investigated in the general population using DSM-IV criteria. A representative sample of 5622 subjects from the French population were interviewed about their sleep habits over the telephone by lay interviewers. The course and content of interviews were customized by means of the Sleep-Eval knowledge-based system. A total of 18.6% of the sample reported insomnia complaints. The presence of insomnia complaints, lasting for at least one month with daytime repercussions was found for 12.7% of the sample. Subsequently, subjects were classified according to the Sleep Disorder decision-making process proposed by the DSM-IV classification, but without the recourse of polysomnographic recordings. Specific sleep disorder diagnoses were given for 5.6% of the sample, mostly as insomnia related to another mental disorder, primary insomnia was given for 1.3% of the sample. Primary mental disorder diagnoses were supplied for 8.4% of the sample, mostly as generalized anxiety disorder. The results of this investigation emphasize the need to use classifications to determine whether subjects with insomnia complaints suffer from a sleep disorder or whether insomnia constitutes a symptom of some other mental disorder. These distinctions are of utmost importance as they have a bearing on the choice of treatment. Conversely, diagnoses were obtained by lay interviews, which may have caused a lack of recognition and/or discrimination for light or borderline symptomatology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Primary anxiety disorders and the development of subsequent alcohol use disorders: a 4-year community study of adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional findings in community surveys of adults suggest that adolescent anxiety disorders are strong predictors of the subsequent onset of alcohol use, abuse and dependence. However, prospective data that follow a sample of adolescents into adulthood are needed to confirm these associations. METHOD: Baseline and 4-year follow-up data from the EDSP-Study, a prospective community survey of 3021 (2548 at follow-up) adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 24 years at baseline carried out in Munich, were used. DSM-IV anxiety disorders, alcohol use and alcohol use disorders were assessed with the Munich-Composite-International-Diagnostic-Interview (M-CIDI). Multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, gender, other mental disorders, substance use disorders and antisocial behaviour was used to study the associations of baseline anxiety disorders with the subsequent onset and course of alcohol use and alcohol disorders. RESULTS: Baseline social phobia significantly predicts the onsets of regular use and hazardous use and the persistence of dependence. Panic attacks significantly predict the onsets of hazardous use and abuse as well as the persistence of combined abuse/dependence. Panic disorder significantly predicts the persistence of combined abuse/dependence. Other anxiety disorders do not significantly predict any of the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Panic and social phobia are predictors of subsequent alcohol problems among adolescents and young adults. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and the potential value of targeted early treatment of primary panic and social phobia to prevent secondary alcohol use disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: a review of the empirical evidence.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing controversy over the distinction between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder is important to resolve because of the implications regarding an understanding of the aetiology and prognosis, and the diagnostic and clinical practices relating to these conditions. This paper provides a critical evaluation of current published research evidence. METHOD: Databases, such as PsychINFO and Medline, as well as book chapters, reference lists from relevant articles, and recent editions of key journals were searched for all relevant studies (until 2002) which incorporated participants diagnosed with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder using either cluster analysis or comparative approaches to examine similarities and differences between these groups. Keywords used in the searches included autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, autism, high-functioning autism, and pervasive developmental disorder. RESULTS: On the basis of the available evidence, there seem to be few qualitative differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder. CONCLUSION: There is currently insufficient evidence to establish the validity of Asperger's disorder as a syndrome distinct from high-functioning autism. The findings are consistent with the view that these disorders belong on an autism spectrum.

Asperger Syndrome↗