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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1973

Family planning in India.

The government of India is paying increasingly more attention to family planning in the country. For the years 1969-1974, the so-called Fourth Development Plan Period, the budget for family planning and population control is nearly 12 times that for the previous 5-year period. A total of $432.75 million has been appropriated for family planning and population control during the Fourth Development Plan. A large percentage of this money has been marked for research and development of new methods and means for the most practical family planning and fertility control. Most of this research is coordinated by the Indian Council of Medical Research. Fertility control in India consists of public education, family counseling, and direct medical aid.

Asia↗
PubMed1999

The breast-feeding dilemma and its impact on HIV-infected women and their children.

The rate of HIV transmission via breast-feeding ranges from 14% to 26%, depending on the timing of maternal infection. In settings where infant mortality rates from infectious diseases and malnutrition are low and relatively safe alternatives to breast-feeding are available, HIV-infected mothers should be advised not to breast-feed. Where breast-feeding by HIV-infected mothers and bottle-feeding both present serious risks of mortality, changing the conditions in which families live so that safe feeding alternatives become available must be a top priority. At the same time, these mothers need information about the relative risks and benefits of breast-feeding, early weaning, wet-nursing, and formula feeding. This article reviews the available research data and discusses critical gaps in current knowledge.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1998

Foreword: planning for the future through advance directive instruments.

The Foreword traces the development of advance directive instruments and discusses their legal enforceability and many benefits. Despite their advantages, advance directives remain underused and are frequently ignored by service providers. The contributors to this special issue discuss why this is so and offer and debate a variety of remedial proposals. They analyze the various legal, clinical, ethical, and practical issues presented by the use of advance directives for health and mental health care and examine new directions in their application. The Foreword describes the organization of this special issue, summarizes the articles it contains, and comments on their significance.

Advance Care Planning↗
PubMed2003

[Study on the influence of knowledge about hypertension and clinical management competence among physicians treating hypertensives in district and community hospitals].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of knowledge about hypertension and clinical competence among physicians in district and community hospitals on management of hypertensives. METHODS: Questionnaire investigation was used in 9 district and community hospitals in Chaoyang and Haidian district, including 181 physicians and 204 patients with hypertension. RESULTS: (1) The hospitals involved were divided into two groups according to our evaluation on the knowledge of hypertension and clinical competence of physicians. Four hospitals were graded as high-score group and 5 hospitals as low-score group. (2) There was no significant difference on physicians' evaluation between district and community hospitals. There was higher proportion of hypertensives with instructed physical exercises, reducing salt ingestion, psychological balance and weight reduction in district hospitals than those in community ones. (3) The proportion of hypertensives who were examined with funduscopy, ambulatory pressure and instructed with physical exercises, reducing salt ingestion and weight reduction in high-score group was obviously higher than that in low-score group. The control rates of blood pressure, on the days of examination during lastest check-up or the past three months, were significantly higher in high-score group than in low-score group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of hypertension and clinical management competence among physicians in district and community hospitals did influence the management of hypertension and education of physicians and thus should be increased.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

Management of psychosis in Australian general practice.

The BEACH program, a continuous national study of general practice activity in Australia, gives us an overview of consultations involving the management of psychoses. In this analysis we have included schizophrenia, affective disorders/bipolar, organic psychoses, and senile psychoses, with undefined psychosis and chronic brain syndrome grouped as 'other'. This synopsis provides a backdrop against which the theme articles in this issue of Australian Family Physician can be further considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A pilot study on inducement of smoking cessation by a simple 5A (asking, advice, assess, assist, and arrange) approach at outpatient clinics.

Asking smokers about their smoking status, followed by advice to quit smoking, assessing the intention to quit, assistance with cessation, and arrange of follow-up (5A) is recommended for induction of smoking cessation. To obtain preliminary data on effects of "5A" , we investigated the smoking cessation rate with two modes in the phase I: 1) self-administered questionnaire and 2) doctor's interview at respiratory disease clinics of three general hospitals in Japan, and another mode in phase II: 3) doctor's interview with an additional pamphlet at one of the three hospitals. The interviews for smokers were conducted by doctors in charge of treatment. Subject smoking habits were followed up by postal surveys three months after the enrollment. In phase I, 359 outpatients were recruited and 189 smokers responded, among whom 27 patients (7.5% of 359 outpatients) had quit smoking at the three months after the enrollment. The cessation rate of the self-administered questionnaire group (8.4% of 238 smokers) did not differ significantly from that of doctors' interview group (5.8% of 121 smokers). Age and intention to quit at enrollment were found to be independent predictors of smoking cessation. Patients aged 50 years or older (odds ratio=5.05, 95% confidence interval 1.89-13.54), and participants with an intention to quit (odds ratio=6.78, 95% confidence interval 2.66-17.30) were more likely to be successful in quitting. In phase II, another 212 smokers of one hospital were interviewed by doctors in charge and provided with an additional pamphlet describing how to practice to dislike smoking. No significant difference in the cessation rate was observed between phase I and phase II (5.8% vs. 8.0%). In conclusion, there were no differences among the three modes of "5A", but 7.7% of the 571 outpatients visiting respiratory divisions quit smoking with this simple "5A". The findings may indicate that this simple practice at clinics is useful for smoking cessation strategy, although randomized trials are now required.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Strangulation in childhood: epidemiology and clinical course.

A review of 233 cases of childhood strangulation was made to determine injury epidemiology. Consistent patterns of injury were observed. Crib and playground equipment strangulations are already the subject of Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) preventative regulations. High chair-, playpen mesh-, pacifier cord-, and clothing-related injuries would be amenable to prevention by improved product safety regulation. The CPSC has been petitioned to remedy the first two of these hazards. Many crib and rope strangulations can only be prevented by direct patient counseling. Although Congress empowered and required the CPSC to recognize and correct unsafe products, its surveillance systems may obscure the very design defects that cause injury. Likewise, political considerations may slow enactment of new design regulations. Physicians who treat childhood accident victims are in a position to recognize hazardous products and lobby for their improvement. Of the 233 cases 38 were further evaluated to delineate the clinical course of childhood strangulation. Victims who fail to resume normal cardiopulmonary function by the time of hospitalization have a poor prognosis for neurologic recovery with current modes of therapy. Improved treatment of hypoxic and ischemic cerebral injury might prevent some of the deaths and handicaps resulting from strangulation.

Accident Prevention↗