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PubMed1985

Vocal cues to deception: a comparative channel approach.

The study investigated the leakage potential of different voice and speech cues using a cue isolation and masking design. Speech samples taken from an earlier experiment were used in which 15 female students of nursing dissimulated negative affect produced by an unpleasant movie or told the truth about positive affect following a pleasant movie. Several groups of judges rated these speech samples in five conditions: (1) forward or clear, (2) electronic filtering, (3) random splicing, (4) backwards, (5) pitch inversion, (6) tone-silence sequences. The results show that vocal cues do indeed carry leakage information and that, as reflected in the differences among the conditions masking different types of cues respectively, voice quality cues may be centrally implicated. In addition, gender differences in decoding ability are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1978

Unlimited volumes of laboratory data: a confusing and diagnostically deceptive product of modern technology.

The large volumes of laboratory data currently available in clinical practice can lead to erroneous conclusions. Our current statistical interpretation of these data is univariate (one variable at a time) and often not age- and sex-corrected. Using an optimal technique of multivariate analysis, a SMAC profile of 19 tests performed on normal subjects resulted in over a 500% improvement in defining the reference range. Using physiologic subsets of the SMAC profile for patients, improvements in interpretation of between 100% and 300% are possible. Results indicate a serious clinical problem that will require modification of laboratory reports using modern technology as an adjunct for diagnostic medicine.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Deceptive, verbally coercive college males: attitudinal predictors and lies told.

About 1 in 4 college males admit to having lied or made false promises to have sex. In sex survey data reported here, 22% of 634 men lied an average of 4 times, but the modal number was 1, and 59% lied fewer than 4 times. Of the men who lied, 71% admitted to having been drinking at least some of these times. Lies told fell mostly into two subjective categories indicating caring or commitment (58%) or that this was not causal sex or a one-night stand (38%). Lying happened mostly at parties (66%) or at the woman's or man's apartment (34%). In contrast, only 0.2% of the males who lied admitted to having used threat or force to have sex. A logistic regression revealed four statistically significant predictors of men who lied: (i) (greater) sexual experience/activity, (ii) excessive use of alcohol, (iii) (greater) belief in women's use of a token "no" and (iv) (greater) hostility. Such variables identified correctly 77% of the men who lied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Deceptively high thyroid hormone levels in a neonate due to autoantibodies against thyroid hormones transferred from a mother with Graves' disease.

At birth, a clinically euthyroid male neonate was found to have unexpectedly high levels of free T3 and T4 concurrent with a high TSH level. The mother was treated with propylthiouracil for Graves' disease during and after pregnancy. The neonate also had an extremely high titer of TSH receptor antibodies. He soon became clinically thyrotoxic as TSH levels were suppressed and thyroid hormone levels rose. After instituting antithyroid therapy, TSH levels became elevated again, while thyroid hormone levels decreased but were still above normal. Around 3 months after birth, both TSH receptor antibodies and discordance, between the levels of thyroid hormones and TSH, disappeared. Because of high maternal TSH levels in conjunction with an elevated free T3 level at 7 months postpartum, we suspected the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid hormones (AAb). Maternal and infant blood samples were then examined retrospectively for AAb and were detected in all the samples except those of the infant taken more than 3 months after birth. The authors, therefore, suggest that physicians be aware of the presence of AAb in pregnant women with Graves' disease, in order to avoid inappropriate treatment which could lead to fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2002

[Information on mammography screening--from deception to insight].

Information about mammography-screening as a basis for informed-decision making has to be evidence-based and presented in an unbiased format. This includes communication of results about effectiveness/lack of effectiveness of screening programmes (breast cancer mortality, total mortality), the quality of mammography as a screening test (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values), and possible harm (consequences of false positive and false negative results, overdiagnosis of breast cancer, overtreatment). Outcome data have to be communicated as natural frequencies rather than relative differences. In order to avoid framing of data equal emphasis has to be put on the proportion of persons who are likely to benefit and those who are unlikely to benefit or likely to be harmed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Does flower color variation matter in deception pollinated Psychilis monensis (Orchidaceae)?

Negative frequency dependent selection (FDS) had been proposed as a mechanism for the maintenance of the high levels of variability in floral traits of rewardless plants. Thus far the evidence has been equivocal for discontinuous traits. We experimentally tested the FDS hypothesis for continuous variation in flower color of Psychilis monensis, a rewardless, epiphytic orchid of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. P. monensis flowers all year long with a peak in June and July. Plants are self-incompatible. Individual flowers last 9-15 days if unpollinated. Over a 9-month observation of an unmanipulated population, a high percentage of plants showed pollinarium removals (79%) and fruit initiation (63%), but the actual percentage of flowers visited was very low (12%) and final fruit set was as low as the lowest recorded for orchids (2.4%). In a FDS experiment using a Latin Square design, we manipulated flower color in three populations. Over 50% of the variation in either male or female reproductive success was explained by time and site with no significant effect of treatment except as part of a three-way interaction of time x site x treatment. Paired comparisons with the controls gave equivocal results for both male and female measures of reproductive success. Major community changes had occurred during the FDS experiment with flower activity falling dramatically and by the third run of the experiment, only P. monensis was in flower. Coincidentally, the numbers of effective visits increased with time, presumably as pollinators became less discriminating in search of new food resources. Thus, negative frequency dependent selection is either sporadic or non-existent. Reproductive success was statistically related to locality and date, which was reflected in the flowering phenology of the local communities. High natural levels of color variation may be more influenced by drift than selection.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

[Enhancement between self-realization and self-deception].

DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM: Is it morally responsible to enhance human beings technically? To answer this question three problems will be analyzed: 1) Do we destroy human nature if we allow enhancement? 2) Can enhancement lead to a loss of autonomy and personality? 3) What are the differences between enhancement of adults and enhancement of children? Arguments and conclusion: I will defend a certain kind of moderate liberalism in order to solve these problems. I will focus on the question whether reversible enhancements must be evaluated differently from irreversible enhancements. Arguments from J. Habermas against enhancement of children will be rejected. Under certain conditions enhancement is not morally unacceptable but it must be ensured that these conditions are fulfilled.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Oral and ocular/orbital manifestations of temporal arteritis: a disease with deceptive clinical symptoms and devastating consequences.

Temporal arteritis (TA) is a chronic, systemic vasculitis most often presenting with severe headaches localized in the temporal region, low-grade fever, anorexia, weight loss and generalized malaise. Besides these typical characteristics, a number of vague and non-specific oral and/or ocular symptoms may also be present. A search using Medline (1955-2006) was performed for unusual oral and ocular/orbital presentations of TA. A variety of oral and ocular/orbital manifestations associated with TA have been reported. These can mislead physicians, causing a delay in establishing a diagnosis and initiating treatment. Increased awareness is necessary for the prompt recognition of this potentially devastating disease. Particularly, dentists and ophthalmologists should include TA in their differential diagnosis, as they may be the first to deal with these patients.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2005

Cuticular hydrocarbons as sex pheromone of the bee Colletes cunicularius and the key to its mimicry by the sexually deceptive orchid, Ophrys exaltata.

Male Colletes cunicularius bees pollinate the orchid, Ophrys exaltata, after being sexually deceived by the orchid's odor-mimicry of the female bee's sex pheromone. We detected biologically active volatiles of C. cunicularius by using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) with simultaneous flame ionization detection. After identification of the target compounds by coupled gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we performed behavioral tests using synthetic blends of the active components. We detected 22 EAD active compounds in cuticular extracts of C. cunicularius females. Blends of straight chain, odd-numbered alkanes and (Z)-7-alkenes with 21-29 carbon atoms constituted the major biologically active compounds. Alkenes were the key compounds releasing mating behavior, especially those with (Z)-7 unsaturation. Comparison of patterns of bee volatiles with those of O. exaltata subsp. archipelagi revealed that all EAD-active compounds were also found in extracts of orchid labella. Previous studies of the mating behavior in C. cunicularius showed linalool to be an important attractant for patrolling males. We confirmed this with synthetic linalool but found that it rarely elicited copulatory behavior, in accordance with previous studies. A blend of active cuticular compounds with linalool elicited both attraction and copulation behavior in patrolling males. Thus, linalool appears to function as a long-range attractant, whereas cuticular hydrocarbons are necessary for inducing short-range mating behavior.

Animals↗