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Results for “Dangerous Behavior”

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PubMed2005

Angry drivers: a test of state-trait theory.

Tested hypotheses from state-trait theory applied to anger while driving. College student drivers high in trait driving anger were compared to drivers low in trait driving anger. High anger drivers were more frequently angered in day-to-day driving (frequency hypothesis). They reported more intense anger in their most angering driving situations, when visualizing provocative driving events, and in day-to-day driving (intensity hypothesis). Driving diaries and surveys showed they engaged in more aggressive behavior and expressed their anger through more verbal, physical, and vehicular means (aggression hypothesis). They reported handling of their anger less well when visualizing provocative events and on the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale (reduced adaptive expression hypothesis). They engaged in risky behavior (risky behavior hypothesis) and experienced more moving violations, close calls, and losses of concentration, but not more major or minor accidents (partial support for crash-related outcomes hypothesis). High anger drivers were more generally angry and impulsive and employed more negative, less controlled forms of general anger expression. Results supported state-trait theory and added to the literature showing that high anger drivers have some other psychological and behavioral characteristics that may interact negatively with anger behind the wheel.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Violence against nurses in outpatient mental health settings.

Nurses in outpatient mental health settings who have been assaulted may have an increased sense of vulnerability. Assault and verbal threats influence how nurses view client behavior. Mechanisms need to be developed to protect staff in outpatient settings and to support colleagues when assaults or threats occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Maladaptive behavior of mentally retarded individuals in residential facilities.

Results of a national interview study of 2,271 mentally retarded residents in 236 public and community residential facilities were reported. Maladaptive behavior was more prevalent among residents of public residential facilities, particularly among new admissions and readmissions, but the frequency at which residents performed various types of maladaptive behavior and the responses elicited from direct-care staff members were similar in public and community facilities. Implications for the deinstitutionalization process were discussed.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of threatening behaviors in patients admitted to mental hospital].

Imminent threat presented by patients admitted to mental hospital was studied. The research data came from a questionnaire filled out by psychiatrists on duty at the time of admission. The study was carried out during 3 months in seven mental hospitals. It concerns only 1001 patients assessed by psychiatrists as imminently threatening. These assessments were compared with Lessard's criteria of dangerousness. Two types of assessments were made; type A--consistent with Lessard and type B not-consistent. Results obtained indicate that every third assessment belonged to type B i.e. could be seen as imminently threatening. Our findings show that psychiatrists taking part in the study were inclined to unduly broad or unduly discretional assessment of imminent threat.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room. I. The assessment of dangerousness by emergency room clinicians.

Critics of the dangerousness standard for civil commitment contend that there is no professional standard for the evaluation of dangerousness. We used Three Ratings of Involuntary Admissibility, a reliable index of behavioral indicators of danger to self, danger to others, and grave disability, and found that when combined into weighted patterns these indicators predicted disposition decisions of 70 clinicians in five psychiatric emergency rooms over 251 cases. A concurrent measure of perceived dangerousness, Clinician's Global Ratings of patients on these criteria, yielded similar results. We conclude that clinicians in California psychiatric emergency rooms apply a shared concept of dangerousness that can be described in behavioral terms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Brain SPECT findings and aggressiveness.

Forty adolescents and adults who exhibited aggressive behavior within the six months prior to evaluation by physically attacking another person or destroying property were evaluated with brain SPECT imaging. A control group of 40 psychiatric patients who had never been reported to exhibit aggressive behavior were also studied. The brain SPECT studies were read blind to aggressiveness by nuclear physician on two separate occasions. The interreading reliability was very high. The brain SPECT patterns of the group with aggressive behavior showed significant differences from the control group in several areas of brain. These findings were most often seen in the following combination: decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, increased activity in the anteromedial portions of the frontal lobes, leftsided increased activity in the basal ganglia and/or limbic system in comparison to the whole brain and focal abnormalities in the left temporal lobe. These findings indicate a possible cerebral perfusion profile for those who exhibit violent or aggressive behavior. Several case studies and the implications for treatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Behavior and the law reconsidered: psychological syndromes and profiles.

Recently, a new concept of behavior and the law has emerged which looks beyond the defendant's satisfaction of the elements which define the charge. This formulation, which considers not simply the objective facts but motive, intent, and circumstance, has marked a legal shift from diminished capacity to diminished responsibility. Still in evolution, this trend has challenged the relationship between law and the behavioral sciences, and prompted serious reconsideration of the role of each. This paper examines the landmarks of the movement, considers its implications, and looks to the future.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed2002

The social-environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of violent behavior by individuals with severe mental illness. METHODS: Participants (N = 802) were adults with psychotic or major mood disorders receiving inpatient or outpatient services in public mental health systems in 4 states. RESULTS: The 1-year prevalence of serious assaultive behavior was 13%. Three variables-past violent victimization, violence in the surrounding environment, and substance abuse-showed a cumulative association with risk of violent behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Violence among individuals with severe mental illness is related to multiple variables with compounded effects over the life span. Interventions to reduce the risk of violence need to be targeted to specific subgroups with different clusters of problems related to violent behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Forensic psychiatry: the need for self-regulation.

The shortcomings of forensic psychiatrists in the courtroom fall into two categories: failure to meet expected levels of performance in evaluation and testimony; and unethical behavior or deliberate misfeasance. Legal mechanisms for controlling the quality of testimony have been inadequate to the task. Courts rarely make use of their powers to screen expert witnesses with care; and post-hoc remedies, such as malpractice actions or charges of perjury, are almost unheard of. Psychiatry has been equally ineffective to date in responding to these problems, with educational programs usually reaching those least in need of help, and ethical codes either not addressing forensic issues or lacking powers of enforcement. Each class of problem calls for a distinct response. Inadequate performance in forensic work can be monitored and corrected by implementation of a program of peer review of forensic testimony. Preliminary attempts indicate the feasibility and utility of this effort. Unethical behavior, on the other hand, should be addressed by clear standards of forensic ethics, enforced by the relevant professional organizations. Forensic psychiatry bears the responsibility of cleaning its own house.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed1996

Referring and reporting research participants at risk: views from urban adolescents.

Researching developmental risks of urban youth raises ethical concerns when an investigator discovers a participant is in jeopardy. This study collected data on 147 seventh, ninth, and eleventh graders' views of 3 investigator options: (1) taking no action and maintaining confidentiality, (2) reporting the problem to a concerned parent or adult, and (3) facilitating adolescent self-referrals. Participants judged these options within the context of 5 risk domains: substance abuse, child maltreatment, life-threatening behaviors, delinquency, and shyness. Judgments of reporting options were related to grade and ratings of risk severity, but not to moral reasoning. Confidentiality was viewed favorably for risk behaviors of low perceived severity or for which the consequences of adult discovery might introduce greater risk. Confidentiality was viewed unfavorably and reporting to adults favorably for child maltreatment and threats of suicide. Self-referral was viewed favorably across all grades and risk behaviors. Implications of adolescent perspectives for research ethics are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Predictors of length of stay of psychiatric adolescent inpatients.

This study reviewed 158 consecutive admissions to an inpatient adolescent psychiatric service for factors that determine length of hospitalization. Variables associated with length of stay included diagnostic category and the treatment variables of number and type of psychotropic medications prescribed. Patients with disruptive behavior disorders had the shortest hospitalizations, those with anxiety and affective disorders had stays of intermediate length, and patients with psychotic/organic disorders had the longest hospitalizations. Treatment with lithium, neuroleptics, or tricyclic antidepressants was associated with longer stays. Demographic variables and variables describing the social and family situation or level of dangerousness were not significantly associated with length of hospitalization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Assaultive behavior in state psychiatric hospitals: differences between forensic and nonforensic patients.

Forensic patients are occupying an increasingly large number of beds in state psychiatric hospitals. The presence of these mentally ill offenders has raised concerns about the risk they present to nonforensic patients. This study compared the rate of assaults and factors associated with assaultive behavior among 308 nonforensic patients and two groups of forensic patients including 469 patients found not guilty by reason of insanity and 76 pretrial patients. Consistent with other studies, nonforensic patients had higher rates of assaults than either group of forensic patients. However, being a forensic patient did not affect the odds of assault when controlling for the effects of demographic and clinical variables in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Factors associated with assaults in each of the three patient groups were identified using multivariate analyses. Implications are presented for treatment of assaultive behavior, mixing of forensic and nonforensic patients within state hospitals, forensic release policies, and future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Behavioral school psychology goes outdoors: the effect of organized games on playground aggression.

This research focuses on the inappropriate, largely aggressive, behaviors of 344 K-2 children assigned to a playground prior to the beginning of the school day. Initially, a system for observing large numbers of children freely roaming over a large, open area was developed. This observational method was then used to determine the effectiveness of providing organized games for reducing potentially dangerous playground behaviors. Using a reversal (ABAB) design, it was found that the games, rope jumping, and foot racing, along with an infrequently used time-out procedure, significantly reduced the frequency of inappropriate incidents. It is suggested that when dealing with large groups, antecedent environmental manipulations may be more practical than providing consequences for the behaviors exhibited by identified individuals.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

Police involvement and influence in involuntary civil commitment.

Although observers agree that the police play an important role in involuntary civil commitment of mentally ill individuals, there are scant empirical data to document the importance of the police in swaying the commitment decision. The authors studied 3,570 randomly selected case records of individuals referred to two county offices of civil commitment in Washington State to determine the types of referrals police become involved in , the extent to which referral sources request police assistance, and the percentage of referrals resulting in commitment with and without police involvement. The authors conclude that police most often are asked to assist in cases involving violent behavior, but that under almost all circumstances police involvement is the primary factor in determining whether referral will result in commitment.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Violent behaviors associated with the antichrist delusion.

Delusions involving the antichrist concept have been occasionally reported. Some cases of the antichrist delusion have been associated with violent behavior. In this article we describe the case of a man who suffered from a chronic antichrist delusion and who also displayed repeated and serious violent behaviors. We also discuss the role of the antichrist delusion as well as other psychotic symptoms in the genesis of violence in the present case.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

On characterizing new psychiatric long-stay patients.

In order to characterize new long-stay patients at the Psychiatric Clinic of Berne University, a comparison of all new long-stay patients of a 12-months period (n = 44) with a random sample of hospital admissions (n = 58) was carried out. Demographic data, circumstances of admission and illness data were recorded. Psychiatric symptoms were documented by means of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), intelligence from the Progressive Matrices Test (PMT) and inadequate behaviour based upon a modified "Check List of Nonfunctional Behaviors". As expected, findings show that new long-stay patients differ from the control group not only in diagnoses, symptoms and inadequate behaviour but also in physical illnesses, education, intelligence and social status.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suicide risk assessment: a review of risk factors for suicide in 100 patients who made severe suicide attempts. Evaluation of suicide risk in a time of managed care.

A study of 100 patients who made a severe suicide attempt suggested that the managed care criteria often applied for approving admission to hospitals for potentially suicidal patients were not, in fact, predictive of features seen in patients who actually made such attempts. Severe anxiety, panic attacks, a depressed mood, a diagnosis of major affective disorder, recent loss of an interpersonal relationship, recent abuse of alcohol or illicit substances coupled with feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness, global or partial insomnia, anhedonia, inability to maintain a job, and the recent onset of impulsive behavior were excellent predictors of suicidal behavior. The presence of a specific suicide plan or suicide note were not. Patients with managed care were overrepresented by 245% in the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children living through a Desert Storm.

Mental health professionals have long been concerned about how children react to war. This paper reports a small, naturalistic study of how children reacted to Operation Desert Storm. Although no actual danger threatened these affluent east coast children, television transported the battle zone's gory pictures right into the living room. That experience had a deep impact on many children. Not only did they empathize with the wounded and maimed; they also resented the way injured people's privacy was invaded and were bewildered by news reporters' "bizarre" behavior when danger was imminent.

Child↗