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PubMed1996

A practical technique for disinfecting electrical stimulation apparatuses used in wound treatment.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Electrical stimulation (ES) is used in wound management. Concerns, however, have been raised about the possible role ES might play in promoting or exacerbating wound infections, especially bacterial infections. The purpose of this study was to address these concerns by evaluating the efficacy of a method for disinfecting ES electrodes used in wound treatment. METHODS: Samples were taken from each wound treated in this study prior to and after ES and from sponges used with the ES electrodes prior to treatment, after treatment, and after 20 minutes of chemical disinfection. The presence and types of bacteria recovered were determined through standard microbiological techniques. RESULTS: In this study of 25 patient samples, large numbers (ie, thousands) of bacteria were recovered from the pretreatment and posttreatment wound samples and from the posttreatment sponges. Following disinfection, however, bacteria were absent from the sponges in 23 of the 25 patient samples. In the remaining 2 samples, no more than two bacterial colonies were recovered after disinfection. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Immersion of the electrodes and sponges for 20 minutes in the disinfectant resulted in reduction of bacteria to safe, noninfective levels. Disinfection either completely eliminated all bacteria from the sponges (in 92% of the samples) or eliminated nearly all bacteria (in the remaining 8% of the samples), compared with predisinfection samples, which contained very large numbers of bacteria. These results demonstrate that the disinfection method used in this study is efficacious, and it appears to be cost-effective, practical, and safe for clinical use.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1992

Effect of storage time with different lens care systems on in-office hydrogel trial lens disinfection efficacy: a multi-center study.

A combined prospective and retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of in-office disinfection methods for hydrogel trial contact lenses. Two hundred and twenty-one trial contact lenses, disinfected by four different disinfection methods, were collected from seven Study Centers and cultured for microbial contamination after various storage periods. Negative and positive control lenses were included as an additional Center in this double-masked study. There was a significant difference in the incidence of microbial contamination among the Centers for all storage times (chi 2 p < 0.001). Contamination of trial lenses in Centers using thermal disinfection with preserved saline (SoftWear Saline) was negative and thermal disinfection with nonpreserved saline (LensPlus Saline) was 8.7%. Lens contamination in Centers using chemical disinfection was 13.6% with ReNu and 40.7% with OptiFree. The degree of contamination ranged from 90 colony forming units (CFU)/ml to over 10 million CFU/ml. Among the microorganisms isolated after the different disinfection methods were Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Serratia marcescens, Moraxella phenylpyruvica, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and various gram-positive organisms. This study suggests that practitioners should redisinfect all inventory trial lenses at least once a month to minimize the risk of patient infection.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2006

Disinfecting solutions for soft contact lenses using different color indicators.

PURPOSE: The color change reached in two commercial disinfecting solutions for soft contact lenses using new color indicators has been analyzed, and its relationship with the temporal evolution of the hydrogen peroxide concentration, responsible for the disinfection process, has been examined. The results are compared with another commercial solution using a different color indicator. METHODS: Color measurements of the disinfecting solutions were performed at 2-minute intervals for over 2 hours using a Photo-Research PR-704 spectroradiometer with horizontal optical axis. Samples were placed at the floor of a VeriVide CAC 120 light booth with a Munsell gray mask behind them. Two different standard light sources, representative of outdoor and indoor illumination, were used. The hydrogen peroxide concentration during the disinfection process was measured for each commercial solution using a Beckman DU-7 spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The temporal evolutions of color for the two new disinfecting solutions were qualitatively different. CIELAB color differences induced in these two new disinfecting solutions were 1.5 and 2.2 times greater than that measured in the earlier comparative solution and occur in a more appropriate direction of color space for users with defective color vision. Although the earlier solution generated color changes close to the deutan confusion line, the changes produced by the new solutions are close to the tritan confusion line. After 2 hours, the hydrogen peroxide concentration for the two new solutions was approximately one-third the one reached by the earlier solution. There are statistically significant correlations (p < 0.01) between color change and hydrogen peroxide concentration for the two new solutions (r = -0.878 and r = -0.990). CONCLUSIONS: Color changes in these hydrogen peroxide systems can be used as a safe and useful tool by contact lens wearers. The two new disinfecting solutions analyzed in this article show noteworthy improvements over the earlier solution.

Color↗

PubMed2005

Hospital disinfection: efficacy and safety issues.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review recent publications relevant to hospital disinfection (and cleaning) including the reprocessing of medical instruments. RECENT FINDINGS: The key question as to whether the use of disinfectants on environmental surfaces rather than cleaning with detergents only reduces nosocomial infection rates still awaits conclusive studies. New disinfectants, mainly peroxygen compounds, show good sporicidal properties and will probably replace more problematical substances such as chlorine-releasing agents. The safe reprocessing of medical devices requires a well-coordinated approach, starting with proper cleaning. New methods and substances show promising activity for preventing the transmission of prions. Different aspects of virus inactivation have been studied, and the transmissibility, e.g. of norovirus, shows the need for sound data on how different disinfectant classes perform. Biofilms or other forms of surface-adherent organisms pose an extraordinary challenge to decontamination. Although resistance to biocides is generally not judged to be as critical as antibiotic resistance, scientific data support the need for proper use, i.e. the avoidance of widespread application, especially in low concentrations and in consumer products. SUMMARY: Chemical disinfection of heat-sensitive instruments and targeted disinfection of environmental surfaces are established components of hospital infection control. To avoid danger to staff, patients and the environment, prudent use as well as established safety precautions are required. New technologies and products should be evaluated with sound methods. As emerging resistant pathogens will challenge healthcare facilities in the future even more than at present, there is a need for well-designed studies addressing the role of disinfection in hospital infection control.

Disinfection↗

PubMed2005

Farm disinfectants select for cyclohexane resistance, a marker of multiple antibiotic resistance, in Escherichia coli.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine if three classes of farm disinfectants were able to select for ciprofloxacin or cyclohexane tolerant [indicative of a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotype] Escherichia coli and if cyclohexane-tolerant E. coli could be isolated from farms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chicken slurry containing ca 1 : 99 ratio ciprofloxacin resistant : susceptible E. coli (10 different resistant strains examined) was treated for 24 h with each of the disinfectants and examined for survival of resistant : susceptible strains. Ciprofloxacin-sensitive (n=5) and -resistant (n=5) E. coli were grown with sublethal concentrations of the disinfectants and then plated to agar containing ciprofloxacin or overlaid with cyclohexane. Escherichia coli (n=389) isolated from farms were tested for cyclohexane tolerance. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined against representative isolates and mutants. The disinfectants did not select for the ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli in poultry slurry but following growth with each of the three disinfectants, higher numbers (P < or = 0.023) of cyclohexane-tolerant E. coli were isolated and these had a MAR phenotype. Of the 389 farm E. coli tested, only one was cyclohexane tolerant. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that in a farm environment, E. coli could be exposed to similar concentrations of the disinfectants that are selected for MAR type organisms under these laboratory conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Data from this study suggest that cyclohexane-resistant E. coli are not common on farms, but in view of the ease of isolating them in the laboratory with farm disinfectants, further investigations on farms are warranted.

Agrochemicals↗

PubMed2005

Contact inactivation of orthopoxviruses by household disinfectants.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to identify common household disinfectants that combine significant activity against the type orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus with minimal impact in terms of potential toxicity and/or damage to household or personal items. METHODS AND RESULTS: Laboratory scale experiments assessed common disinfectants containing anionic and nonionic detergents, oxygen-based bleach, potassium peroxomonosulfate, chloroxylenol or halogenated phenols. Disinfectants were assessed for their ability to inactivate the virus on contact or after a short incubation period in the presence and absence of foetal bovine serum as a potential interferant. Significant differences were observed ranging from negligible effect of detergents to complete inactivation on contact with chloroxylenol. CONCLUSIONS: At least one chloroxylenol-based household disinfectant is available, which inactivates vaccinia virus on contact. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In the event of a release or major outbreak of a pathogenic orthopoxvirus there is likely to be significant public demand for disinfectants with activity against these viruses. The identification of common household disinfectants with such activity obviates any requirement to stockpile or distribute laboratory/industrial disinfectants for this purpose.

Chlorine↗

PubMed2001

Effectiveness of manual cleaning and disinfection of gastroendoscopes with 3% glutaraldehyde for decreasing risk of transmission of hepatitis C virus.

OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of manual cleaning and disinfection of gastroendoscopes with 3% glutaraldehyde in decreasing the risk of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was examined. METHODS: Gastroendoscopes used for treatment of endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation in patients with HCV infection were manually cleaned and disinfected with 3% glutaraldehyde (n = 25), 2% glutaraldehyde (n = 17), or 0.1% benzethonium chloride (n = 25). Samples were obtained by pouring 20 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution into the biopsy-suction channel of the scope before and after cleaning and disinfection. HCV was detected with the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of the 25 scopes in 3% glutaraldehyde group, nine (36%) were positive for HCV before cleaning and disinfection, but all became negative after cleaning and disinfection; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In contrast, in 2% glutaraldehyde group and in the routine cleaning group, there were no significant differences in the number of positive samples between before and after cleaning and disinfection. CONCLUSION: Manual cleaning and disinfection of gastroscopes with 3% glutaraldehyde is useful for decreasing the risk of transmission of HCV among patients.

Benzethonium↗

PubMed1987

Quantitative neutralization assay of fungicidal activity of disinfectants.

A quantitative assay using a neutralization medium was developed to evaluate fungicidal activity of disinfectants. Concentrated Dey-Engley neutralizing broth was used in this study and was demonstrated to inactivate various chemical agents within 5 min when disinfectant concentrations were reduced to specific levels. Addition of this Dey-Engley broth to test tubes containing fungal cells and disinfectants permitted control of the various interactions times. Subsequent concentration of the disinfectant-treated cells to a 1-ml final volume also permitted examination of a larger population for the presence of resistant cells. After timed exposures of 15, 30, and 60 min, only three of seven disinfectant solutions were found to be lethal for quantitative populations of 11 fungi tested. The recommended use dilution formulations of a quaternary ammonium product and an iodophor product were the least effective agents. Various fungi, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Aspergillus niger, survived 30- to 60-min interactions with these disinfectant solutions. The most resistant organism encountered was Aspergillus fumigatus, which survived 60 and even 90 min of exposure to most disinfectants. Only use dilutions of a chlorine dioxide formulation, a glutaraldehyde formulation, and an ethyl alcohol product were effective against this species and all of the other fungi after a 15-min interaction.

Candida albicans↗

PubMed2026

Genomic characterization of efflux pumps and putative small multidrug resistance (SMR)-like transporters in disinfectant-tolerant coagulase-negative staphylococci from a Vietnamese hospital.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common inhabitants of healthcare environments and can serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance determinants. However, the relationship among disinfectant tolerance, efflux-associated phenotypes, and multidrug resistance in environmental CoNS remains incompletely defined. Here, 51 staphylococcal isolates were recovered from high-touch hospital surfaces in Hanoi, Vietnam, and 14 isolates showed elevated MICs to at least one disinfectant, including benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, or hydrogen peroxide, relative to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. These isolates also displayed multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Moreover, ethidium bromide accumulation assays revealed a clear efflux-associated phenotype, and representative isolates exhibited biofilm-forming ability. Whole-genome sequencing of three representative isolates reclassified SDH.B1 and SDH.B3 as Staphylococcus nepalensis-a CoNS species rarely documented in hospital AMR surveillance-and confirmed SDH.B7 as Staphylococcus haemolyticus. To our knowledge, this is among the first reports of S. nepalensis carrying mecA together with the disinfectant efflux gene qacG, and a set of putative small multidrug resistance (SMR)-like transporters in a hospital environment from Southeast Asia. In addition, six putative SMR-like proteins were identified. Phylogenetic and structural analyses suggested relatedness to YkkC/YkkD-like systems, although their transport activity remains to be experimentally verified. These findings identify environmental CoNS as reservoirs of disinfectant tolerance and multidrug resistance in hospital settings and provide a basis for future functional investigation of putative SMR-like transporters.IMPORTANCEHospital environmental CoNS are often dismissed as low-priority contaminants, yet they may persist under disinfectant pressure and carry clinically relevant resistance determinants. Here, disinfectant-tolerant CoNS recovered from a Vietnamese hospital combined multidrug resistance, efflux-associated phenotypes, and biofilm-related traits. Genome analysis further revealed known qac genes and six putative SMR-like proteins that merit functional testing. These findings support inclusion of environmental CoNS in infection-prevention surveillance and disinfectant stewardship programs.

Staphylococcus haemolyticus↗

PubMed1993

Aldehyde disinfectants and health in endoscopy units. British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee.

Summary of main recommendations(1) Glutaraldehyde, used in most endoscopy units in the United Kingdom for the disinfection of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes, is a toxic substance being an irritant and a sensitiser; symptoms associated with glutaraldehyde exposure are common among staff working in endoscopy units.(2) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (COSHH) obliges the employer to make a systematic assessment of risk to staff of exposure to glutaraldehyde and institute measures to deal effectively with exposure.(3) At present glutaraldehyde remains the first line agent for the disinfection of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Other agents are being developed; a standard means of assessment for flexible endoscope disinfectants should be devised.(4) Equipment and accessories that are heat stable should be sterilised by autoclaving; disposable accessories should be used wherever possible.(5) Flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes should be disinfected within automated washer/disinfectors; trays, bowls or buckets for this purpose are unacceptable.(6) Local exhaust ventilation must be used to control glutaraldehyde vapour. Extracted air may be discharged direct to the atmosphere or passed over special absorbent filters and recirculated. Such control measures must be regularly tested and records retained.(7) Endoscope cleaning and disinfection should be carried out in a room dedicated to the purpose, equipped with control measures to maintain the concentration of glutaraldehyde vapour at a level certainly below the current occupational exposure standard of 0.2 ppm and preferably below the commonly used working limit of 0.1 ppm. Sites other than the endoscopy unit where endoscopy is regularly performed, such as the radiology department, should have their own fully equipped cleaning and disinfection room.(8) COSHH limits the use of personal protective equipment to those situations where other measures cannot adequately control exposure. Such equipment includes nitrile rubber gloves, apron, chemical grade eye protection, and respiratory protective equipment for organic vapours.(9) Monitoring of atmospheric levels of glutaraldehyde should be performed by a competent person such as an occupational hygienist; the currently preferred method of sampling uses a filtration technique, the commercially available meters being less reliable.(10) Health surveillance of staff is mandatory; occupational health records must be retained for 30 years.(11) Endoscopy staff must be informed of the risks of exposure to glutaraldehyde and trained in safe methods of its control. Only staff who have completed such an education and training programme should be allowed to disinfect endoscopes.(12) The unsafe use of glutaraldehyde has significant health and legal consequences; the safe use of glutaraldehyde may have revenue consequences that contribute significantly to the cost of gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1995

Lung function and chronic respiratory symptoms of pig farmers: focus on exposure to endotoxins and ammonia and use of disinfectants.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among pig farmers is known to be high, but the aetiology of these symptoms is not yet unravelled. Long term average exposure to dust was evaluated, endotoxins and ammonia and use of disinfectants were compared with chronic respiratory symptoms and depressed base line lung function. METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed among 194 Dutch pig farmers, of whom 100 had not and 94 had chronic respiratory symptoms. Exposure-response relations were evaluated with multiple logistic and linear regression analysis. Estimates of long term average exposure were based on two personal exposure measurements, taken on one day in summer and one day in winter. Information on use of disinfectants and disinfection procedures was assessed by a walk through survey and interview by telephone. RESULTS: Exposure to dust, endotoxins, and ammonia were not related to chronic respiratory symptoms. Duration of the disinfection procedure and pressure used at disinfection were strongly and positively related to chronic respiratory symptoms. A significant inverse association between base line lung function and endotoxin exposure was found only among asymptomatic farmers. Ammonia exposure and duration of the disinfection procedure were significantly associated with base line lung function in the entire population. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that use of disinfectants is an important aetiological factor in chronic respiratory health effects of pig farmers. This factor has not been studied before. Results also suggest an aetiological role for exposure to endotoxins and ammonia in development of chronic respiratory health effects, but longitudinal studies with detailed exposure assessment strategies are required to assess their roles.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Disinfectant use as a risk factor for atopic sensitization and symptoms consistent with asthma: an epidemiological study.

Exposure to some nonallergenic compounds has been shown to increase the risk of atopic sensitization and asthmatic symptoms. In order to gain more insight into the largely unknown aetiology of respiratory symptoms in pig farmers, we studied the role of nonallergic exposure. We evaluated associations between chronic respiratory symptoms, specific and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, use of disinfectants, and endotoxin exposure levels in a population of 194 Dutch pig farmers. Atopic sensitization (defined as increased production of IgE to common allergens) was found to occur more frequently in farmers who used disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (odds ratio (OR) 7.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-43.1). ORs for other disinfectants ranged 2.3-4.1 (NS). Atopic sensitization was not found to occur more frequently in farmers with a high endotoxin exposure. The use of disinfectants was only related to respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma in atopics. This is illustrated by the significantly elevated ORs for farmers with IgE to common allergens (house dust mite, grass pollen, birch pollen), and who used disinfectants containing QACs, in the total population and in a subgroup of the total population restricted according to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine (symptomatics with a provocation dose of histamine producing a > or = 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (PC10) < or = 16 mg.mL-1, compared with asymptomatics with a PC10 > 16 mg.mL-1) (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3-14.6; and OR 8.2, 95% CI 1.6-42.6, respectively). Atopy and use of QACs and endotoxin exposure level taken individually were not associated with respiratory symptoms. A combination of atopic sensitization and high endotoxin exposure (> 101 ng.m-3) was strongly associated with respiratory symptoms in the restricted population (OR 6.1; 95% CI 1.0-36.2). Our results suggest that occupational exposure to nonallergenic agents (disinfectants) may induce immunoglobulin E sensitization to common aeroallergens, and that the combination of atopy and exposure to nonallergenic agents (disinfectants and endotoxin) is an important risk factor for development of symptoms consistent with asthma.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Susceptibility of clinical isolates of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a hospital disinfectant and molecular typing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of 35 resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to a quaternary ammonium hospital disinfectant. The methodology was the AOAC Use-Dilution Test, with disinfectant at its use-concentration. In addition, the chromosomal DNA profile of the isolates were determined by macro-restriction pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method aiming to verify the relatedness among them and the behavior of isolates from the same group regarding the susceptibility to the disinfectant. Seventy one percent of the isolates were multiresistant to antibiotics and 43% showed a reduced susceptibility to the disinfectant. The PFGE methodology detected 18 major clonal groups. We found isolates with reduced susceptibility to the disinfectant and we think that these are worrying data that should be further investigated including different organisms and chemical agents in order to demonstrate that microorganisms can be destroyed by biocide as necessary. We also found strains of the same clonal groups showing different susceptibility to the disinfectant. This is an interesting observation considering that only few works are available about this subject. PFGE profile seems not to be a reliable marker for resistance to disinfectants.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

Observations on disinfection regimens used on Salmonella enteritidis infected poultry units.

Studies carried out at the laboratory and in the field identified many potential problems during disinfection of poultry units naturally contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis. There appeared to be variations in the efficiency of commonly used disinfectants within a disinfectant group when used in a contaminated house. It was possible for Salmonella and other coliforms to be amplified during the pressure washing or steam cleaning process. If an effective terminal disinfectant was not used after this, then high levels of Salmonella were likely to persist. The efficiency of the disinfection regimen was not directly dependent on the standard of physical cleaning if this was carried out to a reasonable standard, as a high level of elimination of Salmonella could be achieved even in the presence of substantial quantities of residual organic matter. Disinfection regimens involving formaldehyde, either as part of a terminal compound disinfectant spray or as a final fogging agent, were found to be the most effective in the field.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effects of disinfecting alginate impressions on the scratch hardness of stone models.

This study investigated the effects of disinfecting alginate impressions on the scratch depth of resultant stone models. Eleven brands of alginate impression material and two disinfectants, 1% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde, were used. Impressions were immersed in disinfectant solutions or stored in sealed bags after spraying with disinfectants, and then poured with a type V dental stone. The scratch depth of the stone model obtained from disinfected impression was measured. The storage of alginate impressions after spraying with disinfectants did not increase the scratch depth of resultant stone models. However, the effect of immersion in disinfectants on scratch depth varied with the brand of the alginate impression material.

Alginates↗

PubMed2001

Symptoms in health personnel exposed to disinfectants.

BACKGROUND: While the biocidal efficacy of disinfectants available for use in health facilities has been widely investigated, little attention has been paid to their potential side effects to users. OBJECTIVE: To describe the occurrence of symptoms attributable to occupational exposure to disinfectants with emphasis on gluteraldehyde. DESIGN: Exploratory cross-sectional study. SETTING: Kenyan health facilities. SUBJECTS: One hundred and fifteen members of various health cadres. RESULTS: All the respondents reported using disinfectants. Glutaraldehyde-based preparations, either alone or alongside other agents (excluding hypochlorite), were used by 52.2% of the respondents. Hypochlorite-based preparations, either alone or alongside other agents, were used by 18.3%, while cetrimide preparations and ethanol alongside other agents were used by 13% of the respondents. More than sixty two per cent of the respondents had suffered one or more symptoms during the use of these disinfectants. Among the users of glutaraldehyde preparations, the most common symptoms reported were sneezing (38.3%), headache (31.7%), watering of eyes (25%), skin rash (10%) and chronic cough (8.3%). Among users of hypochlorite and cetrimide preparations, the most commonly reported symptoms were sneezing, headaches and watering of eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest possible occupation-related adverse reactions that may be attributed to the use of disinfectants. Awareness of these potential hazards needs to be increased among users and efforts made to introduce techniques to minimise exposure to liquid and vapourised disinfectants. Further studies involving larger sample sizes, are necessary to unequivocally apportion the various symptoms to specific disinfecting agents.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2004

Sensitivity of Listeria species, recovered from indigenous chickens to antibiotics and disinfectants.

BACKGROUND: Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and disinfectants has been reported widely in the world. Listeria monocytogenes is no exception, although normally it tends to be variably sensitive to many antibiotics and disinfectants. OBJECTIVES: To assess the susceptibility of Listeria isolates recovered from indigenous chickens to commonly used antimicrobials. DESIGN: Nine Listeria isolates recovered from village chickens were tested for sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics and disinfectants and compared with Listeria monocytogenes type strains (L028 and DGH), Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. SUBJECTS: Nine Listeria isolates. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Susceptibility to eight antibiotics and seven disinfectants. RESULTS: The nine Listeria isolates were sensitive to gentamycin (100%), kanamycin (88.9%), tetracycline (77.8%), cotrimoxazole (66.7%), chloramphenicol (66.7%) and resistant to ampicillin, augmentin and cefuroxime. There was no difference between the antibiotic sensitivity to the various Listeria isolates and Listeria monocytogenes type strains (P > 0.05). The isolates were sensitive to disinfectants; A (100%), B (88.9%), D (77.8%), E (77.8%) but resistant to, CF, and G. There was significant difference between the resistance of Listeria isolates to the various disinfectants at the varied dilutions and the resistance at the recommended user--dilution (P < 0.00293). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that some of the Listeria isolates were resistant to most common antimicrobial agents except gentamycin and disinfectant A. Hence the need to consider this resistance pattern for effective treatment and control of listeriosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of a postmilking teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination for the prevention of mastitis in lactating dairy cows.

A trial was conducted for 12 months in a herd of 120 Holstein cows in order to determine the efficacy of a teat disinfectant, which contained a phenolic combination, for the prevention of bovine intramammary infections during lactation. Postmilking teat disinfection was compared to a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. The percentage of quarters newly infected by mastitis pathogens was 45% lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant after milking than it was in undipped controls. New infections caused by Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and Corynebacterium bovis were significantly lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant than in undipped controls. No statistical differences in the incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were observed. No irritation or chapping of teats dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant were observed. The results of this study suggest that the experimental teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination is an effective postmilking teat disinfectant for use in the prevention of new intramammary infections by both contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens.

Animals↗