Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Contusions”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Suppression of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats with cerebral contusion].

We previously reported that the thymolysis was observed in acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats immunized with brain tissue homogenates in complete Freund adjuvant. This observation has led us to suppose that the central nervous system (CNS) has high antigenicity for self. To keep from the high antigenicity of CNS, the blood brain barrier (BBB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which maintain CNS in isolated state are essential for self. If the BBB is destroyed and brain tissue is disseminated in CSF, is oneself sensitized by CNS? In this experiment, we produced cerebral contusion in rats and the BBB was partially destroyed and brain tissue was disseminated in CSF. No clinical signs of EAE were observed by cerebral contusion was exposed to encephalitogen one week later, EAE was remarkably suppressed compared with those in controls or sham operated groups (p less than 0.001). Almost 80% of the rats with cerebral contusion showed no response to EAE. These results seen to show that self is sensitized by autologous brain tissue and CNS has high antigenicity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

[MRI of brainstem contusion].

Three cases of brainstem contusion in whom the lesion could not be found by x-ray computed tomography (CT) but was identified clearly by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reported. CT is apparently very useful in detecting the hemorrhagic components in patients with acute head injury, and it will definitely retain its important role in the management of emergency patients with possible life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. MRI has been also known to be very useful in the diagnosis of patients with head injuries, especially in the detection of contusion in the frontal base, tip and the base of the temporal lobe, and the brainstem. T2-weighted images are the best for demonstrating such traumatic contusion of the brain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Gliding contusions in nonmissile head injury in humans.

"Gliding" contusions, ie, hemorrhagic lesions in the parasagittal white matter, were analyzed in 434 fatal nonmissile head injuries in humans. It is concluded that gliding contusions are a type of diffuse brain damage occurring at the moment of injury. Gliding contusions are significantly associated with road-traffic accidents, with the absence of a skull fracture or a "lucid interval," and with the presence of diffuse axonal injury and deep hemispheric traumatic hematomas.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1983

[Clinical and pathophysiological study of myocardial contusion].

Myocardial contusion was observed in 25 patients (7.5%) out of 333 blunt chest trauma victims. As the cause of injury, 19 patients (76%) were due to traffic accident and 12 out of 19 patients had steering wheel injuries. There were a total of 72 associated thoracic injuries, and this means 2.9 injuries for each patient. As ECG abnormalities, sinus tachycardia on admission and ST, T change in time course were mostly found in this series. Chest X-ray findings revealed the maximum value (55.2 +/- 1.3%) of CTR (cardio-thoracic ratio) on the 2nd-4th hospital days, followed the decreasing tendency. CPK-MB showed its peak on the 1st-3rd hospital days, and was nearly normalized on the 5th hospital day. There were 10 expired cases, and the mortality was 40%. Cardiac death due to cardiac tamponade or cardiogenic shock was observed in 4 cases. Ventricular function study showed 2 right ventricular dysfunction. 1 left ventricular dysfunction, and 4 biventricular dysfunction, and showed extremely poor prognosis in the biventricular dysfunction group. The cases of myocardial contusion were classified into the following 3 types by the clinical findings. Type I: ECG abnormality type 13 cases; Type II: Cardiac tamponade type 7 cases; Type III: Cardiogenic shock type 6 cases. I conclude that measuring the ventricular function is useful for the evaluation of the severity and prognosis of myocardial contusion if the blunt chest trauma victim is in shock state.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Central hemodynamics in cerebral contusions].

Radiocardiographic comparison of the main values of central hemodynamics in 57 patients who had suffered from contusion of the brain without compression revealed that in contusions of mild and moderate severity, mild hemodynamic disorders occur which are normalized by the 5th-7th day after the trauma. The character of hemodynamic disorders in severe contusion depends on the localization of the injury, whereas the dynamics of changes depend on the outcome of the trauma, which may serve as an auxiliary diagnostic and prognostic sign in the complex of the clinical manifestations of the character of injury to the brain and the course of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Parasagittal white matter shearing injury (so-called gliding contusion): possible radiological evidence of spastic hemiplegia in diffuse axonal injury].

Severe head injury or diffuse axonal injury is frequently associated with spastic hemiplegia/paraplegia. However, the causative lesion has not been well elucidated. Especially, the relationship between the gliding contusion and spastic hemiplegia has not been inferred yet. We have analyzed 6 brain concussion cases and 19 cases of diffuse axonal injury. None of the concussion cases experienced hemiplegia in their courses. Among the 19 cases, 10 were left with persistent and disabling hemiplegia/quadriplegia, whereas 5 showed persistent but mild hemiplegia. Among the 10 cases, one was incapacitated by a brainstem hemorrhage. The remaining 9 cases exhibited, in the parasagittal white matter, small hemorrhagic spots in the acute phase CT, low-density areas in the chronic phase CT, and/or T2 high and T1 low signal lesions in the MRI. In 8 cases, the lesion was in accord with the hemiplegic side, but in one case the low density area was on the ipsilateral side. Two of the 3 cases showing quadriplegia exhibited bilateral parasagittal lesions. None of the 5 mild hemiplegia cases and 10 nonhemiplegia cases showed such abnormality. Superficial brain contusions were found in 17 cases altogether, but they were not at all correlated with the occurrence of hemiplegia. Thus, it was concluded that parasagittal white matter shearing injury or so called gliding contusion could be the manifestation of injury to the corticospinal tract in the corona radiata.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The establishment of the mechanism of craniocerebral trauma by the nature of morphological substrates of brain contusions].

Analyzes the relationship between morphological features of foci of brain contusions and the mechanism of craniocerebral injury. Specifies the morphological signs of foci of brain contusions developing at the site of "strikes" and in foci of brain contusion forming in the zone of "counterattacks" and presents a quantitative evaluation thereof. The results of investigation may be useful for identifying the circumstances at which the injury was inflicted.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evolution of a contusion focus after the microsurgical autotransplantation of the omentum (an experimental study)].

The purpose of treatment of head trauma cannot be limited by simple life saving, it also should be targeted at the improvement of the quality of life. Twenty dogs with graded local head trauma underwent microsurgical revascularization of the area adjacent to the contused brain with an autologous omental graft to provide functional improvement. The effectiveness of surgery was demonstrated in series of 5 experiments when the operation was performed on posttraumatic days 7-14, with the follow-up of as long as 180 days. After the procedure, no macroscopic signs of contusion could be demonstrated. Microscopically the contused area resembled a slit two times smaller than in controls. Microscopic and histochemical studies revealed both the morphologic recovery and an improvement in cellular enzyme activity. The data obtained adds some more information regarding clinical applications of microsurgical revascularization technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructure of contusion cataract.

We investigated the histopathologic condition of four lenses with contusion rosette cataract by light and electron microscopy; periods between blunt trauma and cataract extraction varied from 4 months to 40 years. The initial morphologic changes appear to be the formation of intercellular vacuoles within the lens epithelium and the swelling of superficial cortical lens fibers. Signs of beginning fiber degeneration within the edematous zone include fragmentation of fiber cytoplasm into droplets and globules, formation of abnormal membrane arrangements, and enlargement of intercellular spaces. Late rosette opacities manifest as sharply demarcated layers of vacuolic degeneration in the deeper cortex. We suggest that in contusion cataract, a traumatically induced dysfunction of the lens epithelium leads to an edema of superficial cortical lens fibers that subsequently undergo degeneration and produce a localized and permanent lamellar zone of vacuolation. With time and with the formation of new clear lens cells, this layer becomes gradually compressed and displaced deeper into the cortex.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Myocardial contusion. When can the diagnosis be eliminated?

The clinical significance of various diagnostic tests and the length of monitoring required for myocardial contusion were evaluated in 172 patients. Cardiac isoenzyme levels, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms were evaluated. Twenty-eight patients had a documented myocardial contusion based on at least one positive diagnostic study. The majority of positive studies were detected on admission and all positive tests were present within 24 hours. No patients developed positive diagnostic studies after 24 hours and, likewise, no clinical deterioration occurred late or in patients with a negative screening examination. The electrocardiogram and the clinical course were the therapeutic intervention. Cardiac isoenzyme levels had negligible significance on outcome, and the two-dimensional echocardiogram was not particularly valuable as a screening technique, If no abnormality is detected within 24 hours post injury, further investigation or monitoring does not appear warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Time course studies on the effectiveness of tetrodotoxin in reducing consequences of spinal cord contusion.

Focal injection of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the injury site at either 5 or 15 min after a standardized thoracic contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) reduces white matter pathology and loss of axons in the first 24 hr after injury. Focal injection of TTX at 15 min after SCI also reduces chronic white matter loss and hindlimb functional deficits. We have now tested the hypothesis that the reduction in chronic deficits with TTX treatment is associated with long-term preservation of axons after SCI and compared both acute (24 hr) and chronic (6 weeks) effects of TTX administered at 15 min prior to and 5 min or 4 hr after SCI. Our results indicate a significant reduction of acute white matter pathology in rats treated with TTX at 15 min before and 5 min after injury but no effect when treatment was delayed until 4 hr after contusion. Compared with injury controls, groups treated with TTX at 5 min and 4 hr after injury did not show a significant deficit reduction, nor was there a significant sparing of white matter at 6 weeks compared with injury controls. In contrast, the group treated with TTX at 15 min before SCI demonstrated significantly reduced hindlimb functional deficits beginning at 1 week after injury and throughout the 6 weeks of the study. This was associated with a significantly higher axon density in the ventromedial white matter at 6 weeks. The results demonstrate that blockade of sodium channels preserves axons from loss after SCI and points to the importance of time of administration of such drugs for therapeutic effectiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Elevation and clearance of extracellular K+ following graded contusion of the rat spinal cord.

The elevation and clearance of extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]e) were studied following graded contusion injury of the rat thoracic spinal cord. Animals were anesthetized, paralyzed, laminectomized at T9-T10, and then artificially ventilated. A 10-g rod was dropped 1.25, 2.5, or 5 cm onto the dorsal thoracic cord with the dura intact. After impact, and incision of the dura-arachnoid and pial membranes, double-barreled, potassium-selective microelectrodes were inserted midway between the midline and lateral edge of the cord. For all three injury levels, the elevation of [K+]e was greatest within the first 1000 microns from the dorsal surface. In 50 g-cm injuries, increasing [K+]e was sometimes observed between 250 and 1000 microns; however such gradients were not typically observed in 25 and 12.5 g-cm injuries. Measured at 3-7 min after injury, the mean peak elevations of [K+]e were significantly different, measuring 13 +/- 2.4, 27 +/- 5.5, and 44 +/- 4.2 mM following 12.5, 25, and 50 g-cm contusions, respectively. The exponential half-times of [K+]e clearance averaged 5.8 +/- 1.0, 9.2 +/- 1.8, and 17 +/- 5.7 min for the same respective injury levels. These results indicate that elevation of [K+]e following traumatic injury to the spinal cord is a graded phenomenon, dependent on the energy of impact. This finding is consistent with a mechanism in which simple mechanical injury of cell membranes is the proximate cause of potassium release.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Fetal transplantation following spinal contusion injury results in chronic alterations in CNS glucose metabolism.

Glucose utilization of the injured rat spinal cord was determined using the autoradiographic technique of Sokoloff et al. (33). Animals were analyzed chronically (2 and 3 months) after spinal contusion injury alone or when a spinal lesion was followed by subchronic (10-day) intraparenchymal fetal spinal transplantation. At 2 and 3 months postinjury, spinal glucose utilization was reduced in dorsal gray and white matter above and below the lesion site. In addition, sensory regions of the forebrain and brain stem (e.g., nucleus gracilis and ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus) had a lower basal metabolic rate than control animals. Decreased metabolic rates in supraspinal regions were reversed by the presence of a spinal graft at 3 but not at 2 months postinjury. Furthermore, gray matter in animals receiving an intraspinal transplant had elevated glucose utilization rates for several spinal segments rostral and caudal to the lesion epicenter. Graft glucose utilization was higher at 2 months (80-90 mumol/100 g/min) than at 3 months (60-70 mumol/100 g/min) posttransplantation. These data are the first quantitative metabolic imaging of spinal and brain metabolism following spinal contusion injury and fetal transplantation. The study suggests that intraspinal transplants can become functionally integrated with adjacent host gray matter and can chronically alter specific postinjury metabolic patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cytokine mRNA profiles in contused spinal cord and axotomized facial nucleus suggest a beneficial role for inflammation and gliosis.

We have studied temporal mRNA expression patterns for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in two rat injury paradigms with very different cellular inflammatory reactions: contussion of the spinal cord and axotomy of the facial nerve. Our comparative analyses using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) show an early and robust upregulation of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and M-CSF mRNAs in spinal cord after contusion injury. Peak expression of these mRNAs was transient and returned to control levels by 24 h postinjury. In contrast, expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNAs in the axotomized facial nucleus was minimal and delayed, and levels of M-CSF mRNA remained unaltered. Similar to injured spinal cord, the axotomized nucleus showed a dramatic and early upregulation of IL-6 mRNA, but unlike spinal cord, IL-6 mRNA levels subsided only gradually. Both injury paradigms showed gradually increasing levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA which were maximal at 7 days postinjury. RT-PCR analyses were also performed on isolated blood-borne mononuclear cells and neutrophils. The results showed that these cells contain high levels of IL-1beta and M-CSF mRNAs, moderate levels of TGF-beta and TNF-alpha mRNAs, and minimal levels of IL-6 mRNA. The RT-PCR analyses together with histological observations indicate that expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 is short-lived and self-limited after contusion injury, and that it occurs primarily within endogenous glial cells. Transient expression of these molecules likely triggers secondary events which may be beneficial to wound repair and regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparing deficits following excitotoxic and contusion injuries in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord of the adult rat.

The majority of human spinal cord injuries involve gray matter loss from the cervical or lumbar enlargements. However, the deficits that arise from gray matter damage are largely masked by the severe deficits due to associated white matter damage. We have developed a model to examine gray matter-specific deficits and therapeutic strategies that uses intraspinal injections of the excitotoxin kainic acid into the T9 and L2 regions of the spinal cord. The resulting deficits have been compared to those from standard contusion injuries at the same levels. Injuries were assessed histologically and functional deficits were determined using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) 21-point open field locomotor scale and transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (tcMMEPs). Kainic acid injections into T9 resulted in substantial gray matter damage; however, BBB scores and tcMMEP response latencies were not different from those of controls. In contrast, kainic acid injections into L2 resulted in paraplegia with BBB scores similar to those following contusion injuries at either T9 or L2, without affecting tcMMEP response latencies. These observations demonstrate that gray matter loss can result in significant functional deficits, including paraplegia, in the absence of a disruption of major descending pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of cardiac contusion.

In 16 patients with blunt trauma to the chest, the role of cardiovascular nuclear medicine was evaluated using anterior chest flow assessment, with first-pass ejection fraction of left and right ventricles and 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy. The radiopharmaceutical used was pyrophosphate, labelled with approximately 20 mCi 99mTc. The anterior chest flow and first-pass ejection fractions were initially obtained during the injection of 99mTc-pyrophosphate and were followed up 3 h later by anterior, LAO 45 degrees, and left lateral views of the chest, using an LFOV gamma camera with a data processor. The results were compared with serial cardiac enzymes studies, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms. Of the patients, 77% showed scintigraphic evidence of cardiac contusion. The intensity of activity varied from grades I to II; five patients had abnormal echocardiographic findings. Only two had abnormal ejection fractions, and one patient had evidence of left ventricular aneurysm along with poor ventricular performance. Cardiac enzymes were found to be the least helpful. Electrocardiograms, though non-specific for myocardial damage, were abnormal in 62% of the patients. Eleven of our patients had both abnormal ECG and increased PYP uptake. Even though there is no agreement as to which noninvasive parameter is more sensitive in the diagnosis of myocardial contusion, 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy, in conjunction with ECG, seems promising in this respect.

Contusions↗
PubMed1988

Monitoring differential CO2 excretion during differential lung ventilation in asymmetric pulmonary contusion. Clinical implications.

Eighteen severely injured polytrauma patients (ISS 38 +/- 18) with severe asymmetric pulmonary contusion were ventilated with differential lung ventilation (DLV) to improve oxygenation and/or to prevent further unnecessary barotrauma to the lesser involved lung. Differential VCO2 was studied as a parameter for indirect measurement of effective individual pulmonary perfusion. One hour after starting DLV, difference in differential VCO2 (delta VCO2) was 81 +/- 57 ml/min. In 16 patients this had fallen significantly (p less than 0.001) to 32 +/- 30 ml/min, 1 h before DLV was discontinued. In 2 patients, VCO2 remained greater than 200 ml/min, coinciding with clinical deterioration and increasing consolidation of the pulmonary contusion. Bilobectomies were performed in both patients. The excised lobes appeared to be destroyed as the result of laceration, bleeding and subsequent haematomas. This clinical study supports laboratory studies suggesting the usefulness of monitoring differential VCO2 to assess effective differential pulmonary perfusion during DLV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Reconstruction of the contused cat spinal cord by the delayed nerve graft technique and cultured peripheral non-neuronal cells.

Previously, surgical reconstruction of the transected dog spinal cord by the delayed nerve graft technique has been shown to result in reinnervation of the nerve graft by axons. In the present study, we compared the results of surgical reconstruction of the severely contused cat spinal cord by the delayed nerve graft technique alone to those after reconstruction with a similar nerve graft plus cultured peripheral non-neuronal cells implanted between the grafted nerve and the spinal cord stumps. The spinal cord-nerve graft junction was examined by light and electron microscopy. The cultured cells were prelabelled with tritiated thymidine and their location after implantation determined by autoradiography. By 3 days after spinal cord reconstruction, the prelabelled cells were present at the junction and had migrated into the nerve graft and also into the spinal cord stumps where they were observed near axons. By 7 days, physical connections were observed bridging the junction between the spinal cord and nerve graft and axons ensheathed by Schwann cells had already penetrated at least 1 mm into the nerve graft. Wound healing took at least a week longer in animals repaired with a nerve graft alone. At one year or later after reconstructive surgery, in both groups of animals, the grafted nerve was reinnervated with myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Thus, the severely contused cat spinal cord could be reconstructed with the delayed nerve graft technique alone but the use of the cultured cells appeared to enhance wound healing and decrease the time required for axon elongation into the nerve graft.

Animals↗