The state of organized family planning programs in the United States, 1973.
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An analysis of data from the 1973 and 1976 National Surveys of Family Growth indicates that although marital disruption affects contraceptive practice, the patterns of contraceptive behavior among separated women who remain sexually active are very similar to those of women who remain married. Women about to separate rely less on barrier methods than do continuously married women, and this pattern persists after separation. It is likely that coitus-related methods are less frequently used because they require cooperation between the spouses. In addition, coitus-related methods are probably used less after separation because these methods are less effective, and unintended pregnancies are less desirable in the intermarital or postseparation period. As might be expected, both before and after separation, women who experience marital dissolution are less likely than the continuously married to be sexually active. The difference is greater after separation, but the major finding is the similarity of separated and continuously married women with respect to both coitus and contraceptive protection.
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Interviews wih women in six villages in India and with educated, working women selected to be trained as interviewers in five states, and evidence from formal studies are discussed to support the conclusions that (1) the low overall rates of contraceptive use in India are at least partly due to low levels of knowledge about different methods of birth control, especially of the modern reversible methods; and (2) the low use of all methods except sterilization is a good proxy for lack of knowledge about these methods. It is suggested that, both in the interests of achieving demographic targets and in the interests of the clientele of the family planning program, much greater emphasis must be placed on spreading practical information about reversible contraception. The information dissemination activities of the program so far have tended to concentrate on the why of family planning and neglect the how, except in promoting sterilization.
The contraceptive behavior of 213 sexually active never-married U.S. college students was examined using multiple regression analyses. The type of relationship--casual or steady--was a major determinant of contraceptive use: 77 percent of the respondents involved in steady relationships reported using condoms or the pill, compared with 58 percent of the respondents involved in casual relationships. Frequency of intercourse was the best predictor of contraceptive method used within steady relationships. Several variables emerged as predictors of contraceptive method used within casual relationships, including method used at first coital experience, age, and frequency of intercourse. Situational and background factors were found to have an important impact on adolescent contraceptive behavior and to warrant further research.
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Surgical sterilization is playing a growing role in contraception among married couples. Both vasectomy and tubal ligation can be done as outpatient procedures. Neither procedure has overwhelming advantages over the other. This study sought to determine why one member of a couple, rather than the other, decided to undergo the sterilization procedure. There do not seem to be any significant demographic differences between those couples who choose vasectomy and those who select tubal ligation. Men may undergo vasectomy because they feel it is the easier procedure. A significant number of women also feel that vasectomy is easier, yet for various reasons they are motivated to undergo tubal ligation. In many couples, the choice is made because one partner will not consider becoming sterilized, and this is twice as likely to be the husband. Family physicians can play an important role in assisting couples to choose the best alternative.
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