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Results for “Contingent Negative Variation”

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PubMed2004

Pavlovian conditioning of muscular responses in chronic pain patients: central and peripheral correlates.

A differential conditioning design using an aversive slide as conditioned stimulus (CS(+)) that was followed by an intracutaneous electric stimulus to the left index finger as unconditioned stimulus (US) and a pleasant slide that was not followed by shock (CS(-)) were used to test the hypothesis of enhanced aversive conditioning of muscular responses in chronic back pain patients (CBP). Heart rate, skin conductance levels, and integrated surface electromyograms (EMG) from the left and right m. flexor digitorum, the right m. trapezius, and bilaterally from the m. orbicularis oculi were recorded. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured from nine electrode positions. The CBP patients showed an enhanced muscular response of the left forearm (where the US was applied) to the CS(+) already in the preconditioning phase. During acquisition both the left forearm and the right trapezius of the patients but not the controls displayed enhanced muscular responding to the CS(+). During extinction the CBP patients' muscular responses to both CS(+) and CS(-) were elevated. The contingent negative variation of the EEG differentiated between CS(+) and CS(-) in the healthy controls but not the chronic pain patients. These data confirm the hypothesis of enhanced muscular responding in chronic pain patients and suggest a dissociation of muscular and central processes during aversive conditioning in the patients that might contribute to the chronicity problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Brain slow potentials and hypnosis.

Contingent negative variation behavior was studied in 12 voluntary normal subjects in basal conditions and in the hypnotic trance state under different emotional suggestions. A CNV voltage decrease and the appearance of a PINV were observed in the hypnotic state. Furthermore 12 nonhypnotizable control subjects were tested under the same experimental conditions and no CNV modification was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Psychophysiological correlates of suicidal behavior in depression. A preliminary study.

P300 and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded in depressive inpatients with and without history of suicide attempt. The results show a significant reduction of both P300 and CNV in patients who had attempted suicide as compared with patients who had not. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the suicidal risk scale and CNV amplitude. Psychophysiological and biochemical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Charting the maturation of the frontal lobe: an electrophysiological strategy.

Tracking the functional development of specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in children using event-related potentials (ERPs) is challenging for both technical and conceptual reasons. In this paper we outline our strategy for studying frontal lobe development and present preliminary results from children aged 7-17 years and young adults using ERPs functionally associated with anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, especially the orbitofrontal, ventral, and medial portions. Our analysis of contingent negative variation, error-related negativity, and novelty P300 data show that the ERPs associated with these regions are still maturing into late adolescence, and that their amplitude has significant correlations with behavioral capacities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Sulpiride in the prophylactic treatment of migraine].

The aim of the work was investigation of both efficacy of sulpiride, atypical neuroleptic drug with pronounced antidepressive activity, and its influence on central nervous system. The study was performed in the course of prophylactic treatment of migraine using contingent negative variation (CNV) index. It is demonstrated that sulpiride is effective in prophylactic treatment of migraine complicated with psychologic disorders and autonomic dysfunctions. Such effect may be caused by the drug's influence on depression, anxiety, autonomic symptoms, tension-type headaches. This conclusion was confirmed by CNV data, change of which after sulpiride administration have indicated normalization of mental performance and increase of active adaptive abilities.

Contingent Negative Variation↗
PubMed1995

The effects of aspirin on the CNV in healthy individuals.

The effects of aspirin on the contingent negative variation (CNV) of 16 healthy, right-handed volunteers were studied in accordance with a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover design. Early and late CNV factors were measured. Aspirin caused a statistically significant decrease of the early wave and an increase of mean amplitude of the late wave. A central action of aspirin, affecting noradrenergic and dopaminergic structures, may be responsible for the CNV changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Averaged evoked potentials: event related potentials (ERPs) and their applications.

Endogenous potentials are evoked responses that occur independent of the stimulus evoking them. They are related to different aspects of information processing. Two types of event related potentials (ERPs) are recorded, the P300 wave and contingent negative variation (CNV). The P300 wave is the most frequently studied factor in various clinical diseases and also for neurological research. Different tasks, paradigms can be used of which the oddball paradigm, consisting of target and non-target stimuli and their variations is most popular. The effect on P300 of physiological factors like age, IQ, pregnancy, exercise and others along with the clinical application in various neurophysiological and psychiatric disorders are discussed. This review deals with various aspects of (ERPs), their methodology with a broad view of the scope and clinical horizon as regard their application in neurophysiological research.

Contingent Negative Variation↗
PubMed1984

Eye tracking impairment: attentional and psychometric correlates in psychiatric patients.

The correlations between eye tracking and a set of attentional and psychometric correlates of psychopathology were studied in groups of schizophrenic, nonschizophrenic psychotic, schizotypal, and neurotic patients (DSM-III criteria), and in a normal control group. Measures of overall and of optimum eye tracking performance were employed. Attentional measures were: reaction time, crossover phenomenon, omission score on the continuous performance test, and amplitude of the contingent negative variation. Psychometric measures were: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism. A measure of eye tracking based on the best cycle in the total sequence proved superior to the overall score as a correlate of psychopathology. The correlational patterns differed widely between groups. Most conspicuous were the correlations of eye tracking with psychoticism in psychotics, especially in schizophrenics, and the impressive number of significant correlations with attentional as well as psychometric variables in the schizophrenic category.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Electrophysiologic investigations in migraine].

This article is a critical review of standard electroencephalography (EEG), brain mapping, evoked potential, and electromyography (EMG) studies carried out in various forms of migraine during and between attacks. With the exception of contingent negative variation, the exteroceptive silent period of the temporalis muscle, and possibly fast activity in response to visual stimuli, which are useful for the differential diagnosis of functional headache, the main value of electrophysiologic studies is to provide insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. Results of the different methods consistently indicate that the brain of migraine patients is characterized by hypersensitivity to some forms of stimuli between attacks and by, often focal, hypoactivity during attacks.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1995

[The effect of aspirin on the contingent negative wave in healthy subjects].

Alterations in parameters of slow brain potentials (contingent negative variation, CNV) were examined in healthy individuals under influence of aspirin according to double blind method. The early and late waves of CNV were analysed. The significant decrease of early wave of CNV was obtained after aspirin administration. Late wave of CNV increased after aspirin and placebo intake. The alterations described were explained in terms of central mechanisms of aspirin action including noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Some baseline effects on the CNV.

A method is described to investigate how the contingent negative variation (CNV), developing in the S1-S2 interval of a reaction task, is influenced by slow potential shifts (SPSs) occurring before S1. Enhanced CNV amplitudes were found when the SPSs before S1 were positive, whereas with negative SPSs attenuated amplitudes were obtained.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1982

Electrophysiological measures (CNV--EEG) and nitrous oxide at low doses in man.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a widely used inhalational anesthetic gas, but its exact mode of action and its distribution in the CNS are not yet well known. The aim of this research was to study the effects of N2O at low doses (10 percent) in the CNS of humans. Five healthy volunteers were tested. Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), Reaction time (RT) and quantified EEG recordings were taken while subjects were breathing air and then N2O. A significant reduction of the post-imperative positive CNV components during N2O inhalation was observed; no changes in EEG power spectrum and RT values were seen. These results could be consistent with an early N2O interference with processes underlying CNV resolution, while vigilance and attention were still maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Source monitoring during name recognition in older adults: psychometric and electrophysiological correlates.

The hypothesis that source monitoring in older adults is specifically related to frontal lobe function was tested. In a fame-judgment task, older adults' ability to monitor the source of name familiarity was independent of their short-term recognition ability. Source errors were not related to performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a psychometric index of frontal function, or to the initial orienting response of the contingent negative variation (CNV), a frontally based electrophysiological measure, even though these "frontal" measures were reliably related to each other. Source error was predicted by the latter portion of the CNV, the expectancy response, and by the Benton Facial Recognition Test, a visuoperceptual task not typically linked to frontal function. These data suggest that the accuracy of source attribution in older adults depends on various attentional control processes, not all of which may be frontally based.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The relationship of age and cardiovascular fitness to cognitive and motor processes.

Older and younger aerobically trained and sedentary adults participated in an S1-S2-S3 paradigm designed to elicit event-related potential (ERP) and behavioral responses to determine the influence of cardiovascular fitness on cognitive and motor processes. The paradigm provided warning (S1) as to the difficulty level of an upcoming decision task (S2). Participants had to decide the taller of two bars on presentation of S2 but hold their response until S3, to which they indicated their choice motorically. Results revealed age-related differences for ERP measures as older participants showed increased amplitude of the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN) prior to S2, and longer latencies and equipotentiality of P3 in response to S2. Fitness effects were also observed for the contingent negative variation (CNV) with decreased amplitude for fit relative to sedentary individuals. Age interacted with fitness for P3 latency to S2 as older sedentary individuals showed the longest latency followed by older fit and both younger groups. No significant group differences were observed for reaction time (RT) to S3. Therefore, physical fitness is associated with attenuation of cognitive decline in older individuals and greater economy of motor preparation for both young and older participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Conscious perception of brain states: mental strategies for brain-computer communication.

Direct brain-computer communication utilises self-regulation of brain potentials to select letters, words or symbols from a computer menu. In this study a completely paralysed (locked-in) patient learnt to produce slow cortical potential (SCP) shifts to operate a binary spelling device. After hundreds of training sessions he gave a detailed description of his mental strategies for self-regulation. His cognitive strategies matched with the electrocortical changes perfectly. Thus he produced a contingent negative variation (CNV) with images of preparation such as an arrow being drawn on a bow. To produce a positive potential shift he imagined the arrow shooting up from the bow. To suppress potential shifts he tried to stop thinking. The study demonstrates that patients become sensitive for their brain states with increasing self-regulation practice. The use of conscious cognitive strategies may, however, be incompatible with the complete automatization of the self-regulation skill.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1995

The neurophysiology of sexual desire, with particular reference to paedophilia.

Bancroft has proposed a central arousability system as an androgen-sensitive neurophysiological substrate of sexual desire. The present paper describes the author's explorations of a brain-wave measure, the contingent negative variation (CNV), as a putative index of sexual desire under conditions of sexually-relevant stimulation in paedophilic child sex offenders and in non-offender control men. As a group, the former showed undifferentiated CNV responses to adult and child stimuli, unlike non-paedophilic child sex offenders and controls, who showed larger CNVs to adult than to child stimuli. These results suggest that CNV may be usefully developed as an adjunct to penile plethysmographic (PPG) assessment of deviant sexual interests in offenders. Some possible directions for future research are indicated.

Contingent Negative Variation↗
PubMed2006

Retrieval and emotional processing of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: peripheral and central correlates.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to be characterized by dysfunctional memory processes, i.e., the automatic re-experiencing of the traumatic event and the inability to consciously recall facts about the traumatic event, as well as altered emotional processing of trauma-relevant cues. The present study examined the cerebral mechanisms underlying the cued recall of trauma-specific memories and the emotional processing of the presented cues in 16 PTSD patients, 15 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD and 16 healthy controls. Subjects received questions about their specific trauma as well as other disastrous and neutral events while the electroencephalogram and heart rate were measured. The PTSD patients showed no impairment in trauma-specific declarative memory compared to non-PTSD subjects but had some deficits in general declarative memory as assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Compared to healthy control subjects, PTSD patients displayed increased P300 and late positive complex amplitudes to trauma-specific questions, indicating enhanced emotional processing of these cues. In line with their behavioral performance, both trauma-exposed groups showed decreased terminal contingent negative variation amplitudes to trauma-specific questions over frontal electrodes reflecting altered memory retrieval. Within-group comparisons revealed that only the PTSD group but not the other groups showed a differentiation between trauma-specific and neutral questions with respect to the LPC, tCNV and P300. Concordantly with previous studies, PTSD patients showed elevated resting heart rate compared to the healthy controls. These findings are discussed in the context of current models of the role of declarative memory in the development and maintenance of PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Parkinson disease: electrophysiological (CNV) analysis related to pharmacological treatment.

The contingent negative variation (CNV) was studied in a group of patients with Parkinson's disease. Testing was carried out 3 times: after a pharmacological wash-out period and at 15 and 30 days after the start of treatment with L-DOPA and bromocriptine. Peak and area CNV increased significantly after each treatment. The post-imperative negative variation (PINV) was observed in 6 out of 10 patients. The correlation found between electrophysiological functioning (CNV) measures and pharmacological treatment supports the view that dopaminergic brain activity mediates the generation of the slow negative event-related brain potentials.

Bromocriptine↗