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PubMed1992

Gender patterns in consequences of collegiate alcohol abuse: a 10-year study of trends in an undergraduate population.

Although college men have typically reported significantly more alcohol problems than women, debate about a possible convergence of gender differences has emerged in recent years. Time trend data on gender differences based on consistent measures of alcohol-related problems are scant, however. Another limitation of previous research has been the predominant focus on alcohol problems most common among men. This article provides data on gender differences and trends in several types of negative consequences of student drinking in a collegiate population from four surveys conducted between 1979 and 1989. The data do not support an overall "convergence hypothesis" as men remained much more problematic in several types of consequences-specifically abuse problems that are public, involve legal repercussions, or that endanger others. Consequences that are more personal or less prone to provoke public response reveal little or no gender differences, however, in the most recent collegiate cohorts. Thus, more gender research is needed on types of alcohol problems in campus context.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Biases in the perceptions of the consequences of alcohol use among college students.

Previous studies have shown that college students' perceptions of the quantity and frequency of peer alcohol consumption are biased. Most students report that their social referents drink more than they themselves do. In the current study members of two fraternities and two sororities (N = 252) were asked to make two types of ratings of alcohol-related consequences across four target individuals. The ratings were: (1) the frequency of occurrence of predefined alcohol-related negative consequences and (2) the degree to which certain alcohol-related consequences are considered "problems." The targets were: themselves, their best friend, a typical member of their fraternity or sorority and a typical student at the university. Estimates of frequency of problem behaviors for typical member of the residence and typical student at the university were significantly higher than ratings for self (p < .001). Data from ratings of behavioral definitions of alcohol problems for the same four targets replicated the bias, although to a lesser degree. Correlational analyses suggest that biased perceptions of problems were unrelated to personal levels of alcohol consumption. Results are discussed in terms of the cognitive and motivational factors that could result in this misrepresentation of peer behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol, drug use and consequences among Hispanics seeking treatment for alcohol-related problems.

OBJECTIVE: Ethnic differences in alcohol consumption patterns are often reported in general population surveys, but less is known about variation among ethnic groups presenting for treatment. METHOD: Within a larger clinical trial, patterns of drinking, drug use and related problems were compared for Hispanic (n = 102) and non-Hispanic white (n = 104) male (n = 154) and female (n = 52) clients presenting at a public clinic for outpatient treatment of alcohol problems. RESULTS: Relatively few reliable ethnic differences were observed in alcohol /drug use patterns. Non-Hispanic white men reported significantly more pretreatment tobacco use than did Hispanic men (84.7% vs 61.3% of past 90 days). Hispanic women reported significantly fewer legal problems (28.6% vs 83.9%), symptoms of dependence and negative consequences of drinking relative to non-Hispanic white women. Measures of acculturation and acculturative stress failed to differentiate drinking patterns among Hispanic clients. CONCLUSIONS: Within a treatment-seeking sample, Hispanics and non-Hispanics may be more similar with regard to drinking practices than is the case in the general population. High consumption, adverse consequences and dependence symptoms were characteristic of men presenting for alcohol treatment regardless of ethnic identification. In contrast, Hispanic treatment-seeking women had the lowest consumption, adverse consequences and dependence symptoms of all the groups described, and they reported significantly fewer alcohol-related problems and symptoms than did non-Hispanic women.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

The effect of screening on prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence and social consequences.

OBJECTIVE: Screener items are often used in surveys to identify individuals who are at high risk of experiencing alcohol dependence or alcohol-related problems. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of two screener items (5 or more drinks ever and > or = 12 drinks last year) on prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence and negative social consequences. METHOD: The 1995 National Alcohol Survey data were analyzed. Differences in prevalence estimates between the unscreened current drinkers (n = 2,817) and the two screened samples: 5+ ever (n = 2,186) and > or = 12 drinks last year (n = 2,126) were compared. For each screened sample, prevalence estimates obtained from two base populations (screened positives only and all current drinkers assuming no alcohol-related problems among screened negatives) were examined. RESULTS: Comparisons of prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence and negative social consequences across the screened and unscreened samples revealed little bias in estimates with one exception. The only significant difference between the unscreened and screened samples was found among women when prevalence rates were obtained from data of screened positive respondents only. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of screening on national prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence and social consequences is small. Less bias in prevalence estimates is found when negatively screened light drinkers were assumed to report no alcohol-related problems rather than excluded from the estimation sample.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2004

Serious health consequences associated with alcohol use among college students: demographic and clinical characteristics of patients seen in an emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: Heavy episodic alcohol use has been associated with numerous consequences among college students. However, neither the incidence nor the demographic and clinical characteristics of serious health consequences have been clearly defined in this population. This study is conducted to better understand clinical outcomes associated with alcohol use in college students. METHOD: In a prospective observational study, medical records of students presenting to a large university medical center emergency department were examined. Demographic and clinical features of alcohol-related visits were gathered on patients who were enrolled as undergraduates at a 4-year public institution during 2 academic years from July 2000 through June 2002. Enrollment was approximately 12,500 undergraduates per year. RESULTS: Of all emergency visits, 13% were alcohol related; and of all undergraduate students, 0.7% presented with alcohol-related medical conditions each year. Injuries accounted for 53% of all visits, and acute intoxication accounted for 34%. Nine of 185 patients were hospitalized. Men aged 21 years and older had the highest odds of visiting the emergency department. Trauma occurred more frequently among men, students > 18 years of age and white students. Accidents (84%) and fights (16%) were the sources of injuries. Acute intoxication occurred more frequently among women, students < or = 18 years of age and nonwhite students. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use contributes to a small yet significant proportion of emergency room visits for college students. Distinctive subgroups of college students, including legal-age drinkers, experience patterns of serious health consequences as a result of problem use of alcohol.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2005

Adverse health consequences that co-occur with depression: a longitudinal study of black adolescent females.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify adverse health consequences that may co-occur with depression among black female adolescents. METHODS: Adolescents were recruited from high-risk neighborhoods in Birmingham, Alabama. The sample comprised 460 black female adolescents (aged 14-18 years) who completed assessments at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Only adolescents who consistently scored above the threshold for depression at all 3 assessments (n = 76) or below the threshold at all 3 assessments (n = 174) were included (N = 250) in the data analysis. Within this sample, adolescents who were depressed were compared with those who were not depressed with respect to the following health consequences: low self-esteem, emotional abuse, physical abuse, verbal abuse, poor body image, and antisocial behavior. RESULTS: Using generalized estimating equations and controlling for covariates, depressed adolescents were 5.3 times more likely to report low self-esteem, 4.3 times more likely to report emotional abuse, 3.7 times more likely to report being physically abused, and almost 3 times as likely to report being verbally abused. Furthermore, depressed adolescents were more than twice as likely to report poor body image and nearly twice as likely to report engaging in antisocial behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that a broad range of adverse health consequences may accompany depression among black female adolescents. Physicians need to be alert to the co-occurrence of depression and low self-esteem; emotional, physical, and verbal abuse; poor body image; and antisocial behaviors among this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Falls among older adults seen at a São Paulo State public hospital: causes and consequences].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the history of accidental falls reported by older adults, identifying possibly related factors, as well as place of occurrence, causes, and consequences. METHODS: The sample investigated included 50 older adults, of both sexes, ages 60 years or older, living in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil, who had been seen at two inpatient units of a public hospital. Patient records were examined and household visits carried out for the application of a structured questionnaire including open, closed, and mixed questions related to the fall. RESULTS: Data obtained show a reality not substantially different from that observed in other countries. Most events occurred among older women (66%), with mean age 76 years, and at home. Causes were mainly related to physical environment (54%), and brought serious consequences to the subjects, fractures being the most common outcome (64%). Falls had a great impact on subjects' lives in terms of activities such as: lying down/getting up, walking on plain surfaces, cutting toenails, bathing/showering, walking outside home, taking care of financial issues, shopping, using public transportation, and climbing stairs. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that falls occurred among older adults have serious physical, psychological, and social consequences, reinforcing the need for fall prevention, in order to ensure greater quality of life, autonomy, and independence for the elderly.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1974

Group contingencies for group consequences in classroom management: a further analysis.

The relative effects of rules, rules + feedback, and rules + feedback + group and individual consequences for appropriate behavior were investigated in three elementary classrooms during reading and mathematics periods. The consequences were individual and group praise, and group activities. The total intervention package (rules + feedback + group and individual consequences) was most effective in increasing appropriate behavior. Rules + feedback produced increased appropriate behavior in two of the three classrooms. Rules alone produced no change in classroom behavior. Maintenance of appropriate classroom behavior was noted approximately three weeks after the program ended. Teacher's correct use of praise was also maintained for two of the three teachers at levels generated during the total package condition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Improving oral reading fluency: a brief experimental analysis of combining an antecedent intervention with consequences.

A brief experimental analysis was used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of combining two consequences (contingent reinforcement or performance feedback) with an antecedent intervention (listening passage preview and repeated readings) on the oral reading fluency of 6 elementary students. The antecedent intervention increased the number of correctly read words per minute for all 6 students. For 4 of the students, pairing the antecedent intervention with either of the consequences resulted in higher reading rates over the antecedent intervention alone. Undifferentiated results were obtained for the remaining 2 participants. These results suggest that combining an antecedent intervention with consequences may enhance the oral reading fluency of students with reading problems. However, individual responsiveness to the different intervention components indicates that brief experimental analyses are warranted to identify the most effective intervention.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Development of conditional and equivalence relations without differential consequences.

Two experiments were conducted to establish conditional stimulus relations without differential consequences and to test for the emergence of other relations. In Experiment 1, 3 adults responded to match-to-sample displays in which sample-comparison pairs were constant while the second comparison presented with each pair changed periodically across trials. No differential consequences followed any comparison selections. All subjects learned conditional relations between constant samples and comparisons, but results of tests for transitivity in those relations were equivocal. In Experiment 2, 4 children were given unreinforced training and testing similar to that provided to the adults in Experiment 1, with procedural refinements. One child learned conditional relations and demonstrated emergent relations that confirmed the development of two four-member equivalence classes. Another child learned the conditional relations but did not demonstrate any emergent relations reliably. A 3rd child, after reinforced training on two conditional relations, learned four new conditional relations without differential consequences and demonstrated symmetry but not equivalence in the trained relations. The 4th child did not learn the conditional relations. These findings emphasize the importance of careful construction of tests for stimulus equivalence and suggest a need for critical analyses of the apparent emergence of untrained stimulus relations on unreinforced tests that has been observed in several stimulus equivalence studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Risks and economic consequences of introducing classical swine fever into The Netherlands by feeding swill to swine.

An effective animal disease prevention and eradication programme is of great importance for meat-exporting countries such as the Netherlands. If a serious outbreak of disease were to occur, the eradication measures required by the European Union and a possible ban on meat exports would have severe economic consequences. However, historical and experimental information on which these programmes can be based is scarce. Furthermore, until recently, an integrated approach which combined the various aspects of outbreaks and risks with economic consequences was lacking. This paper describes a project based on such an integrated approach. The project covered the elicitation of expert knowledge and the development of the virus introduction risk simulation model (VIRiS). VIRiS integrates objective and subjective information concerning risks and consequences of virus introduction, and thus presents policy-makers with a useful tool for the evaluation of existing prevention programmes and possible alternatives. VIRiS is illustrated for classical swine fever. A comparison is made between the current situation and a hypothetical situation where the risk factor 'swill feeding' is completely eliminated.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Theoretical arguments for the discounting of health consequences: where do we go from here?

Despite the theoretical arguments presented in the literature regarding discounting over the last 25 years, no satisfactory reply has yet been offered to the question of whether health consequences have to be discounted at the same rate as monetary consequences in the economic evaluation of health programmes or interventions designed to improve health. Against this background, the main objective of this paper was to review and systemise these theoretical arguments, with the aim of determining whether any of the positions identified can be accepted without reservation. Having determined that this is not possible, we investigated the rationality of discounting in the literature and, on this basis, propose a potential way to resolve the problem. Thus, we argue that the relationship between the discount of monetary and health consequences has to be determined in an indirect manner, by reference to the relationship maintained by the individual time preference rates for health and money in the context of private and social choice. Although this proposal moves the debate into the empirical field, its advantages must be weighed against the difficulties associated with the estimation of the time preferences.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2004

Fitness consequences of allorecognition-mediated agonistic interactions in the colonial hydroid Hydractinia [GM].

In sessile and sedentary organisms, competition for space may have fitness consequences that depend strongly on ecological context. Colonial hydroids in the genus Hydractinia use an inducible defense when encountering conspecifics, and intraspecific competition is common in natural populations, often resulting in complete overgrowth of subordinate competitors. My goal in this study was to quantify the impacts of agonistic interactions in Hydractinia [GM] (an undescribed species from the Gulf of Mexico) in terms of three primary fitness components: colony survival, growth rate, and immature gonozooid production. The results demonstrate that the fitness consequences of intraspecific competition depend on the size at which competitive encounters are initiated and the growth form (an indicator of competitive ability) of the competitors. Moreover, some competing colonies consistently produced more immature gonozooids than the controls without competition, and they exhibited extremely low mortality even after 90 days of growth. These results have several ramifications. First, agonistic interactions do not always proceed to competitive elimination. Second, the increase in production of immature gonozooids--an investment in future reproduction--in response to intraspecific competition supports the hypothesis that indeterminately growing organisms increase sexual reproductive effort when growth becomes limiting. Lastly, in light of known ontogenetic variation in the ability of Hydractinia to differentiate among genetically related colonies, strongly size-dependent fitness consequences are consistent with an adaptive, kin-discriminating allorecognition system.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Estrone treatment dissociates primary versus secondary consequences of "diabetes" (db) gene expression in mice.

Feeding 0.001% estrone in a diet to C57BL/KsJ mice homozygous for the recessive obesity gene "diabetes" (db) permitted dissociation of the primary consequences of obesity gene expression from the secondary consequences of diabetes effected through interaction between the db gene and other diabetogenic genes in the inbred background. Estrone-treated db/db mice were similar to untreated mutants in exhibiting hyperphagia and marked obesity. However, estrone-treated mutants did not develop the hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and islet atrophy characteristic of untreated db/db mice. Thus, expression of the primary defect could be studied in the absence of the myriad secondary sequelae elicited by chronic hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Reduced numbers of hepatocyte plasma membrane insulin receptors (50% of normal) persisted in the estrone-treated mice in the absence of hyperinsulinemia, indicating that this deficiency was a consequence of the primary genetic defect and not merely a downregulation phenomenon secondary to hyperinsulinemia. Comparison of insulin secretion from comparably sized +/+ islets versus islets from estrone-treated db/db mice showed no intrinsic defects in beta-cell sensitivity to glucose. In conclusion, db-induced obesity can be dissociated from hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, beta-cell dysfunction, and hyperphagia but is associated with a generalized membrane defect reflected in part by the persistent deficiency of plasma membrane insulin receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Use of a timeout ribbon with and without consequences as procedures to improve a child's compliance.

The purpose of the present case study was to evaluate use of a timeout ribbon with and without student-selected consequences on the compliance of a preschool student with disabilities. An ABACBC single-subject replication design was used. Compliance was low during the first baseline condition. When the timeout ribbon procedure was implemented in the classroom, compliance increased, but a return to baseline produced low compliance. When consequences were added to the timeout ribbon procedure, the child's compliance improved further. Additional replications of timeout ribbon and the timeout ribbon plus consequences generated less and less compliance. Possible reasons for the lack of robust findings were discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Perceived consequences to the predictor: a variable in the release of psychiatric patients.

The present study examined factors hypothesized to influence mental health professionals' perceptions of dangerousness, predictions of violence, and decisions on patients' release. 120 mental health professionals employed in state mental hospitals were each given one of 12 patient profiles. The independent variables, manipulated within vignettes, were (a) violence history, (b) paranoid schizophrenia versus nonparanoid schizophrenia, and (c) perceived consequences in terms of liability and publicity. Type of schizophrenia did not affect ratings, but violence history of the predictee and perceived consequences to the predictor did significantly influence the ratings. Patients with actual violence histories were viewed by the subjects as having more potential for future violence, as being more globally dangerous, and as requiring a more secure placement than those with histories of threats of violence or no violence. Possible litigation following release led to a recommendation for more secure placement than did minimal legal consequences. Predictions of violence and decisions on hospital release were interpreted as dependent on both predictor and patient-related variables.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Emotional stability, positive and wishful thinking, and consequences of coping in a Spanish sample.

The relationship between scores on Emotional Stability and on two cognitive coping strategies-Positive Thinking and Wishful Thinking-and the Consequences of Coping scale were examined in a group of 99 Spanish undergraduates. Positive Thinking was associated with high Emotional Stability and positive consequences, whereas Wishful Thinking was associated with low Emotional Stability and negative consequences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Metabolic consequences of reduced gastric acidity.

A review of the effect on metabolism of antacids, anticholinergics and histamine H2-antagonists is given. It is stated that long-term treatment with antacids by a variety of mechanisms can cause severe metabolic complications such as the milk-alkali syndrome and phosphorus depletion. The interaction with other drugs can also be marked. There is very little known of the effect of anticholinergics on metabolism. Clinical experience has not indicated that any serious consequences will occur. The authors have investigated the effect continuous treatment with cimetidine 400 mg at night or twice daily for three years on weight, haemoglobin, plasma iron, plasma folate, plasma vitamin B12, albumin and plasma calcium. The only significant difference that occurred was a slight decrease of plasma calcium within the reference values. In conclusion it is stated that there is very little indication that the moderate and inconstant reduction of acidity over 24 hours which can be achieved by anticholinergics or twice daily administration of presently available H2-antagonists will result in metabolic consequences arising from reduced acidity. Higher doses given more frequently might give a risk for bacterial overgrowth with metabolic consequences.

Antacids↗