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PubMed1997

Nail-Tutor: an image-based personal computer program that teaches the anatomy, patterns of pathology, and disorders of the nails.

Despite the clinical relevance of the nails, the interpretation of the appearance of the nails is often neglected by clinicians and in medical training programs. To help overcome this we developed Nail-Tutor(TM), a personal computer program based on approximately 150 images that systematically teaches the anatomy, patterns of pathology, and diseases of the nails and tests the user's understanding of the material in the program. Nail-Tutor(TM) is intended for medical students, residents, other healthcare trainees, general practitioners, and dermatologists and requires approximately 3 hours to use. The program has a number of advantages over textbook-based instruction and supervised instruction. It does not require an instructor or textbook. In addition it uses animation to show an important anatomic relationship, graphic overlays to unambiguously point out key features of images, it can show key images side by side for comparison, and an examination to evaluate learning objectives. The program can be used as a stand-alone teaching module, a supplement to traditional instruction, a source for continuing education, or as a reference.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1998

The teaching of computer programming and digital image processing in radiography.

The increased use of digital processing techniques in Medical Radiations imaging modalities, along with the rapid advance in information technology has resulted in a significant change in the delivery of radiographic teaching programs. This paper details a methodology used to concurrently educate radiographers in both computer programming and image processing. The students learn to program in visual basic applications (VBA), and the programming skills are contextualised by requiring the students to write a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) package. Program code generation and image presentation interface is undertaken by the spreadsheet Microsoft Excel. The user-friendly nature of this common interface enables all students to readily begin program creation. The teaching of programming and image processing skills by this method may be readily generalised to other vocational fields where digital image manipulation is a professional requirement.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed2004

Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: IV. Computer program PeakMaster.

We are introducing a computer implementation of the mathematical model of zone electrophoresis (CZE) described in Stedry, M., Jaros, M., Hruska, V., Gas, B., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 3071-3079 program PeakMaster. The computer model calculates eigenmobilities, which are the eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations, and which are responsible for the presence of system eigenzones (system zones, system peaks). The model also calculates other parameters of the background electrolyte (BGE)-pH, conductivity, buffer capacity, ionic strength, etc., and parameters of the separated analytes--effective mobility, transfer ratio, molar conductivity detection response, and relative velocity slope. This allows the assessment of the indirect detection, conductivity detection and peak broadening (peak distortion) due to electromigration dispersion. The computer model requires the input of the BGE composition, the list of analytes to be separated, and the system instrumental configuration. The output parameters of the model are directly comparable with experiments; the model also simulates electropherograms in a user-friendly way. We demonstrate a successful application of PeakMaster for inspection of BGEs having no stationary injection zone.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1997

A computer program for assessing interexaminer agreement when multiple ratings are made on a single subject.

This report describes a computer program for applying a new statistical method for determining levels of agreement, or reliability, when multiple examiners evaluate a single subject. The statistics that are performed include the following: an overall level of agreement, expressed as a percentage, that takes into account all possible levels of partial agreement; the same statistical approach for deriving a separate level of agreement of every examiner with every other examiner; and tests of the extent to which a giver examiner's rating (say a symptom score of three on a five-category ordinal rating scale) deviates from the group or overall average rating. These deviation scores are interpreted as standard Z statistics. Finally, both statistical and clinical criteria are provided to evaluate levels of interexaminer agreement.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2003

A computer program for interpreting pulmonary artery catheterization data: results of the European HEMODYN Resident Study.

We previously validated an expert computer program (Hemodyn) designed to assist in interpreting pulmonary artery catheterization data. The present multicentric study assessed the influence of Hemodyn on the therapeutic strategies of residents. Each resident made several diagnostic choices and suggested appropriate treatments based on pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) data. After knowledge of the computer interpretation, the resident could either maintain or change his or her diagnosis and treatment under a senior supervision. Agreement between the residents' initial evaluation and the computer's was poor (kappa <0.6). After computer assistance, agreement improved dramatically (kappa >0.9). Computer assistance led the residents to change at least one suggested treatment in 63% of cases, and in 8% of cases the residents changed the initial suggestion to its opposite. Expert software capable of helping residents to interpret PAC data properly may improve the quality of care given to critically ill patients.

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗
PubMed1989

A unified computer program for assessment of attenuation correction and data acquisition methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

A computer based simulation program was developed to assess the usefulness of various attenuation correction algorithms and data acquisition methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in a unified approach. The program analytically calculated projection ray sums from a mathematical model with various distributions of activities and either uniform or non uniform attenuation coefficients by using the line integrals including the effect of attenuation. Data acquisition starting at arbitrary angles, various acquisition angles, including a 180 degree scan and a non circular orbit of a gamma camera, including an elliptical orbit can readily be taken into consideration in our simulation program. To simulate non circular orbit data acquisition, the resolution dependence on the object distance from the collimator surface was incorporated into the simulation. This computer based simulation program allows various combinations of attenuation correction algorithms such as hybrid methods, and data acquisition methods can be evaluated under a large number of study conditions. The usefulness of this computer based simulation program is shown with several representative examples.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1976

A computer program for the generalized chi-square analysis of categorical data using weighted least squares (GENCAT).

GENCAT is a computer program which implements an extremely general methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data. This approach essentially involves the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the relationships under investigation and the estimation of corresponding model parameters via weighted least squares computations. Any compounded function of the observed proportions which can be formulated as a sequence of the following transformations of the data vector--linear, logarithmic, exponential, or the addition of a vector of constants--can be analyzed within this general framework. This algorithm produces minimum modified chi-square statistics which are obtained by partitioning the sums of squares as in ANOVA. The input data can be either: (a) frequencies from a multidimentional contingency table; (b) a victor of functions with its estimated covariance matrix; and (c) raw data in the form of integer-valued variables associated with each subject. The input format is completely flexible for the data as well as for the matrices.

Biometry↗
PubMed2004

A computer program for calculation of doses and prices of injectable medications based on body weight or body surface area.

A computer program (CalcAnesth) was developed with Visual Basic for the purpose of calculating the doses and prices of injectable medications on the basis of body weight or body surface area. The drug names, concentrations, and prices are loaded from a drug database. This database is a simple text file, that the user can easily create or modify. The animal names and body weights can be loaded from a similar database. After typing the dose and the units into the user interface, the results will be automatically displayed. The program is able to open and save anesthetic protocols, and export or print the results. This CalcAnesth program can be useful in clinical veterinary anesthesiology and research. The rationale for dosing on the basis of body surface area is also discussed in this article.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personal computer programs to assist with self-monitoring of blood glucose and self-adjustment of insulin dosage.

We have developed computer programs in compiled BASIC for the IBM-PC and compatible microcomputers for use by physicians, paramedical personnel, and/or patients to assist with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and self-adjustment of insulin dosage. The programs can potentially assist with patient education and motivation, and provide: a customized "electronic notebook" for storage and retrieval of information on blood glucose, insulin dosage, hypoglycemic reactions, urinary ketones, diet, activity, weight, illness, apparent explanations for hypoglycemic reactions or glucose values outside target ranges, and comments; graphic displays of glucose and insulin versus date, and of a "glucose profile" versus time of day or versus day of the week; simple and detailed statistical analyses; a legible summary of data; a facility to permit the physician to prepare a "customized treatment plan" for each patient, involving a choice of six regimens, target levels for each of eight time periods, four supplement tables (when well or sick, before meals, or at bedtime), rules to reduce insulin in response to hypoglycemic reactions or documented hypoglycemia, rules to increase routine insulin doses in response to persistent unexplained hyperglycemia, and rules when the patient should call the physician; suggestions regarding compensatory supplements and adjustments of routine insulin dosage; explanations why various insulin dosages should or should not be altered, and why various glucose values should be tested; comparisons of the insulin dosage administered by the patient and the recommendations of the program, together with explanations for discrepancies offered by the patient, to help evaluate compliance. The program is "user-friendly," easy to learn, and easy to use.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1978

Capturing clinical expertise. A computer program that considers clinical responses to digitalis.

The administration of digitalis by experienced cardiologists has been examined and a prototypical computer program has been developed which captures portions of their expertise. The new program first constructs a patient-specific model upon which to base the determination of dosage and then uses feedback information about a variety of clinical aspects of the patient's response to modify its recommendations. The model reflects both the program's knowledge of pharmacokinetics and those special features of the patient's condition which may alter his response to therapy. The program makes assessments of the therapeutic and the toxic effects of digitalis on the patient, and bases its subsequent recommendations on the "therapeutic-toxic" state which best describes the evolving clinical situation. A clinical trial was performed in which the program "followed" a series of patients managed by clinicians on a cardiology service. That trial demonstrated the feasibility of this type of program in dealing with acutely ill patients, even those who have increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of digitalis. Each patient in the trial in whom toxicity developed had received more digitalis than would have been recommended by the program. This approach to automated clinical consultation should eventually provide a technology for the distribution of clinical expertise.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

CARDIO--a Lotus 1-2-3 based computer program for rapid calculation of cardiac output from dye or thermal dilution curves.

We have developed a menu-driven computer program (CARDIO), based on a Lotus 1-2-3 template and a series of macrocommands, that rapidly and semiautomatically calculates cardiac output from dye or thermal dilution curves. CARDIO works with any dye or thermal dilution recorder with an analog output, any analog to digital (A-to-D) conversion system, and any computer capable of running Lotus 1-2-3 version 2. No prior experience with Lotus 1-2-3 is needed to operate CARDIO, but experienced users can take full advantage of Lotus 1-2-3's graphics, data manipulation, and data retrieval capabilities.

Cardiac Output↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for the analysis of dental arch form using the cubic spline function.

This paper presents the details and logic of a FORTRAN computer program which fits a cubic interpolatory spline to a set of data points digitized from an exact size photographic reproduction of a dental model. It also measures the length of the arc and computes a set of normals to the curve to be used in evaluating the error in the fit of the spline. The program is used in studies of dental arch form and is useful in evaluating changes in the form of the arches due to orthodontic treatment. The measurement of the arc length provides an adequate assessment of space available in the dental arch, which is of importance to the orthodontist.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2005

A randomized controlled trial of an emergency department-based interactive computer program to prevent alcohol misuse among injured adolescents.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an emergency department (ED)-based laptop computer intervention reduces the normative age-related increase in alcohol misuse compared with standard of care. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted from October 11, 1999, to April 14, 2001, in a community teaching hospital and university medical center. Subjects were aged 14 to 18 years and with a minor injury. Controls and intervention participants completed a computer-based questionnaire. Intervention participants also completed a laptop-based interactive computer program to affect alcohol misuse. Main outcome measures were Alcohol Misuse Index (Amidx) and binge-drinking episodes. Follow-up occurred by telephone at 3 and 12 months. Analysis included repeated-measures analysis of variance (alpha=0.05; power 0.80; effect size 0.10). RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-nine participants were randomized to the intervention group, and 326 participants were randomized to the control group. Two hundred ninety-five (89.7%) intervention subjects and 285 (87.4%) control subjects completed 3- and 12-month follow-ups. For intervention and control groups, respectively, mean age was 16.0 and 15.9 years and men composed 66.8% and 66.3% of the groups; Amidx scores were 2.2 and 2.0; binge-drinking episodes were 1.2 and 1.0. Outcomes for intervention and control, respectively, were Amidx (3 months) 1.5 and 1.4; Amidx (12 months) 1.8 and 2.1; binge drinking (3 months) 0.9 and 0.8; and binge drinking (12 months) 1.4 and 1.2. Overall, there were no significant effects (effect size 0.04). No detrimental effects were noted. Subgroup analysis suggested that the intervention may have an effect among subjects with experience drinking and driving (5% of the sample). CONCLUSION: The intervention was not effective in decreasing alcohol misuse among the study population. Further research will be required to determine effectiveness among the subgroup of adolescent minor injury patients who have experience drinking and driving.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

RESP-24: a computer program for the investigation of 24-h breathing abnormalities in heart failure patients.

In this paper, we describe a computer program (RESP-24) specifically devised to assess the prevalence and characteristics of breathing disorders in ambulant chronic heart failure patients during the overall 24 h period. The system works on a single channel respiratory signal (RS) recorded through a Holter-like portable device. In the pre-processing stage RESP-24 removes noise, baseline drift and motion artefacts from the RS using a non-linear filter, enhances respiratory frequency components through high-pass filtering and derives an instantaneous tidal volume (ITV) signal. The core processing is devoted to the identification and classification of the breathing pattern into periodic breathing (PB), normal breathing or non-classifiable breathing using a 60 s segmentation, and to the identification and estimation of apnea and hypopnea events. Sustained episodes of PB are detected by cross analysis of both the spectral content and time behavior of the ITV signal. User-friendly interactive facilities allow all the results of the automatic analysis procedure to be edited. The final report provides a set of standard and non-standard parameters quantifying breathing abnormalities during the 24 h period, the night-time and the day-time, including the apnea/hypopnea index, the apnea index, the total time spent in apnea or in hypopnea and the prevalence of non-apneic and apneic PB. The accuracy of these measurements was appraised on a data set of 14 recordings, by comparing them with those provided by a trained analyst. The mean and standard deviation of the error of the automatic procedure were below respectively 6 and 8% of the reference value for all parameters considered and the mean total classification accuracy was 92%. In most cases, the individual error was <12%. We conclude that measurements provided automatically by the RESP-24 software are suitable for screening purposes and clinical trials, although a preventive check of signal quality should be recommended.

Apnea↗
PubMed1994

A computer program for the statistical analysis of repeated event data using a mixed effects regression model.

This paper presents a computer program for fitting mixed effects regression models to repeated events data. The method has been described by Abu-Libdeh, Turnbull and Clark (Biometrics 46 (1990) 1017-1034). Such data can occur in longitudinal studies where subjects experience repeated events over time. The program allows the stepwise construction of a series of regression models which can be used to examine and test the influence of the various measured covariates upon the event rates. Two examples are provided. The first is a simple example involving the incidence of mammary tumors in rats. The second involves a very large complex data set from a clinical trial for the prevention of recurrent skin tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Combinatorial codons: a computer program to approximate amino acid probabilities with biased nucleotide usage.

Using techniques from optimization theory, we have developed a computer program that approximates a desired probability distribution for amino acids by imposing a probability distribution on the four nucleotides in each of the three codon positions. These base probabilities allow for the generation of biased codons for use in mutational studies and in the design of biologically encoded libraries. The dependencies between codons in the genetic code often makes the exact generation of the desired probability distribution for amino acids impossible. Compromises are often necessary. The program, therefore, not only solves for the "optimal" approximation to the desired distribution (where the definition of "optimal" is influenced by several types of parameters entered by the user), but also solves for a number of "sub-optimal" solutions that are classified into families of similar solutions. A representative of each family is presented to the program user, who can then choose the type of approximation that is best for the intended application. The Combinatorial Codons program is available for use over the web from http://www.wi.mit.edu/kim/computing.html.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

GMAP: a multi-purpose computer program to aid synthetic gene design, cassette mutagenesis and the introduction of potential restriction sites into DNA sequences.

A computer program called GMAP has been developed for i) mapping the potential restriction endonuclease (R.E.) sites that can be introduced in a nonambiguous DNA sequence; ii) predicting the mutations required to introduce unique R.E. sites in the nonambiguous DNA sequences; and iii) searching all R.E. sites in ambiguous DNA sequence obtained by reverse translation of a given amino acid sequence. This allows the design of synthetic genes as well as the modular redesign after introducing limited base pair mismatches in wild-type genes in order to adapt them for "cassette" mutagenesis. The GMAP program uses an algorithm based on set theory that reduces the degree of complexity from an exponential to linear function of sequence length. Therefore, the speed of searching for potential R.E. sites in reverse-translated gene sequences and the prediction of new R.E. sites in natural genes by mutations are rapid.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computer programming for nucleic acid studies. II. Total chemical shifts calculation of all protons of double-stranded helices.

A FORTRAN computer program called SHIFTS is described. Through SHIFTS, one can calculate the NMR chemical shifts of the proton resonances of single and double-stranded nucleic acids of known sequences and of predetermined conformations. The program can handle RNA and DNA for an arbitrary sequence of a set of 4 out of the 6 base types A,U,G,C,I and T. Data files for the geometrical parameters are available for A-, A'-, B-, D- and S-conformations. The positions of all the atoms are calculated using a modified version of the SEQ program [1]. Then, based on this defined geometry three chemical shift effects exerted by the atoms of the neighboring nucleotides on the protons of each monomeric unit are calculated separately: the ring current shielding effect: the local atomic magnetic susceptibility effect (including both diamagnetic and paramagnetic terms); and the polarization or electric field effect. Results of the program are compared with experimental results for a gamma (ApApGpCpUpU) 2 helical duplex and with calculated results on this same helix based on model building of A'-form and B-form and on graphical procedure for evaluating the ring current effects.

Base Sequence↗