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PubMed1993

Longitudinal comparison of temporal-modulation perimetry with white-on-white and blue-on-yellow perimetry in ocular hypertension and early glaucoma.

We obtained data over 3 years on temporal-modulation perimetry (TMP), standard automated [white-on-white (W/W)] perimetry, and short-wavelength-sensitive [blue-on-yellow (B/Y)] perimetry in ocular hypertensive (OH) patients and patients with early glaucomatous visual-field loss (EG). Evidence of visual-field defects was obtained with the use of both B/Y perimetry and TMP in the majority of OH and EG eyes that demonstrated progression on W/W perimetry as well as in all stable EG eyes. Using the nerve-fiber-bundle pattern to compare testing procedures, we determined that these defects were generally as extensive or more extensive than the concurrent W/W abnormalities. In terms of location over the 3 years of testing, TMP and B/Y defects were reasonably consistent in the EG eyes, somewhat less consistent in the OH eyes demonstrating progression, and both inconsistent and infrequent in the stable OH eyes. The greatest degree of overlap occurred between the location of defects obtained by use of the higher TMP frequencies (8 and 16 Hz) and that of defects obtained by use of B/Y perimetry. Since these two methods are thought to isolate different visual mechanisms subserved by different visual pathways, these results suggest that early glaucomatous visual-field damage as revealed by TMP and B/Y perimetry may not be specific to a single visual pathway.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1987

An averaging method for the interpretation of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test--II. Colour vision defects acquired in diabetic retinopathy.

The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test is frequently used to assess acquired colour vision defects. In diabetic retinopathy the acquired defect is a mild or severe type III (Tritan) defect which may be coupled with poor overall hue discrimination. In consequence, error scores are often high and the 100-Hue polar diagram is difficult to interpret. In this study the averaging method of analysis proposed by Dain and Birch is used to examine 120 100-Hue plots obtained by patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These plots have either moderate (150-300) or high error scores (greater than 300). The method of analysis is found to be effective in determining whether a Tritan defect is present or not.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Acetazolamide affects performance on the Nagel II anomaloscope.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have indicated that acetazolamide alters human electroretinograms. We wished to determine the effects of administering acetazolamide on performance on the Nagel II anomaloscope. METHODS: We tested 15 subjects matches of blue-green light to a mixture of blue and green lights (luminance match) on a Nagel type II anomaloscope 2.5 h after ingesting 500 mg of acetazolamide or a placebo. RESULTS: The mean of the luminance settings for the subjects was 54.4 for the placebo condition and 58.5 for the acetazolamide condition. The mean difference of 4.1 was statistically significant, indicating that following ingestion of acetazolamide subjects were less sensitive to a blue-green light. In two supplementary experiments we tested (1) a second group of four normal subjects using the Nagel type II anomaloscope and (2) the previously untreated eyes of four patients with primary open-angle glaucoma before and after placing them on acetazolamide therapy. In both groups, more blue-green light was needed to make the match after ingestion of acetazolamide. CONCLUSIONS: Acetazolamide alters the sensitivity of one or more cone populations, probably the carbonic anhydrase-containing cones. The sensitivity loss is reversible and does not appear to be clinically significant. However, the results suggest that patients administered acetazolamide should be excluded from studies which compare the color vision of glaucomatous patients to that of normals.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual acuity and color vision deficiency in amblyopia.

PURPOSE: To investigate color vision and its relation with the type of amblyopia and visual acuity of amblyopic eyes. METHODS: In this prospective study, 67 amblyopic eyes of 64 patients, aged from 4 to 13 years (mean 6.8 +/- 2.1) and 26 eyes of 13 control subjects aged from 5 to 13 years (mean 7.3 +/- 1.6) were examined with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FM-100). Amblyopic eyes were grouped as strabismic (21 eyes) and anisometropic (46 eyes). Each group was subdivided according to their visual acuity, as less than 5/10 and 6/10 or better. The total errors, blue-yellow (B-Y) and red-green (R-G) partial error scores were obtained for each group. One-way ANOVA was used to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: The error scores of all axes were lower in the control group than the amblyopic groups (p<0.001), but the differences within amblyopic groups were not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Deficient color vision in the amblyopic eyes was not related to the visual acuity and type of amblyopia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The objective measure of color vision in primary open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To objectively evaluate the clinical application of color pattern reversal visual evoked potential (CPR-VEP) on primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: CPR-VEP and FM 100-hue test were performed in 31 eyes with POAG and 33 normal eyes. Color pattern stimulation was presented by color monitor controlled by computer program. The reversal rate of the stimulating pattern was 2 Hz and the spatial frequency of the stimulating was 0.53 cycle/degree. The color stimulating pattern include White/Black, Red/Black, Green/Black, Blue/Black, Yellow/Black, Red/Green and Blue/Yellow. RESULTS: CPR-VEP P1 latencies were obviously prolonged in POAG group in comparison with normal control group in equiluminance. All CPR-VEP P1 amplitudes, except Blue/Black P1 amplitude, show no differences between POAG group and normal control group. CONCLUSION: P1 latencies of all CPR-VEP and P1 amplitude of Blue/Black CPR-VEP were parameters for identifying acquired dyschromatopsia caused by POAG. The results showed nonselective damages in color channels and luminance channel in POAG. CPR-VEP is helpful in detecting acquired dyschromatopsia.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of colour blindness in young Jordanians.

Colour blindness is one of the common genetic disorders observed in all human populations. It is a sex-linked recessive trait. The genes are located on the X chromosome within the Xq28 band. 1,418 university students (1,200 female and 218 male) from Zarka Private University and the Hashemite University were randomly selected and tested for congenital red/green colour blindness, by using Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic colour plates. A total of 23 individuals were found to be colour blind. In females, 4 students (0.33%) were colour blind: 1 of them showed protanomalia, 1 protanopia and 2 deuteranomalia. In males, 19 students (8.72%) were colour blind: 4 showed protanomalia, 3 protanopia, 8 deuteranomalia and 4 deuteranopia. The allelic frequencies of the colour vision gene were found to be 0.087 in males, 0.003 in females and 0.016 in the total population. Studies on colour blindness in Jordan are very few; this population-based investigation is meant to fill a gap in this field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Color spaces of color-normal and color-abnormal observers reconstructed from response times and dissimilarity ratings.

With multidimensional scaling analysis, color spaces were reconstructed from reaction times (RTs) required to make same-different judgements of pairs of 15 equiluminant colors and from dissimilarity ratings between them. In addition to normal trichromats, observers with red-green color deficiency were tested. Two main purposes were served by this study: (1) to compare spatial representations of colors derived from discriminative RTs with those derived from dissimilarity measures and (2) to examine whether the task may selectively affect the dimension reflecting, in color-abnormal spaces, the deficient red-green mechanism. Contradicting our hypothesis of lower dimensionality of RT spaces, as compared with rating spaces, no consistent differences in solution dimensionality were found. However, configurations derived from the two measures diverged. The rating procedure yielded the most logical results for recovering color space. The RT configuration revealed contraction in the tritanopic direction, indicating longer color processing when the short-wavelength mechanism is involved, and in addition, for color-abnormal observers, clustering in the protanopic and deuteranopic directions, indicating even longer processing by the deficient red-green mechanism. This finding implies that RTs are suitable for detecting temporal differences in color processing but, for that very same reason, rather ill-suited for reconstructing color spaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[PC software for evaluating the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test].

This computer program is designed for faster elaboration of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test. It is thus made user friendly, in that faultless input of data can be achieved, even by an untrained person. Evaluation is facilitated by the opportunity of representing two results at the same time. Examples of typical colour vision deficiencies are stored in a file and can then also be called up. Storing the results in a special data file helps to avoid the time consuming printing process. However, a hardcopy is supported by storing the last grafic in a standard PostScript-file, thus giving easy access to any printer. This program is applicable for IBM- or compatible PCs. Extensive use is possible by means of a software interface with the wide spread database-system DBASE.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1990

[The use of the panel D-15 test in estimating the convergence points for deuteranopia].

In order to study the deuteranopic convergence points we compared the patterns of the simulated panel D-15 test with the actual data from 73 cases of deuteranopia. It was found that 39 of the 73 cases matched one of the four simulation patterns perfectly while another 25 cases showed similar patterns. Of the 64 cases, 9 cases matched the simulated pattern obtained when the x chromaticity coordinates were between 1.1810 and 1.4319, 42 cases when they were between 1.4320 and 2.2588, 7 cases when they were between 2.2589 and 3.6255 and 6 cases when they were between 3.6256 and 4.6572. These results confirm that there are significant individual differences in the convergence points of deuteranopes and support the theory that the confusion lines meet at a specific point rather than running parallel.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Distorted colour discrimination in Parkinson's disease is related to severity of the disease.

The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test (FMT) may be used for measurement of colour discrimination and error scores of the FMT provide an unspecific biological marker for the distinction between parkinsonian patients (PP) and healthy controls. The aim of this study was to examine the possible association between distorted colour discrimination and disease severity in untreated "de novo" PP Error scores of the FMT were significantly (P<0.0001) elevated in PP compared to age- and sex-matched controls and correlated to severity of the disease. We conclude that impaired colour discrimination is related to pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. But it remains unclear whether these alterations of colour vision reflect striatal dopamine deficiency or changes of retinal dopaminergic pathways in PP.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Final clarification of Goethe's findings in the examination of color blind patients].

During his researches on colour-vision Goethe has examined two colour blind students. The reports and the colour tests made by Goethe himself are mostly preserved. Due to the colour confusions in the whole purple zone Goethe decided that the subjects were blue blind. During the 19th century-- however--the supposition arose that it must have been a red-green-blindness. It was Trendelenburg, who supposed a deuteranopia. On the other hand reconstructions of Goethe's examinations had the result that it was in all probability a protanopia. A final solution of this discussion is now possible after a great-grandson of Goethe's subject Gildemeister was found out and examined at Nagel's anomaloscope. He is a typical protanope. According to the pedigree demonstrating the typical x-linked hereditary transmission, we can be sure that Goethe's subjects were protanopes.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1980

The use of colour vision measurement in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity.

Colour vision has been measured, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test, in control subjects and in patients taking digoxin. In 10 patients with digitalis toxicity, of whom only two described symptomatic abnormalities, colour vision was impaired compared with that of both control subjects and non-toxic patients who had been taking digoxin for more than two months. Withdrawal of digoxin from toxic patients led to improved colour vision. Colour vision scores correlated well with (a) log plasma digoxin concentrations, and (b) various measures of the pharmacodynamic effects of cardiac glycosides on cation transport in the patients' own erythrocytes. These results suggest that colour vision assessment may be of use in screening for digitalis toxicity at the bedside and in assessing the degree of digitalis intoxication in an individual patient as an aid to clinical research.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Vision defects in albinism.

We have examined the possible presence of color vision anomalies in 9 individuals (17 eyes, 1 blind) with fundus findings suggesting ocular albinism using the Ishihara plates, the 28-hue Roth test, and the Davico anomaloscope. Results indicate that four of these individuals show no sign of the anomalies expected in an albino in either of the two eyes. Of the remaining cases, two are simple deuteranomals in both eyes, according to Pickford's classification criteria. The rest have protanomaly; however, in these the deviation toward red appears in both eyes in only one subject, whereas in the other two subjects it appears in only one eye, their binocular color vision being basically normal. Our study shows that a large proportion of these albinos have photophobia, pendular nystagmus, strabismus, noticeable refractive errors (astigmatism and high myopia), and poor visual acuity [usually less than 6/30 (20/100) with correction]. The measurement of contrast sensitivity function (CSF) indicates that the frequency of 12 cpd cannot be perceived, even in binocular vision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The use of the Lanthony New Color Test in determining the effects of aging on color vision.

The primary purpose of this study was to collect data on the loss of color vision as a function of age. The Lanthony New Color Test (NCT), which measures acquired losses of color vision in the dimensions of hue, saturation, and brightness, was used to compile data on 68 subjects. The minimum number of subjects were 10 per decade from age 30 to 90 years. An age gradient of selective loss of discrimination of saturation beginning at age 50 was demonstrated, with rapid change noted after age 60. Similar findings were seen for hue but were not evident for brightness. By age 70, a neutral zone emerged at blue/purple, Munsell chroma level 2. The instrument was shown to be reliable and valid in comparison to the Farnsworth Dichotomous Panel D.15. It is seen that this information will provide a basis for planning safer, more functional environments for elderly people.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Rayleigh match ranges of red/green color-deficient observers: psychophysical and molecular studies.

Large-field Rayleigh match ranges were measured in 27 red/green color-deficient male observers, using bright, temporally alternating, 3-9 deg annular test fields. The observers' X-linked opsin gene arrays were characterized by molecular genetic techniques, and used to infer the absorption maxima of each observer's L and/or M cone photopigment(s). Measured match ranges decreased rapidly as the inferred separation in pigment absorption maxima increased from 0 to 2-3 nm, and varied irregularly thereafter. Following He & Shevell [(1995) Vision Research, 35, 2579-2588] predicted match ranges were calculated for various pigment separations and assumed values of pigment optical density. The predicted variations in match range encompassed the measured match ranges of most (but not all) of the color-deficient observers. The calculations also showed that differences in pigment optical density, in two cone types containing the same pigment, are sufficient to allow a moderate degree of chromatic discrimination. Such models thus provide a possible account of the fact that some color-deficient observers, with only a single X-linked opsin gene, can make red/green chromatic discriminations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of desaturated Panel D-15. III. Evaluation of the validity of the desaturated Panel D-15].

The estimation of the validity of a test refers to whether this test measures what it claims to measure. The validity of the desaturated panel D-15 was estimated in 248 subjects with congenital hereditary dyschromatopsia. The method used was based on a qualitative and quantitative study of the so-called lines of confusion joining the positions of the colored caps on the classical Farnsworth's diagram. The qualitative estimation was evaluated according to the prevailing number of lines of confusion which were parallel to a given line of reference of the diagram; it was related to the axis of the dyschromatopsia. The comparison of the results with results of Nagel's anomaloscope used as a reference test, demonstrated an overvaluation of the number of the protan subjects (anomaloscope: 77; desaturated D-15: 107) and an undervaluation of the number of deutan subjects (anomaloscope: 169; desaturated D-15: 70). This kind of discrepancy was not apparent with the standard Panel D-15. The quantitative estimation was evaluated according to the whole number of lines of confusion whatever their directions; it was related to the severity of the dyschromatopsia. The comparison of the results with the results of Nagel's anomaloscope demonstrated that the dichromatic and extreme anomalous trichromatic subjects nearly always (40 subjects out of 42) had 7 lines of confusion, or more; the simple anomalous trichromatic subjects had a variable number of lines of confusion, from 1 to 8, without any prevalence in the great majority of cases (193 subjects out of 204).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1978

Clinical experience with the Lovibond Colour Vision Analyser. Results from the examination of normal and congenital colour-deficient subjects.

The Colour Vision Analyser was used for testing 98 persons of both sexes, aged from 10 to 70 years, and recognized as normal by means of pseudo-isochromatic plates and an anomaloscope. A drop of the saturation thresholds from yellow to green and from blue to purple was observed from the age of 40 years. The saturation thresholds from yellow to green was found lower in every age group than that from blue to purple. Congenital colour defects could be completely distinguished from normal subjects. As for the classification in types, those diagnosed as deutan by means of the anomaloscope were also diagnosed as deutan by the Analyser, however, there were, among those diagnosed as protan by the anomaloscope, some subjects who were diagnosed as deutan by the Analyser. Nearly all cases could be classified as anopia or anomaly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Clinical analysis of colour vision deficiencies with The City University test.

The City University colour vision test (CUCVT) was used for the examination of 158 subjects suffering from congenital colour vision defects (36 protanopes, 122 deutanopes) and its results were compared with that of an anomaloscope and of the panel D-15. 23% of the subjects classified as protanopes and 98% of the subjects classified as deuteranopes by means of the anomaloscope were also classified as such by means of the CUCVT, while 93% of the subjects classified as protanomalous and 90% of the subjects classified as deuteranomalous by means of the anomaloscope gave normal answers at the CUCVT. The results of the CUCVT were almost the same as with panel D-15 except protanopia. The colour spots of each plate of the CUCVT were plotted on a CIE chromaticity diagram and the results of this study are also reported.

Adolescent↗