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PubMed1982

Epidemiological aspects of osteo-arthritis--an interview survey of the Swedish population and a review of previous studies.

A review of available prevalence data illustrates the importance of criteria and sampling in the study of osteo-arthritis (OA). An interview survey and insurance data were used to investigate regional distribution of OA in Sweden. Reported longstanding illness, complaints, handicap or other debility due to OA were most prevalent in Northern and in a South-Eastern areas of Sweden. OA was more prevalent among women than among men after retirement age. It was a larger part of all longstanding disorders in the South-Eastern than in other parts of Sweden. Several factors of physical strain from work were frequent in the South-Eastern and Northern areas but complaints of hot and cold climate conditions at work place were the most significant factors. The frequency of early pension due to OA was highest in the North of Sweden but higher frequencies were registered also in the South-Eastern region compared to adjacent areas of Southern Sweden.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Temperature effect on the immune defense functions of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus.

The Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus is an endangered fish species in Finland, and thus farming is carried out mainly for stocking purposes. Farmed charr are susceptible to infection with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (aAS). Losses of valuable brood stock will severely reduce the genetic diversity of stocked charr. No commercial vaccines are available to prevent aAS infection, and vaccines against furunculosis (caused by typical A. salmonicida, tAS) do not protect the charr against aAS infection. The effects of a metabolizable oil-adjuvanted, bivalent vaccine (containing killed aAS and A. salmonicida salmonicida bacteria) on the immune system of 1 yr old hatchery-reared charr originating from Lake Inari in Northern Finland were examined. Fish vaccination in Finland generally takes place either from October to November or from February to April, when the water temperature is low (1 to 3degrees C). The water temperature starts to increase in mid-May. Therefore, we also investigated whether post-vaccination (p.v.) temperature had an influence on the immune system of this cold-water fish species. The fish were immunized intraperitoneally at 2.9 degrees C at the end of April. After 52 d, during which the water temperature increased from 2.9 to 10.0 degrees C, the charr were exposed to 1 of 3 test temperatures: 10.3, 14.1 or 18.1 degrees C. Prior to vaccination, and 49, 75 and 103 d p.v., several immune parameters were measured in both unvaccinated and vaccinated charr. Vaccination induced a significant anti-aAS-specific antibody response, and increased plasma lysozyme activity at all p.v. temperatures. The haemolytic activity of the complement system was unaffected either by vaccination or p.v. temperatures. There was a slight positive correlation between p.v. temperature and lysozyme activity of the charr. The significant increase in lysozyme activity took place in vaccinated charr in the first 49 d p.v. as water temperatures increased from 2.9 to 10 degrees C. Furthermore, the highest activity of lysozyme in the plasma was observed 49 d p.v. Our results indicate that a rise in water temperature above 10 degrees C does not significantly enhance the vaccination response of charr. This could be one reason why farmed Arctic charr, which are well adapted to a cold climate, are highly susceptible to aAS infection in the summer.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1988

Analysis of factors affecting year-round performance of Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens reared under an open-sided housing system.

Based upon a field survey, an analysis was made to clarify factors affecting year-round performance of laying hens reared within an open-sided housing system. Data were collected from flocks located in Kumagaya city (36 degrees N, Japan), where they were subjected to periodic seasonal changes in photoperiod and ambient temperature specific to that area. Monthly performance of Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens at 5 to 16 mo of age was recorded and analyzed in terms of month of hatch, ambient temperature, and age. Changes in egg production and daily egg mass coincided with those in natural daylength. Egg weight was significantly lower in June-hatched layers; egg mass was highest in May and lowest in December hatches. Feed, CP, and ME intakes showed opposite periodic changes to that of ambient temperature with various delay times: ME intake showed no delay, whereas feed and CP intakes had 18 and 29-day delays, respectively. By comparing the performances of April to June and September to November-hatched hens, it was found that natural photoperiod appeared to be more important than ambient temperature in egg production, and that the effect of natural photoperiod became small and insignificant as the bird aged. The effect of temperature on egg production rate was found to be dependent on age of laying hens, i.e., it was more evident in old birds, especially when birds were exposed to a cold climate. Apparent age-dependent changes in the periodic element of egg production rate as related to calendar month were also shown.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Cold injury complicating trauma in subzero environments.

Trauma sustained in freezing and subzero conditions may be complicated by secondary cold injury, either locally to non-perfused tissue or generally throughout the body, causing hypothermia. A series of experiments, in which the cooling pattern of exposed tissue from which the epidermis was removed was studied, in simulated tissue injury in a subfreezing environment, is reported. Cooling curves for mammalian tissues (simulated exposed wounds) have been constructed for varying conditions of dry bulk temperature and wind speed. For low wind speeds, the time for tissue freezing was reduced by two minutes for every degree Celsius fall in the environmental temperature. The use of a simple polythene "survival bag" halved the rate of cooling to the freezing point of mammalian tissue. Practical implications for first aid and wound management in the subzero environment are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Variegate porphyria.

In temperate and cold climates the most usual presenting symptom of variegate porphyria is an acute porphyric attack, indistinguishable from that seen in acute intermittent porphyria. Increased fragility of the skin in sun-exposed areas occurs in only half of such patients, and even then is usually mild and easily overlooked. The diagnosis depends on fecal excretion of porphyrins, which is greatly increased in variegate porphyria and consists predominantly of protoporphyrin. Urinary excretion of porphobilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid increases only during acute attacks. There are reasons for thinking that variegate porphyria is commoner than hitherto supposed. During an acute attack a patient without skin symptoms may well be misdiagnosed as having acute intermittent porphyria, because of identical symptoms and excretion of porphobilinogen in the urine. Thus, for a correct diagnosis, every patient presenting with symptoms of acute porphyria requires a fecal analysis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

[Functional homology in response of human cardiorespiratory system to effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia under different environmental conditions].

The authors studied physiologic peculiarities associated with cardiorespiratory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in various climate and geographic conditions, to combined effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and physical burden, in artificial atmosphere with various velocity of hypoxia and hypercapnia increase. The studies were based on a hypothesis of universal mechanism that describes regulation of gas-transporting system and is aimed to supply oxygen to the body under ecologic hazards. The authors revealed similarity of circulatory and respiratory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in various ecologic circumstances.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2000

Toxigenic fungi: which are important?

Growth of commonly occurring filamentous fungi in foods may result in production of mycotoxins, which can cause a variety of ill effects in humans, from allergic responses to immunosuppression and cancer. According to experts, five kinds of mycotoxins are important in human health around the world: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, certain trichothecenes, and zearalenone. These toxins are produced by only a few species of fungi, in a limited range of commodities. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in peanuts, maize and some other nuts and oilseeds. Ochratoxin A is a kidney toxin and probable carcinogen. It is produced by Penicillium verrucosum in cereal grains in cold climates, by A. carbonarius in grapes, wines and vine fruits, and by A. ochraceus sometimes in coffee beans. Fumonisins, which may cause oesophageal cancer, are formed by Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum, but only in maize. Trichothecenes are highly immunosuppressive and zearalenone causes oestrogenic effects; both are produced by F. graminearum and related species. Current reporting probably underestimates the effect of mycotoxins as a cause of human mortality.

Aspergillus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A new oil-oxidizing micromycete Fusarium sp].

The strain Fusarium sp. No. 56 isolated from natural oil-containing soil samples taken near the city of Oktyabr'skii, Republic of Bashkortostan, displayed a pronounced capability of biotransforming oil and its light and heavy fractions. This micromycete is nonpathogenic and can grow at 10 degrees C. The latter property is of practical significance for its uses in soil and water bioremediation under cold climatic conditions of Bashkortostan and other regions.

Fusarium↗
PubMed1987

Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial ecosystem research, 1986-1987

The apparent lifelessness of the Ross Desert is in marked contrast to the diversity of cryptoendolithic microorganisms inhabiting the interstices of sandstone rocks. The endolithic habitat provides a protective niche for lichens, bacteria, algae, and fungi, enabling them to exist in an extremely dry and cold climate. Composed solely of microorganisms living under the surface of rocks and totally lacking animals and protozoa, this ecosystem is controlled by measurable physical variables and well suited for ecosystem study and modeling. The work of the antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial ecosystem research group has involved physical measurements of nanoclimate (microbial environment inside rocks) (Friedmann, McKay, and Nienow 1987), taxonomy (Darling, Friedmann, and Broady 1987; Hale 1987), microdistribution, organism-substrate interactions including the ongoing process of fossilization (Friedmann and Weed 1987), physiological ecology, and quantification of the nitrogen economy.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed2000

Life at body temperatures below 0 degrees C: the physiology and biochemistry of Antarctic fishes.

Fishes of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica are dominated by species of the suborder Notothenoidei. For approximately 14MY, these highly successful fishes have evolved under stable thermal conditions that result in a body temperature of ca. 0 degrees C throughout their life histories. Evolution in this chronically cold environment has led to unusual physiological and biochemical characteristics. In some cases, these characteristics are essential to survival and normal biological function at cold body temperature (e.g., development of antifreeze glycoproteins, structural modification of enzymes, cold-stable microtubules, and cardiovascular adaptations). In other instances, mutations that probably would have been lethal in warmer, less oxygen-rich environments than the Southern Ocean have been retained in Antarctic fishes (e.g., loss of hemoglobin production and variable expression of myoglobin in one notothenioid family, the Channichthyidae). These unique animals offer opportunities for insight into evolutionary processes leading to physiological and biochemical characteristics that either arise from strong selective pressure or persist through relaxation of selective pressure. After briefly describing the Antarctic marine environment, I discuss several unique aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of Antarctic fishes, specifically emphasizing our laboratory's recent studies of an unusual pattern of myoglobin expression in the Channichthyid icefishes.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2001

Carbon monoxide poisoning.

OBJECTIVES: We studied the clinical profile and autopsy findings of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning encountered at a hospital located at the altitude of 5,000 ft above mean sea level. METHODS: Clinical and postmortem findings in 25 and 15 cases of accidental CO poisoning respectively were evaluated. The diagnosis was made on circumstantial evidences, definite history of "Bukhari" burning and positive Kunkel's test for carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). Detailed routine investigations including pulse oxymetry, X-ray chest and electrocardiographical monitoring was carried out in all the 25 patients. Oxygen (100%) via an endotracheal tube in all the comatosed patients and by conventional non-rebreathing plastic face masks was the mainstay of treatment. All patients were monitored and followed up for any delayed neurological sequelae. RESULTS: Most of the patients were young adults and the duration of exposure varied between three to eight hours. The initial diagnosis was stroke in three, seizure in one, encephalitis in two and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in four. Neurological and respiratory signs and symptoms were noted in 19 and 18 of 25 patients respectively. SPO2 measured by pulse oxymetry was normal in all cases. ECG was suggestive of IHD in four patients. No delayed neurological sequelae was noted in any patients. Autopsy revealed deep red discoloration of skin and serous membranes in 80%, pulmonary oedema in 100% and cerebral oedema with widespread multiple pin point haemorrhages mainly in thalamus and globus pallidus in 40%. CONCLUSION: A high level of suspicion and routine history about the kind of indoor heating, specially in cold climate areas during winter will help in early diagnosis and decrease the incidence of misdiagnosis of CO poisoning. Oxygen (100%) or hyperbaric oxygen, if available should be administered without waiting for COHb levels to decrease morbidity and mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Accidental hypothermia in the elderly].

BACKGROUND: Accidental hypothermia is unintended body core temperature of 35 degrees C or below, a known hazard to elderly people in temperate and cold climates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present two old patients with severe hypothermia and a review of the literature focusing on risk factors, clinical presentation, and the treatment of hypothermia in the elderly. RESULTS: Two patients, aged 90 and 102 years, with body core temperature < 28 degrees C were successfully treated at Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway with slow active external rewarming and a low stress strategy as recommended in the geriatric literature. Successful treatment with more rapid rewarming and use of internal rewarming like peritoneal lavage has also been published. The prognosis of elderly victims of hypothermia is known to be worse than for younger individuals. Epidemiological data are scanty. The most important risk factors are connected to ageing itself and to the morbidity often found in elderly hypothermia victims. Treatment is based on experience from few cases, minor prospective studies mainly on rewarming of younger patients and clinical experience from younger patients. INTERPRETATION: There is a need for more knowledge and experience of treating elderly hypothermia victims.

Accidents↗
PubMed1956

Transmission of blood and serum samples.

Until recently comparatively little attention has been paid to the problems arising from the transmission of blood and serum samples for serological testing. But the question has now acquired greater importance and urgency with the development of international parallel testing of sera and with the need to send sera for testing from survey areas remote from laboratory facilities. The author summarizes the results of various experiments to determine the effect of transport on blood and serum samples in transmission by post and by air, through hot, temperate, and cold climates. These have shown that time and temperature have a very considerable effect on the keeping qualities of whole blood and of serum, and that preservatives can be useful, at least with sera. But they have also made it clear that the causes of infection and haemolysis of samples still require much study.Thought must also be given to the size, shape, and general construction of blood-sample containers if specimens are to arrive safely at their destination and if contamination is to be avoided.

Blood↗