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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Best practice in forensic entomology--standards and guidelines.

Forensic entomology, the use of insects and other arthropods in forensic investigations, is becoming increasingly more important in such investigations. To ensure its optimal use by a diverse group of professionals including pathologists, entomologists and police officers, a common frame of guidelines and standards is essential. Therefore, the European Association for Forensic Entomology has developed a protocol document for best practice in forensic entomology, which includes an overview of equipment used for collection of entomological evidence and a detailed description of the methods applied. Together with the definitions of key terms and a short introduction to the most important methods for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval, the present paper aims to encourage a high level of competency in the field of forensic entomology.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Small assemblies of unmodified amyloid beta-protein are the proximate neurotoxin in Alzheimer's disease.

Pioneering work in the 1950s by Christian Anfinsen on the folding of ribonuclease has shown that the primary structure of a protein "encodes" all of the information necessary for a nascent polypeptide to fold into its native, physiologically active, three-dimensional conformation (for his classic review, see [Science 181 (1973) 223]). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) appears to play a seminal role in neuronal injury and death. Recent data have suggested that the proximate effectors of neurotoxicity are oligomeric Abeta assemblies. A fundamental question, of relevance both to the development of therapeutic strategies for AD and to understanding basic laws of protein folding, is how Abeta assembly state correlates with biological activity. Evidence suggests, as argued by Anfinsen, that the formation of toxic Abeta structures is an intrinsic feature of the peptide's amino acid sequence-one requiring no post-translational modification or invocation of peptide-associated enzymatic activity.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1993

[The Bartholinian era--anatomy at the time of Christian IV].

At the time of King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway the University of Copenhagen was one of the most famous universities in Europe because of the epoch making medical research carried out there. The author presents a dynasty of anatomists--the Bartholin family--who dominated medical teaching and science for a century.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1989

[Natural and unnatural health].

There are four historical eras of health and illness. During the first era, which lasted many hundred centuries, health was interpreted as a state of absent or transient illness, the latter being a manifestation of death, the bitter beginning of a bad end. Only healthy persons with a finite disease should be treated, and only until they have recovered and can continue to live as before. The second era also accepts that death stands behind illness and that the physician must surrender to it whenever he meets definite illness. But in the light of the biblical message of firstly Judaism and then Christianity, love already shows the path leading further to the affirmative devotion to the sufferer: "patient". If the return to everyday-life was impossible, there was love and as a new "invention" the visit at the bedside as a work of charity. Only modern science and its industrialization ushered in a new era. The patient who is no more in for death expects in this third era very much more than the blessing of a visit. He even feels somewhat uncomfortable about being called on as a sick person, which he is only for a time now. But this era of rescuing treatment of all diseases without exception, because all diseases are essentially curable has also misleading consequences since research and business done with medicine everywhere in the world tends to suggest that pain, disease-and death as well!-can be eliminated. This promise of Unnatural Health makes the sick and dying persons meaningless to themselves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1983

[The natural increase of the Catholic population of Quebec before 1850: historiographic and quantitative perspectives].

"The author presents a critical evaluation of the different estimates of birth, death, and marriage rates in French Canada before 1850. He examines critically the sensitivity of these estimates to changes in the nature of the prevailing conceptual framework. In particular, the impact of the 'natalist' tradition and of the 'demographic transition hypothesis' on these estimates is noted." (summary in ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2004

The stability of historical control data for common neoplasms in laboratory rats: adrenal gland (medulla), mammary gland, liver, endocrine pancreas, and pituitary gland.

Time-related changes in the incidences of spontaneous neoplasms in adrenals (medulla), mamma, liver, pituitary, and (endocrine) pancreas were assessed statistically in Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, and F344 rats employed by BASF, Germany and major European contract research organizations over the last 20 years. Negative trends (7 of 80 cases) were observed for pituitary pars distalis adenomas in Sprague-Dawley males and females, for pancreas islet cell adenomas in BASF Wistar males and females, for benign adrenal pheochromocytomas in Sprague-Dawley males, for malignant pheochromocytomas in F344 males, and for mammary gland fibroadenomas in BASF Wistar females. Positive trends (13 of 80 cases) were observed for benign pheochromocytomas, mammary gland adenocarcinomas, and pancreas islet cell carcinomas in HanWistar females, for malignant pheochromocytomas and islet cell carcinomas in BASF Wistar males, for benign pheochromocytomas and islet cell adenomas in F344 males, for mammary gland fibroadenomas in Sprague-Dawley females, and for benign hepatocellular tumors in HanWistar males and females, and in BASF Wistar and Sprague-Dawley females. In 60 of 80 cases there were no statistically significant trends. These results indicate that the majority of tumor types showed no time trends and that, in each rat strain, certain tumor types are susceptible to slight positive or negative time trends. Accordingly, the validity and use of historical control data should be based on an organ- and strain-specific statistical analysis of tumor incidence over time.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Physical puritanism and religious dissent: the case of John Young (1820-1904), Sunderland chemist and druggist and Methodist lay preacher.

"Physical puritanism", the name given to the popular medical reform movements of early Victorian Britain by the Edinburgh academic Samuel Brown, nicely evokes their links with religious dissent. While historians have examined the formal organization, leadership, and membership of several of these movements, we know very little about the ways of thinking of their ordinary adherents. The diary of John Young (1820-1904), a Sunderland chemist and druggist and local preacher of the Wesleyan Methodist Association, affords unrivalled insights into the mind of one "physical puritan". In particular, Young's reading of the Edinburgh physician and phrenologist Andrew Combe's influential work Principles of Physiology (1834) can be examined in detail. Virginia Smith has argued that such advice books are valuable in providing access to lay ideas about health. Their readership, however, has not been studied. This article offers a case study which calls into question Smith's assertion that the new utilitarian popular physiology of the 1830s and 1840s was valued principally for the physical benefits offered by its therapies, so distinguishing it from its more spiritually-oriented eighteenth-century antecedents. I argue that the natural theology which marks Combe's work was important in helping dissenters like Young to appropriate new ideas (in particular ideas derived from the popular science of phrenology) not only to promote physical health, but also to assist in attaining spiritual goals. For some of their readers, Combe and Wesley were not so far apart.

Christianity↗
PubMed1992

[The policy of human biological reproduction in Brazil].

The author presents some of the historical determinations of the policies of human reproduction in Brazil, placing them among other social policies. She argues that reproductive profile of the social classes depends upon not only the biological reproduction, but also upon the work power.

Brazil↗
PubMed1997

[Antisemitism in medical-natural science and philosophical writings of Paracelsus].

During the "Third Reich", the famous German medical doctor Paracelsus (1493/94-1541) was often honoured as a forerunner of certain aspects of the "Nazi"-ideology. Especially some invectives against jews in his medical writings were often quoted in this context. But was he really the "racial" antisemite as the Nazis wanted to see him? In the present study the authors demonstrate in detail that Paracelsus, like many christian scholars in the early modern period, indeed was a propagator of a clear-cut antisemitism. But although he often used antisemitic stereotypes, his antisemitism was in no way "racial", and he was not one of the extremely radical antisemites of his time.

Germany↗
PubMed2006

Welfare state matters: a typological multilevel analysis of wealthy countries.

Building on the social science literature, we hypothesized that population health indicators in wealthy industrialized countries are 'clustered' around welfare state regime types. We tested this hypothesis during a period of welfare state expansion from 1960 to 1994. We categorized data from 19 wealthy countries into 4 different types of welfare state regimes (Social Democratic, Christian Democratic, Liberal and Wage Earner Welfare States). Outcome variables were the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the low birth weight rate (LBW), obtained from the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Data 2000 and from the United Nations Common Statistical Database (UNCSD). A two-level multilevel model was constructed, and fixed effects of welfare state were tested. Through the 39 years analyzed, Social Democratic countries exhibited a significantly better population health status, i.e., lower infant mortality rate and low birth weight rate, compared to other countries. Twenty percent of the difference in infant mortality rate among countries could be explained by the type of welfare state, and about 10% for low birth weight rate. The gap between Social Democracies and other countries widened over the 1990s. Our results confirm that countries exhibit distinctive levels of population health by welfare regime types even when adjusted by the level of economic development (GDP per capita) and intra-country correlations. It implies that countries, as groups, adopt similar policies or through any other ways, achieve similar level of health status. Proposed mechanisms of such process and suggestions for future research directions are presented in the discussion.

Asia↗
PubMed2006

Distinct metastable atmospheric regimes despite nearly Gaussian statistics: a paradigm model.

A controversial topic in the recent climate modeling literature is the fashion in which metastable low-frequency regimes in the atmosphere occur despite nearly Gaussian statistics for these planetary waves. Here a simple 57-mode paradigm model for such metastable atmospheric regime behavior is introduced and analyzed through hidden Markov model (HMM) analysis of the time series of suitable low-frequency planetary waves. The analysis of this paradigm model elucidates how statistically significant metastable regime transitions between blocked and zonal statistical states occur despite nearly Gaussian behavior in the associated probability distribution function and without a significant role for the low-order truncated nonlinear dynamics alone; turbulent backscatter onto the three-dimensional subspace of low-frequency modes is responsible for these effects. It also is demonstrated that suitable stochastic mode reduction strategies, which include both augmented cubic nonlinearity and multiplicative noise, are also capable of capturing the metastable low-frequency regime behavior through a single stochastic differential equation compared with the full turbulent chaotic 57-mode model. This feature is attractive for issues such as long-term weather predictability. Although there have been many applications of HMM in other sciences, this work presents a previously undescribed application of HMM analysis to atmospheric low-frequency variability and points the way for further applications including their use in extended range predictability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Notes for a cultural history of family therapy.

The official history of family therapy describes its beginnings as a daring technical and philosophical departure from traditional individual treatment in the 1960s, inspired especially by the "system thinking" of Gregory Bateson. This celebrated origin story needs to be supplemented with a longer and larger history of both practice and thought about the family, and that is the subject of this article. The longer history goes back to the founding of social work by Mary Richmond, of pragmatism by William James, and of the organic view of social systems intervention by John Dewey. Seen against this background, family therapy is, among other things, a consequence of the development of persistent elements of American professional culture, experience, and philosophy. The taking of this historical-anthropological view discloses also the origins of two other histories that have made their contribution to the development of family therapy: a science of observing communication processes that starts with Edward Sapir and leads to contemporary conversation analysis, and a history of mesmerism in the United States that culminates in Milton Erickson and his followers.

Family Therapy↗