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PubMed1974

Parental manipulation of child behavior in home observations.

The object of this study was to investigate the extent to which parents can manipulate their children's behavior in home observations. Twelve families with four- to six-year old children were recruited for the research. The parents were instructed to make their child look "bad" or "deviant" on three days of a six-day observation and to look "good" or "nondeviant" on alternate days. Results indicated that, as predicted, the rate of child deviant behavior, parental negative responding, and parental commands were all significantly higher on bad than good days. Parental responses to questionnaires provided more detailed information on how parents felt that they influenced their children in the desired directions. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for child psychopathology and the methodology of data collection in the natural environment.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pre-adoption stress and its association with child behavior in domestic special needs and international adoptions.

This article presents data from studies of children adopted through the United States public child welfare system and children adopted internationally from Romania. The article summarizes the data on: a). behavior problems as they relate to Romanian adoptees from a cross-sectional study, b). behavior problems for a sample of children adopted through the United States public child welfare system from a cross-sectional study, and c). a comparison of children's behavior for these two groups. Results indicate that the most significant predictor of children's behavior is a negative pre-adoptive history of abuse or institutionalization and the current parent-child relationship. In addition, the domestic and international adoptees' behavior is more similar than it is different. The study highlights the importance of helping families understand how early negative experiences are associated with behavior difficulties. Results suggest that families may have similar need for social and medical services, regardless of the country of origin of adoption.

Adoption↗
PubMed1993

Parent reports of child behavior problems: bias in participation.

This paper compares the characteristics of 274 children whose parents agreed to provide information about their children's functioning in research with children whose parents did not. Parents had provided permission for child participation in school-approved research. Measures included self-, peer, teacher, and parent ratings. Parents of minority children were less likely to participate than parents of nonminority children. Among nonminorities, children of parent participants were viewed as more socially skilled and liked by their peers; teachers rated them as having less attention problems, less depression, and better academic skills than children of nonparticipating parents. Among minorities, no differences emerged. Implications for research involving the use of parent ratings are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Association between child behavior problems and frequent physician visits.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between parent-reported behavior problems and health care utilization, especially among physically healthy children. DESIGN: Analysis of data from the 1988 National Health Interviews Survey--Child Health Supplement. The sample for analysis consisted of 11,840 children aged 5 to 17 years. The independent measure of primary interest are behavior problems as measured by the Behavior Problems Index. For the bivariate analysis, children in the lowest quartile, highest quartile and middle half were compared. For the multivariate analysis, children in the highest quartile with behavior problems were compared with all other children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of reported physician visits in the past year and the past 2 weeks, Two common behavior syndromes--antisocial and depressed or anxious--were analyzed separately to determine whether a specific type of behavior problem was associated with frequent health care utilization. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of the children aged 5 to 17 years had four or more health visits during the past year, and 2% had two or more visits during the past 2 weeks. Children in the top quartile for parent-reported behavior problems were more likely to have four or more physician visits than children in the middle half and bottom quartile. Children reported to be in "excellent," "very good," or "good" health who were in the top quartile of behavior problems were more likely to report four or more physician visits during the past year, but no statistically significant differences were seen among children reported to be in "fair" or "poor" health. Controlling for confounding variables, children in the top quartile of the Behavior Problems Index are significantly more likely to report four or more visits during the past year and two or more visits during the past 2 weeks compared with other children. Anxious or depressed and antisocial subscales of the Behavior Problems Index showed independent and significant associations with four or more physician visits in the past year. CONCLUSION: Children with parent-reported behavior problems are likely to have more frequent physician visits compared with children without behavior problems, even when confounding sociodemographic and health status variables are controlled. The association is concentrated among physically healthy children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prolonged trauma and subsequent suicidal behavior: child abuse and combat trauma reviewed.

Stressful events have long been acknowledged as important risk factors for suicidal behavior. Although suicide research has generally focused on less severe stressful events, a long-standing vulnerability for suicidal behavior may be a sequela of prolonged traumatic stressors. The present paper discusses the relationship between prolonged traumatic stress and subsequent suicidality by reviewing studies that have examined suicidal behavior in relationship to child abuse and combat trauma. Traumatic stress is conceptualized according to a person-environment interactional paradigm, and this paradigm is used to discuss the characteristics of traumatic events, recovery environments, and individuals that may contribute to subsequent suicidality.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The evaluation of child behavior during dental examination and treatment using predmedication and placebo.

The purpose of this study were to determine the association of scores on the North Carolina Behavior Rating Scale (NCBRS) to those of the Frankl scale during restorative visits; and to quantify and compare rated behavior of children during an oral examination and restorative visits involving either a placebo or a combination of chloral hydrate (CH) and hydroxyzine. Fifteen patients 21-37 months old participated in this institutionally approved study. The study was a double-blind, crossover design. Following an examination using a mirror, explorer, and prophylaxis cup, the child received either a placebo or a combination of chloral hydrate (CH) and hydroxyzine. Fifteen patients 21-37 months old participated in this institutionally approved study. The study was a double-blind, crossover design. Following an this institutionally approved study. The study was a double-blind, crossover design. Following an examination using a mirror, explorer, and prophylaxis cup, the child received either a placebo or a combination of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine. The sequence was reversed at the next appointment. All exam and treatment visits were videotaped and analyzed using the NCBRS. In addition, all treatment visits were rated with the Frankl scale. The data were analyzed using a repeated ANOVA and correlation coefficients. The results showed a high interrater reliability (> 86% agreement) and a significant correlation between the NCBRS and Frankl scale (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found for the amount of disruptive behavior among oral examination, placebo, and medication visits (P < or = 0.097), although a consistent decrease in mean disruptive behavior for that order of visits was observed most frequently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Method factors associated with assessment of child behavior: fact or artifact?

A sample of 64 phobic children between the ages of 6 and 16, with their general population matched controls, were rated by parents on the Louisville Behavior Check List and Louisville Fear survey and by School Behavior check list. The analysis of ratings by factor analysis revealed three instrument factors while a multiple discriminant analysis elicited a multidimensional phobic trait that crossed observers, situations, and instruments. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for multivariant analysis of behavior change as well as for classification of psychopathological disorders of childhood. The thesis is advanced that instrument factors elicited by factor analysis in psychotherapy change studies are statistical artifacts and that a multiple discriminant analysis is a more appropriate technique for the study of change as well as for classification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Validity of teacher nominations of child behavior problems.

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of teachers' identification of problem children. Ninety-five third-grade children served as subjects. Teachers nominated children as a conduct problem, withdrawal problem, or normal, resulting in 16, 14 and 65 children being assigned to the three groups. Behavioral observation, peer sociometric ratings, and academic achievement scores were collected. The results indicated that conduct problem children differed from normal children on behavioral, sociomeptric, and academic measures, whereas withdrawal children differed from normals on the latter two measures. Conduct problem and withdrawal problem children did not differ on any of the dependent measures. The results suggest that teachers can identify children who are having difficulties in class but may be less accurate in differentiating between different types of problem children.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Convergence of the Child Behavior Checklist with structured interview-based psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children with and without comorbidity.

We evaluated the convergence of CBCL scales with the diagnosis of ADHD and comorbid disorders in 133 ADHD and 118 normal control boys, aged 6-17 years old. We evaluated the strength of association between each CBCL scale and structured-interview derived diagnoses with Total Predictive Value (TPV) and the odds-ratio (OR). Excellent convergence was found between the CBCL Attention Problems scale with the diagnosis of ADHD, between the Delinquent Behavior scale and the diagnosis of CD, and between the Anxiety/Depression scale and the diagnoses of Anxiety Disorders. These findings indicate that the CBCL could serve as a rapid and useful screening instrument to identify comorbid and non-comorbid cases of ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Adult responses to child behavior and attitudes toward fathering: gay and nongay fathers.

This study examines gay and nongay fathers' responses to instruments measuring parenting style and orientation to the fathering role. Fifty-three respondents (24 gay and 29 nongay fathers) completed two surveys, and responses to each were analyzed. Both groups of fathers were found to have a developmental orientation toward their role as fathers, and no discernible parenting style could be found to distinguish one group from the other. Thus, gay and nongay fathers were found to be more similar than different with regard to parenting styles and attitudes toward fathering. This finding supports previous work (Bigner & Jacobsen, 1989a, 1989b) and expands the available knowledge based on the parenting styles of homosexual parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of psychologic functioning in children and adolescents with severe burns on the Rorschach and the Child Behavior Checklist.

The incidence of psychologic problems in 12 children and adolescents with severe burns was examined through four similar scales on the Children's Behavior Checklist and the Rorschach. No correlations were found for any of the pairs, which were Withdrawn-Isolation Index, Somatic Complaints-Anatomy + X-ray, Anxious/Depressed-Depression Index, and Thought Disorder-Schizophrenic Index. Discrepancies were explained as both accurate reflections of patients' personalities and function of the type of assessment instrument used to determine psychologic problems. Although the statistical power of the study is limited by the small sample size, the results suggest the lack of good objective psychologic assessment tools available to this population and the need for experienced professionals to interpret test results in light of their personal knowledge of the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Child behavioral health service use and caregiver strain: comparison of managed care and fee-for-service Medicaid systems.

This study compares behavioral health service utilization patterns and their determinants among Medicaid-enrolled children, ages 5-17 (N = 676) who were being served under managed care in Tennessee or a traditional fee-for-service system in Mississippi. Children in the fee-for-service program were significantly more likely than their counterparts in the managed care Medicaid program to receive behavioral health services (i.e., any service, support services, traditional outpatient services, day treatment, inpatient/residential care) and to receive more services overall. This finding held after controlling for the influence of other factors. Although child, family, and community variables were related to service use patterns, the relationships differed across systems. Caregiver strain was associated with several service use variables, but its influence was more pronounced in Tennessee. These findings support continued focus on the multi-level factors that shape behavioral health service use among children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Preschool children's field independence: prediction from antecedent and concurrent maternal and child behavior.

This study was designed to explore the stability of early precursors of field independence. Field independence at preschool age (3 1/2 yr.) was measured by the Preschool Embedded-figures Test and was regressed on measures of 24 children's social and exploratory behaviors at infancy (1 yr.) and at preschool and on measures of maternal interaction behaviors at infancy and at preschool. The children's exploratory behaviors and the mothers' behaviors at infancy and preschool were not predictive of cognitive style. The children's social behaviors at both ages were highly related to their cognitive styles. Examination of the regression equations suggested the field-dependent children seek more emotional reassurance from their mothers at both times of observation than field-independent children. The data did not provide support for the idea that mothers' proximal and distal behaviors towards their children influenced the early development of field independence.

Child Development↗
PubMed1997

Effects of deviant child behavior on parental distress and alcohol consumption in laboratory interactions.

Levels of adult distress and ad lib alcohol consumption following interactions with child confederates were investigated in parents of children with no diagnosable psychiatric disorders. Sixty parents (20 married couples and 20 single mothers) interacted with boys trained to enact behaviors characteristic of either normal children or "deviant" children with externalizing behavior disorders--attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Relative to the normal child role, interactions with deviant confederates were rated as significantly more unpleasant, resulted in feelings of role inadequacy, and produced significantly more anxiety, depression, and hostility. After the interactions, parents were given the opportunity to drink as much of their preferred alcoholic beverage as they desired while anticipating a second interaction with the same child. The participants consumed more alcohol following exposure to deviant as opposed to normal confederates.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Maternal factors related to parenting practices, developmental expectations, and perceptions of child behavior problems.

Parenting practices of a representative sample of 1,056 urban mothers with very young children were studied via the Parent Behavior Checklist (Fox, 1994) and the Behavior Screening Questionnaire (Richman & Graham, 1971). Potential determinants of parenting practices were also addressed, including maternal age, marital status, education level, number of children living at home, and family socioeconomic status. Less positive parenting practices concerning nuturing and discipline were found among mothers who were younger, had more than one child living at home, were single, had a lower income level, and had lower educational attainment. These mothers also tended to perceive their children as demonstrating more difficult behavior problems. However, the negative influence of some determinants of parenting practices, such as low income, was found to be moderated by the presence of other determinants, such as more education. The present results provide evidence that multiple determinants influence parenting practices among parents of young children.

Attitude↗