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PubMed1999

Song development by chipping sparrows and field sparrows.

When, where and from whom young songbirds learn their songs have been controversial issues in the study of song development. We chose to study some of these issues in two migratory and closely related songbirds, the chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina, and field sparrow, Spizella pusilla. Nestlings of both species were collected in western Massachusetts and hand-reared in the laboratory. There, juveniles were placed in separate cages and assigned to one of three rooms; in each room were eight young chipping sparrows, eight young field sparrows and two adult tutors of each species, arranged so that most of the young males were adjacent to adult tutors of the same species. During mid-winter, adult tutors were moved from one room to another, so that the young birds heard different song types from different tutors during their hatching year and the following spring. From spectral analysis of our extensive tape recordings, we found that most juvenile males imitated the songs of their hatching-year tutors but then gradually modified their songs to match more closely either their adult tutors or other pupils the next spring. One chipping and one field sparrow clearly imitated a new song syllable from a spring live tutor; that is, these yearling males learned songs by 'instruction'. Other sparrows improvised extensively, and one chipping sparrow learned a field sparrow's song syllable. Our results reveal great individual variation in how songs are developed, and we expect similar flexibility among birds in nature. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Acrylamide in Japanese processed foods and factors affecting acrylamide level in potato chips and tea.

Acrylamide concentrations in processed foods sold in Japanese markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods. Most potato chips and whole potato-based fried snacks showed acrylamide concentration higher than 1000 microg/kg. The concentrations in non-whole potato based Japanese snacks, including rice crackers and candied sweet potatoes, were less tha. 350 microg/kg. Those in instant precooked noodles were less than 100 microg/kg with only one exception. The effect of storage condition of potato tubers on acrylamide concentration in potato chips after frying was also investigated. Sugar content in the tubers increased during cold storage, and the acrylamide concentration increased accordingly. The concentrations of asparagine and other amino acids, however, did not change during the cold storage. High correlations were observed between the acrylamide content in the chips and glucose and fructose contents in the tubers. This fact indicated that the limiting factor for acrylamide formation in potato chips is reducing sugar, not asparagine content in the tubers. Effects of roasting time and temperature on acrylamide concentration in roasted green tea are also described.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1986

A phase II study of CHIP in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study).

The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) conducted a Phase II trial of CHIP, cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxy-bis-(isopropylamine)-platinum IV, in patients with measurable advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. No prior therapy with cytotoxic drugs was permitted in patients entered into this trial. All patients had a GOG performance status of 2 or better. CHIP at a starting dose of 230 mg/m2 was administered as a 30-minute IV infusion. Dose escalation was permitted to a maximum of 300 mg/m2. Treatments were repeated every four weeks until disease progressed or until toxicity prohibited further therapy. Thirty-six evaluable patients were entered between January and July, 1984. Of these, 34 were evaluable for response. Four complete and three partial responses were observed (response rate 20.6%). No neurotoxicity was noted and only mild and reversible nephrotoxicity was reported. Grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity was reported in twenty patients (56%). Dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression. CHIP is an active agent against squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and appears to be less neurotoxic and nephrotoxic than cisplatin. Gastrointestinal toxicity was moderate and appears equal to that seen with cisplatin at a dose of 50 mg/m2 given as a rapid IV infusion and more toxic than an equivalent dose of cisplatin administered over 24 hours. Randomized studies comparing CHIP and cisplatin are indicated to better define the relative therapeutic indices of these two compounds in the treatment of advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1995

Aquaporin-CHIP-related protein in frog urinary bladder: localization by confocal microscopy.

Aquaporin CHIP, a 28 kDa channel forming protein, has been proposed to function as water channel in both erythrocyte and kidney proximal tubule. Recently, we have reported that in frog urinary bladder, a model of the kidney collecting tubule, polyclonal antibodies against human erythrocyte CHIP recognize and immunoprecipitate a 30 kDa protein from the epithelial cell homogenate. In the present work confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the cellular and subcellular localization of CHIP28-like proteins in the urinary epithelium. A clear labeling of the apical border was found after Triton X-100 permeabilization. The labeling was distributed throughout the apical domain and not restricted to specific domains of the membrane. The staining was also present in the deeper confocal sections where the fluorescence seems to be localized at the cellular contour. No difference in the labeling patterns was observed between resting and ADH-treated bladder. Specificity of the staining was confirmed by the absence of the labeling pattern when antiserum was preadsorbed on CHIP28 protein immobilized on Immobilon P stripes. Our results suggest that CHIP-like proteins are not proteins inserted in the apical membrane during the antidiuretic response. Moreover, we do not know whether the labeling was due to the presence of CHIP28 itself or an as-yet-unidentified protein sharing immunological analogies with aquaporin CHIP.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of two platinum cytostatics CHIP and CBDCA in rats.

Plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetic parameters of CHIP (cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxy-bis-isopropylamine platinum IV) and CBDCA (cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum II) were investigated in male Wistar rats. The plasma clearance of total and non-protein-bound platinum was determined and compared with that of 99mTc-DTPA. For binding experiments, a novel, simple, and quick method based on adsorption of non-protein-bound platinum species to charcoal was used. The clearance of total platinum after CHIP and CBDCA administration was markedly lower than the glomerular filtration rate (determined as the clearance of 99mTc-DTPA). The renal clearance of non-protein-bound platinum corresponded to 168% and 50% of the glomerular filtration rate for CHIP and CBDCA, respectively. These studies suggested that CHIP was excreted by the rat kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

DNA chip technology ante portas.

The recent popularity of DNA chip technology has been fostered by the increasing demand for new diagnostic tools which allow the simultaneous analysis of large numbers of nucleic acid hybridization experiments in a timely fashion. The development of DNA chip-based assays has been strongly driven by modern approaches aiming at the comprehensive analysis of multiple gene mutations and expressed sequences. The broad range of current DNA chip applications include the detection of pathogens, the measurement of differences in the expression of genes between different cell populations, and the analysis of genomic alterations such as sequence and copy number alterations in disease-related genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms. We present an overview of the impact of DNA chip technology on the field of molecular medicine and discuss developments that can be expected in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Optimizing integrated optical chips for label-free (bio-)chemical sensing.

Label-free sensing is an important method for many (bio-)chemical applications in fields such as biotechnology, medicine, pharma, ecology and food quality control. The broad range of applications includes liquid refractive index sensing, molecule detection, and the detection of particles or cells. Integrated optics based on the use of waveguide modes offers a great potential and flexibility to tailor the sensor properties to these applications. In this paper, the results of a numerical study are presented, showing that this flexibility is founded on the many degrees of freedom that can be used for the integrated optical chip design, in contrast to other technologies such as those based on surface plasmon resonance, for which the materials' properties limit the range of choices. The applications that are explicitly considered and discussed include (1) bulk refractometry, (2) thin-layer sensing, for example biosensors monitoring molecular adsorption processes occurring within some 10 nm of the chip's surface, (3) thick-layer sensing with processes involving molecules or ions to be monitored within a sensing matrix extending to some 100 nm from the chip's surface, for example hydrogel-based layers and chemo-optically sensitive membranes, and (4) particle sensing with particles or, for example, biological cells to be monitored within probe volumes extending to some 1,000 nm from the chip's surface. The peculiarities for the different types of applications will be discussed, and suitable modeling methods presented. Finally, the application-specific design guidelines supplied will enable the optimization of various types of integrated optical sensors, including interferometers and grating-based sensors.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2001

On-chip electrophoretic accumulation of DNA oligomers and streptavidin.

A micro-chamber for electrophoretic accumulation of charged biomolecules has been designed and evaluated. The system is based on a chip with an array of planar focusing electrodes. Particular attention was devoted to a design which enables penetration of a large sample volume by the electric field of the focusing electrodes. General design principles for a cylindrically symmetrical arrangement of the focusing electrodes were derived. Accumulation of DNA oligomers and streptavidin in aqueous solution was demonstrated. The concentration of biomolecules in the centre of the chip was enhanced by up to a factor of 200. The major fraction of the total charge delivered during electrophoretic accumulation results from Faradaic processes. The maximum charge density deliverable without visible gas formation was determined. By careful control of the voltage and current density applied to the electrodes, evolution of gas bubbles could be avoided for the time required to accumulate analyte molecules in the centre of the micro-chamber. On-chip electrophoretic accumulation of biomolecules can be applied to sample pre-conditioning in lab-on-a-chip devices for analysis of DNA and protein samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bone chips and diced cartilage: an anatomically adopted graft for the nasal dorsum.

Since 1996, cranial bone chips or septal bone chips harvested during septal deviation surgery and small chips of ear or septal cartilage have been used in 67 patients for dorsal nasal augmentation or for smoothing dorsal nasal irregularities. In this study, 59 overresections of ostecartilaginous nose structures during previous aesthetic nose surgeries and 8 primary rhinoplasties occasioned the use of bone or cartilage grafts. For 57 patients both bone and ear cartilage grafts were used for the reconstruction. Bone grafts were used for seven cases and cartilage grafts for three cases. The results from 7 years, of experience with this method of nasal dorsum reconstruction were satisfactory and durable. The most important advantage of this method is that the bony side of the nose is reconstructed with bone and the cartilage side with cartilage. Another advantage is that the bone chips are incorporated with both nasal bones, building a strong dorsal nasal bony mono-black. This technique also is useful for augmenting mild saddle nose deformity and dorsal nasal projection deficiency on the bony part, cartilage part, or both parts.

Ear Cartilage↗
PubMed2000

Bigger size and defatting of bone chips will increase cup stability.

Morcellised bone allograft in an in vitro model was used to test the tendency towards cup rotation using small or larger fragment sizes of an impacted graft bed and different fat contents. A cup cemented on an impacted graft bed of larger sized bone chips from the Howex bone mill containing natural marrow fat was loaded eccentrically until the cup rotated. This required 3450 N. The same chips impacted in the same way, but defatted with warm saline solution required 7000 N for rotation. The smaller sized bone chips from the Tracer bone mill defatted in a similar manner required only 1950 N for cup rotation. The conclusion was that larger sized chips, partly defatted, prevent rotation of a cup cemented on a graft bed.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed2005

Rapid and stable buffer exchange system using InSitu Chip suitable for multicolor and large-scale whole-mount analyses.

Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and whole-mount immunohistochemistry (WIHC) are informative methods commonly used to analyze the spatiotemporal and quantitative distribution of mRNAs and proteins. However, these methods require multiple buffer changes and the imposition of time- and nerve-consuming efforts. To facilitate the whole-mount analyses, we innovated an easy and one-step buffer exchange system named "InSitu Chip" based on a single column containing two attached filters. This system improves the speed and stabilizes the different steps of the currently available protocols, providing fast and uniform operations. The InSitu Chip system is especially appropriate for multicolor whole-mount analyses using fluorescent detection. Furthermore, the InSitu Chip system is also suitable for large-scale whole-mount experiments associated with genome, transcriptome, and/or proteome analyses requiring high-throughput, high-quality, and reproducible results. Using the InSitu Chip, about 1,500 gene expression patterns were stably surveyed in ascidian Ciona intestinalis juveniles.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Real time PCR on disposable PDMS chip with a miniaturized thermal cycler.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost miniature PCR device consisting of a disposable reactor chip and a miniature thermal cycler. The simple fabrication of the PCR chip by PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) does not need micro-machining or photolithography processes. The thermal cycler was built with a thin film heater for heating and a fan for rapid cooling. This device can perform PCR tests in a single well chip or a multiple-well chip. It can run PCR reactions of different volumes to meet specific application requirements. The smallest reaction volume tested in this work is 0.9 microL. In addition, this device fits any standard fluorescence microscope for real time detection, which makes real time PCR affordable for most research labs and clinics with a fluorescence microscope. Real-time PCR of E. coli stx1 has been demonstrated with the device described.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2005

Flat-chip microanalytical enzyme sensor for salivary amylase activity.

It is considered that measurement of salivary alpha-amylase activity is a useful tool for evaluating the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a new design of a flat-chip microanalytical enzyme sensor (flat-chip sensor) for salivary amylase activity as a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), which may be used for wearable analytical systems. To meet this purpose, the biosensor needs to be miniaturized and to possess high-sensitivity. A pre-column and a flat-enzyme electrode were incorporated in a flow cell of volume 25.7 ml. In order to miniaturize the flow cell, two enzymatic membranes containing maltose phosphorylase obtained from Enterococcus hirae (MP membrane) and glucose oxidase and peroxidase (GOD-POD membrane) were immobilised on the same planar surface. As a result, a flat-chip sensor incorporating a flow cell as small as a C battery was produced. The optimum conditions of three parameters of the fabricated flat-chip sensor, the immobilising method of the enzymatic membrane, dropping volume of the mixed enzymatic solution and flow rate of the sample solution, were examined. An analytical system for 0-190 kU/l amylase activity with R(2) of 0.97 was fabricated with a sample volume of 50 microl. This research indicates the possibility of a wearable biosensor for continuous monitoring of salivary amylase activity.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

A low temperature bonding of quartz microfluidic chip for serum lipoproteins analysis.

A low-temperature bonding method for microfabrication of quartz microfluidic chips has been developed. The bonding process involved two steps: pre-bonding and post-annealing at low temperature. The bonding quality was evaluated by measuring the shear force at bonding interface and the electrical properties of the chips. Shear force of 5.66 MPa (566 N/cm(2)) was obtained in a bonded chip after a post-annealing at 200 degrees C for 6 h. We owe the strong bonding strength to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds at the bonding interface during the post-annealing stage. The bonding procedures were not sensitive to surrounding and could be performed in a routine laboratory without clean room conditions. The performance of the fabricated microfluidic chips was tested by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) of serum lipoproteins with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The low-density (LDL) and high-density (HDL) lipoproteins in the serum was separated completely by using tricine buffer with methylglucamine.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2006

Measures of bioavailable serum sex hormone levels in aging Chinese by protein chip.

The purpose of this study was to develop a protein chip technique based on receptor binding assays to measure bioavailable serum sex hormone levels (BSSHL). 224 aging healthy Chinese were investigated to get the referenced values of BSSHL for the first time. In the assays recombined sex hormone receptor proteins were jointed to polysaccharide coated slides to make protein chip, and the dose-dependence curves of sex hormone on chip were prepared. The data showed that this method had good precision (CV < 16%) and accuracy (Bias < 10%), and the sensitivity could reach 1 pmol/L. From the results, BSSHL of men and women declined with aging, but no significant differences were observed. The BSSHL of aging men were higher than those of women. The bioavailable serum androgen level of men was 52-112 pmol/L, women's was 3-70 pmol/L and the whole group was 41.9-81.4 pmol/L. The bioavailable serum estrogen level of men was 0.8-3.0 pmol/L, women's was 1.2-2.5 pmol/L and the whole group was 0.6-2.64 pmol/L. Based on the assays, BSSHL measurement by protein chip can meet the needs of epidemiological studies in terms of speed, accuracy and sample volume required, and was helpful in quantitative assessment of aging people's health.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Aerobic composting of chips from clear-cut trees with various co-materials.

Swollen chips made from trees felled during clear-cutting were composted with various organic and inorganic materials in an aerobic composting reactor for 5 months and then piled for 5 months. The organic materials included chicken feces, urea, nitrogenous lime (calcium cyanamide, manure), and material rapidly composted from food garbage in 24-h bacterial fermentation, while the inorganic materials were coal ash and volcanic ash. In this paper, we first attempt to estimate the quality and degree of maturity of each compost from its chemical properties. Furthermore, we try to calculate the maturity of the fermented wood chip composts from their mixture ratio of the initial materials by multiple linear regression analysis. We measured changes in the C/N ratio, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) content, percentage of humic acid in the alkali soluble fraction (PQ), cation exchange capacity, pH, and EC during the composting period. The degrees of maturity of the composts were estimated via a plant growth test using Chinese cabbage. We found that the CN ratio, NO3-N concentration, and PQ were suitable for estimating the degree of maturity of wood chip composts. For maturity, the CN ratio should be less than 14, the PQ more than 66.2, and the NO3-N concentration more than 853 mgkg-1. We devised an equation to estimate the degree of maturity after 10 months by a multiple linear regression analysis from the mixing ratio of wood chips and the co-composted materials. From the multiple linear regression analysis, the above three indices of compost maturity could be estimated from the mixing ratio of the initial materials. This equation should enable us to determine the degree of compost maturity after 10 months based on the initial mixing ratio.

Brassica↗
PubMed2004

Thermal chip fabrication with arrays of sensors and heaters for micro-scale impingement cooling heat transfer analysis and measurements.

The design and fabrication for a thermal chip with an array of temperature sensors and heaters for study of micro-jet impingement cooling heat transfer process are presented. This thermal chip can minimize the heat loss from the system to the ambient and provide a uniform heat flux along the wall, thus local heat transfer processes along the wall can be measured and obtained. The fabrication procedure presented can reach a chip yield of 100%, and every one of the sensors and heaters on the chip is in good condition. In addition, micro-jet impingement cooling experiments are performed to obtain the micro-scale local heat transfer Nusselt number along the wall. Flow visualization for the micro-impinging jet is also made. The experimental results indicate that both the micro-scale impinging jet flow structure and the heat transfer process along the wall is significantly different from the case of large-scale jet impingement cooling process.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2004

Cohort analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism on DNA chips.

A method has been developed to determine SNPs on DNA chips by applying a flow-through bioscanner. As a practical application we demonstrated the fast and simple SNP analysis of 24 genotypes in an array of 96 spots with a single hybridisation and dissociation experiment. The main advantage of this methodical concept is the parallel and fast analysis without any need of enzymatic digestion. Additionally, the DNA chip format used is appropriate for parallel analysis up to 400 spots. The polymorphism in the gene of the human phenol sulfotransferase SULT1A1 was studied as a model SNP. Biotinylated PCR products containing the SNP (The SNP summary web site: ) (mutant) and those containing no mutation (wild-type) were brought onto the chips coated with NeutrAvidin using non-contact spotting. This was followed by an analysis which was carried out in a flow-through biochip scanner while constantly rinsing with buffer. After removing the non-biotinylated strand a fluorescent probe was hybridised, which is complementary to the wild-type sequence. If this probe binds to a mutant sequence, then one single base is not fully matching. Thereby, the mismatched hybrid (mutant) is less stable than the full-matched hybrid (wild-type). The final step after hybridisation on the chip involves rinsing with a buffer to start dissociation of the fluorescent probe from the immobilised DNA strand. The online measurement of the fluorescence intensity by the biochip scanner provides the possibility to follow the kinetics of the hybridisation and dissociation processes. According to the different stability of the full-match and the mismatch, either visual discrimination or kinetic analysis is possible to distinguish SNP-containing sequence from the wild-type sequence.

Arylsulfotransferase↗