Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Caloric Intake”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Clinical approach to weight loss in the patient with HIV infection.

The loss of body weight is a common finding in the setting of AIDS or ARC. Weight loss usually heralds the appearance of an AIDS-associated infectious disease or neoplasm. Multiple mechanisms for catabolism exist, including decreased caloric intake, excessive caloric loss, and increased metabolic caloric consumption. Among the most serious implications of weight loss is the fact that many of the immune defects observed in persons with AIDS are exacerbated by protein-calorie malnutrition. There are myriad causes of weight loss in patients with AIDS and ARC. A systematic and thorough diagnostic approach guided by the patient's presenting symptoms often yields an etiology and therapeutic direction.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Nutritional effects of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.

Peritonitis, a major complication of end-stage renal disease patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), enhances peritoneal protein losses by increasing protein and energy requirements while simultaneously decreasing appetite, usually causing a negative nitrogen balance. The influence of peritonitis on the nutritional status of CAPD patients was evaluated. Fourteen end-stage renal disease patients being treated with CAPD and presenting with peritonitis were randomized to one group with and one without a nutritional supplement. Four CAPD patients without peritonitis served as controls. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory determinations, dietary protein intake, and protein catabolic rate were obtained. The control group lost an average of 9.6 gm protein per 24 hours in the peritoneal fluid vs. an average of 15.1 gm protein per 24 hours lost by patients with peritonitis (p less than .01). Serum albumin did not decrease except in two diabetic patients in whom it dropped an average of 42% and remained low. Nitrogen balance remained positive in all patients except one with diabetes who had very low daily protein intake and caloric intake. The catabolism produced by short uncomplicated peritonitis did not create a negative nitrogen balance in patients eating at least 1 gm protein per kilogram ideal body weight (IBW) and 25 kcal/kg IBW.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Influence of maternal dietary protein and fat levels on fetal growth in mice.

The influence of maternal dietary fat and protein levels during gestation on fetal growth was determined in LAF1/J mice. Dams were fed diets containing various levels of casein (ranging from 6 to 20%) and fat (either 5 or 15%). On the 18th day of gestation, all animals were sacrificed. Products of conception were examined, and maternal liver and fetal body compositional analysis was performed. It was found that low protein diets did not depress caloric intake, indicating that observed effects are due to differences in respective nutrient intakes rather than altered caloric intakes. Both the dietary protein and fat levels significantly influenced the fetal cellular growth (cell number rather than cell size) of LAF1/J mice. In addition, dietary fat influenced protein adequacy for satisfactory fetal cellular growth of these mice, probably by altering protein utilization. Optimal fetal cellular growth was obtained with the diet containing 20% casein and 15% fat as indicated by increased fetal protein, DNA, and RNA contents. Normal maternal liver lipid content in animals fed the 20% protein and 15% fat diet also indicates that this diet is optimal for gestational performance of LAF1/J mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma cholesterol concentrations, dietary fat intake, and cholesterol intake in pharmacy students.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of formal education on hyperlipidemia on pharmacy students' dietary fat consumption and plasma cholesterol concentrations over a 3-month period. DESIGN: Prospective, open, nonrandomized, controlled trial. SETTING: College of pharmacy. PARTICIPANTS: First professional-year (P1) and second professional-year (P2) pharmacy students. INTERVENTION: P2 students received 6 hours of formal education regarding cardiovascular risk factors and National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for detection and treatment of hyperlipidemia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of total caloric intake from fat and saturated fat and plasma cholesterol concentrations after 1 and 3 months. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the percentage of total caloric intake from total and saturated fat for P1 and P2 students at all time points, with P1 > P2. A significant time effect was also found for percentage of total caloric intake from total and saturated fat as well as dietary cholesterol consumption for both groups, indicating no net effect of the formal educational intervention. No differences were found in average percentage of total caloric intakes from total and saturated fat between our student sample and that of a national sample of Americans of similar age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Series III (NHANES III). Female pharmacy students appeared to have lower plasma cholesterol concentrations than women of the same age group in the general American population. CONCLUSION: Formal education did not alter students' percentage of total caloric intake from total and saturated fat or plasma cholesterol concentrations. Approximately 20% of pharmacy students may be eligible for more intensive diet and, perhaps, drug therapy for treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of a vegetable-based (soya) and an animal-based low-protein diet in predialysis chronic renal failure patients.

There is some experimental evidence to suggest that progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) is slower on diets based on soya protein than on diets based on animal protein. We have compared the effect of a soya-based vegetarian low-protein diet (VPD) and an animal-based low-protein diet (APD) in 15 patients with CRF. 15 patients with CRF (51Cr-EDTA-measured glomerular filtration rate 15-50 ml/min/1.73 m2) were studied. In a randomized crossover trial, the patients were given each diet (each containing 0.75 g protein and 32 kcal per kilogram body weight) for a 6-month period. Nine patients completed the trial, 2 others dropped out because they could not tolerate the VPD, 3 because of unrelated medical complications, and 1 for technical reasons. The caloric intake was higher and the protein, phosphate and essential amino acid intake lower on the VPD than on the APD. The compliance with the suggested caloric intake was better with the VPD than with the APD (97 vs. 88% of recommended intake), as was the compliance with the suggested protein intake (94 vs. 112% of recommended intake) and with the suggested phosphate intake (102 vs. 116%). The mean glomerular filtration rate, as judged by 51Cr-EDTA, was similar after 6 months on each diet and remained unchanged throughout the entire year of the study. The rate of fall of glomerular filtration, as measured by the slope of 1/serum creatinine was slowed by 73% during the 1-year study period as compared with the prestudy period. Nutritional status (as measured by body mass index, midarm circumference, and lean body mass and percent body fat), serum transferrin, cholesterol and albumin, and total lymphocyte count were similar on the two diets. The serum albumin level on both diets, however, was significantly higher on the two diets than during the prediet period. Blood urea nitrogen, urine urea nitrogen, protein catabolic rate, and 24-hour urine creatinine and phosphate were lower on the VPD than on the APD. The 24-hour protein excretion was similar on the two diets. The two low-protein diets resulted in a slowing in the progression of CRF. A VPD is well tolerated in CRF and is associated with lower protein and phosphate intakes and a higher caloric intake than an APD and may, therefore, be used as a safe alternative or partial substitute for the usual APD in CRF.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Failure of nonprotein calories to mediate protein conservation in brain-injured patients.

Nitrogen balance in response to varying caloric intake was studied in 17 non-steroid-treated patients with isolated severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scores, 4-9). Nitrogen excretion was found to remain relatively stable or to rise in response to protein intake over a wide range of nonprotein calorie intakes. Urine urea nitrogen excretion was not related to caloric intake, but was correlated (p less than 0.04) with nitrogen intake. In this study protein conservation was not achieved by increasing caloric intake up to and beyond two times the basal energy expenditure in the brain-injured patient. In these patients nitrogen balance could only be achieved by nitrogen intakes in excess of the high protein catabolic rate. These findings argue for a central control mechanism for protein catabolism that is independent of the magnitude of peripheral tissue injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Metabolic and respiratory effects of enteral nutrition in patients during mechanical ventilation.

The effect of enteral feeding on O2-consumption (VO2) and CO2-production (VCO2) was studied in 9 ventilator-dependent patients, who were in a stable condition without signs of hypermetabolism. Resting energy expenditure (REE) in postabsorptive state was assessed and enteral feeding was started by continuous drip (480 kcal carbohydrate, 360 kcal vegetable fat and 160 kcal milkprotein: 6.4 g Nitrogen/1000 ml). Patients were given a moderate and a high caloric intake: 1.5 and 2.0 times REE. VO2 and VCO2 were measured for a 24 h period, beginning 7 h after the start of the dietary intake. Significant greater increases in VO2, VCO2 and RQ were found during high caloric intake compared with the moderate caloric intake. VO2, VCO2 and arterial blood-gases were measured in 4 patients during weaning from the ventilator. The increase in VCO2 induced by the high caloric feeding resulted in a rise in arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) and respiratory distress. High caloric enteral nutrition can cause a significant increase in VCO2 inducing respiratory distress during weaning from the ventilator in patients with limited pulmonary reserves. Moderate caloric nutrition will be preferable to these patients in order to facilitate the weaning.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Predictive clinical value of nutritional assessment factors in COPD.

Thirty-nine stable outpatients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied prospectively to determine the predictive value of several nutritional factors on the clinical outcome. Physiologic evaluation including FEV1, diffusing capacity, PaO2, as well as nutritional evaluation including triceps skin fold (TSF), midarm muscle circumference, body weight percentage of standard, history of 5 percent weight loss in the year prior to clinic visit, and average daily caloric intake based on a three-day diet record were all done at the clinic visit. Hospitalization or death during the six months to one year following the initial evaluation were the clinical outcome factors evaluated. Five of the 16 patients (31 percent) needing hospitalization during that time had weight loss during the year prior to the initial evaluation, while eight out of the 23 (35 percent) not requiring hospitalization had weight loss. There was a significantly lower TSF percent standard (TSF%) in the subgroup who subsequently required hospitalization (p less than 0.05). Nonhospitalized patients with severe depletion of body fat (TSF% less than 60) at initial evaluation ingested significantly more calories per kilogram than the severely depleted patients requiring hospitalization in the next six to 12 months (p less than 0.05) suggesting a protective effect of increased caloric intake. Increased caloric intake did not improve mortality statistics.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Effect of dietary optimization on growth, survival, tumor incidences and clinical pathology parameters in CD Sprague-Dawley and Fischer-344 rats: a 104-week study.

Controversy regarding the use of ad libitum feeding in chronic rodent toxicity studies will soon result in issue of a FDA Points to Consider document. Caloric intakes are now recognized to be important uncontrolled variables in bioassays because rodents chronically fed ad libitum become obese, reproductively senile and have increased incidences of age-related diseases, higher tumor burdens and decreased survival. The available literature suggests that ad libitum feeding neither optimizes the health and well-being of rodents nor provides the best model for use in evaluation of pharmacological and toxicological profiles. Use of an optimized diet, restricted in terms of caloric intakes, has been proposed for chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rodents. It is suggested that limiting caloric intakes to 50-80% of ad libitum consumption would result in lower body weights, decreased tumor incidences and prolonged survival in the controls. To evaluate the influence of diet on chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rats, two 104-week studies were conducted. These studies consisted of 280 CD Sprague-Dawley and 280 Fischer-344 rats fed ad libitum, and 140 CD Sprague-Dawley and 140 Fischer-344 rats fed a diet that was optimized by limiting caloric intakes by 15-35%. Both diets consisted of certified commercial diet in meal form. The optimized diet reduced weight gain approximately 50% after 100 weeks. Clinical chemistry and hematology parameters showed negligible effects of reduced diet, with the exception that serum triglycerides were lower in males and females in both strains at weeks 52 and 104. The ad libitum-fed animals had a higher incidence of pseudopregnancy, aggressiveness, foot sores and abscesses than the animals fed an optimized diet. These effects were more pronounced in the CD Sprague-Dawley rats than in the Fischer-344 rats. At the completion of the 104-week study, survival in the ad libitum fed CD Sprague-Dawley rats was approximately one-half that of the animals fed an optimized diet (39% versus 76%). The difference in survival between Fischer-344 rats fed ad libitum and those fed an optimized diet was less pronounced (78% versus 89%). A reduced incidence of palpable tissue masses in the ad libitum-fed CD Sprague-Dawley rats versus the animals fed an optimized diet reflected inability to detect small masses in the obese ad libitum-fed animals. In contrast, the leaner Fischer-344 ad libitum-fed animals had an increased incidence of palpable tissue masses. After 52 weeks, 40 animals from each strain and feeding regimen were killed and subjected to complete necropsy and histopathological examination; the remainder of the survivors was examined at the completion of the study (104 weeks). Use of an optimized diet substantially reduced the incidences of endocrine-mediated tumors in both rat strains and delayed the onset of leukemia in Fischer-344 rats. These results indicate the need to further investigate the relationship of increased caloric intakes and endocrine-mediated or strain specific tumors and support FDA's and others' positions that use of diet optimization in chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity rodent bioassays has the potential to remarkably improve the scientific quality and relevance of these studies. It also identified that the small increases in cost associated with diet optimization are far exceeded by the advantages of increased survival of animals, reduced intercurrent disease and rumor burdens, and increased ease of histopathological processing and evaluation.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Modifications of nutrient selection induced by naloxone in rats.

Total caloric intake and dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients protein, fat, and carbohydrate were examined in male rats maintained on a 6-h feeding schedule following the administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone HCl (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg IP). Total caloric intake (calculated as the sum of caloric intakes from each of the macronutrients) was decreased for up to 2 h following naloxone administration. By the end of the 6-h feeding period, however, no differences in total caloric intakes were observed as a function of naloxone injections. Examination of intakes of the individual macronutrients revealed that naloxone differentially affected fat, carbohydrate, and protein consumption. Across the 6-h feeding period, animals consumed less calories from the fat ration following all three doses of naloxone than after saline injections. Carbohydrate intake was decreased up to 2 h following naloxone injections, but returned to control values by the end of the 6-h feeding period. Protein intake, in contrast to fat and carbohydrate intakes, did not vary as a function of naloxone administration. Results of the present examination are contrasted with patterns of dietary self-selection observed following morphine administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Predictors of total parenteral nutrition-induced lipogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and cause of parenteral nutrition-induced lipogenesis. DESIGN: Retrospective patient review. SETTING: A 40-bed predominantly surgical ICU. PATIENTS: One hundred forty patients receiving central venous nutrition and mechanical ventilatory support. INTERVENTIONS: Indirect calorimetry was used to determine patient's measured energy expenditure (MEE) and respiratory quotient (RQ). Additionally total caloric intake (TCAL), glucose infusion rate, basal energy expenditure (BEE), estimated stress factor, and calculated energy expenditure (CEE) were assessed in each patient. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Net fat synthesis was found as RQs exceeded 1 in 47 percent of patients. Statistically significant differences in oxygen consumption, CO2 production, measured energy expenditure, total and carbohydrate caloric intake, and glucose infusion rate were found between groups of patients with an RQ < or = or > 1. Seventy-three percent of patients with glucose infusion rates > 4 mg/kg-min had RQs > 1. CONCLUSIONS: Net fat synthesis was found in a surprisingly large number of critically ill patients receiving central venous nutrition. Many of these patients received carbohydrate calories in excess of their measured energy expenditure, even though it appeared that they needed this level of caloric intake by clinical assessment. The high carbohydrate total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions with lipids provided only for prevention of essential fatty acid depletion resulted in an unacceptably high incidence of fat synthesis. The results suggest that caloric intake may be optimized in critically ill patients using indirect calorimetry. When calorimetry is not available, a total caloric intake of up to 140 percent of the BEE with glucose infusion rates not exceeding 4 mg/kg-min and fats providing 40 to 60 percent of calories will meet the energy requirements of most critically ill patients without forcing the RQ > 1.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Parental health beliefs as a cause of nonorganic failure to thrive.

Parental misconceptions and health beliefs concerning what constitutes a normal diet for infants is reported as a cause for failure to thrive. There were seven patients (four boys, three girls), 7 to 22 months of age, who were evaluated for poor weight gain and linear growth. They were only consuming 60% to 94% of the recommended caloric intake for age and sex. The children's caloric intake had been restricted by their parents. They were concerned that the children would become obese, develop atherosclerosis, become junk food dependent, and/or develop eating habits that the parents believed were unhealthy. The parents instituted diets consistent with health beliefs currently in vogue and recommended by the medical community for adults who are at risk for cardiovascular disease. These diets caused the infants to experience inadequate weight gain and have a decreased linear growth rate. With nutritional counseling, all food restrictions were removed, the caloric intake was increased to 94% to 147% of the recommended intake for age. The weight gain rate increased significantly (P less than .05) from 0.1 +/- 0.1 kg/mo to 0.4 +/- 0.3 kg/mo, and the linear growth rate increased significantly (P less than .05) from 0.4 +/- 0.4 cm/mo to 1.0 +/- 0.6 cm/mo within 3 months of therapy. Exaggerated concerns about excessive food intake in childhood and/or concern about the sequelae of eating an improper diet has resulted in this entity of failure to thrive due to parental health beliefs.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1985

Effects of chronic lithium, amitriptyline and mianserin on glucoregulation, corticosterone and energy balance in the rat.

Major negative side-effects reported for mood-stabilizing and antidepressant drugs in humans are excess weight gain and carbohydrate craving. The aim of the present study was to establish whether the rat could usefully be employed in investigation of these phenomena. Three experiments investigated the effects of chronic lithium (40 mg/kg LiCl), amitriptyline (2.5 mg/kg), mianserin (2.5 mg/kg) and saline administration (15-20 days, one subcutaneous injection/day) on body weight, food intake and fluid intake. Water and food cubes were provided in all experiments. Additionally available, as separate fluid sources, in Experiment 2 were 24% sucrose and 0.6% saccharin and in Experiment 3, 0.6% saccharin. Blood was collected for plasma glucose and insulin determinations 20-24 hours after the final injections. Lithium administration resulted in a marked increase in weight gain but only if both sucrose and saccharin were available (Experiment 2). Saccharin intake was increased with lithium treatment as was total caloric intake with sucrose available. Amitriptyline induced a sweetness craving; however, weight gain was somewhat depressed with just cubes available (Experiment 1) and only normalised by the additional availability of sucrose and saccharin (Experiment 2). With amitriptyline, total caloric intake was never different from controls. Weight gain was slightly suppressed and caloric intake slightly elevated by mianserin but importantly the two effects combined for a decrease in metabolic efficiency which was particularly exaggerated under the condition of carbohydrate availability (Experiment 2). Lithium and amitriptyline both produced hyperinsulinemia with normoglycemia whether or not the rate of weight gain was changed and whether or not intake was increased. Corticosterone levels were elevated by all drug treatments in Experiment 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1985

Demonstration that the vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 and not 24R,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 is essential for normal insulin secretion in the perfused rat pancreas.

It has previously been shown that vitamin D deficiency impairs arginine-induced insulin secretion from the isolated, perfused rat pancreas (Science 1980; 209:823-25). Since vitamin D is known to be metabolized to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25[OH]2D3), it is essential to clarify which vitamin D metabolite has the important role of enhancing insulin secretion. In this report, a comparison is made of the relative efficacy of 3-wk repletion with vitamin D3 (980 pmol/day), 1,25(OH)2D3 (39 pmol/day or 195 pmol/day), and 24,25(OH)2D3 (650 pmol/day) on arginine-induced insulin secretion from the isolated, perfused rat pancreas; in this experiment, the daily caloric intake of the animals receiving vitamin D or its metabolites was controlled by pair feeding to the caloric intake of the vitamin D-deficient rats. 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion was found to completely restore insulin secretion to the levels seen in vitamin D3-replete, pair-fed controls in both the first and second phases, while 24R,25(OH)2D3 only partially improved insulin secretion, and then only in the first phase. Changes of both serum calcium levels and dietary caloric intake after vitamin D metabolite administration are concluded to play a lesser role on the enhancement of insulin secretion, since, in a separate experiment, vitamin D-deficient rats with normal serum calcium levels did not show recovery of insulin secretion equivalent to the vitamin D-replete animals under conditions of dietary pair feeding. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 but not 24,25(OH)2D3 plays an essential role in the normal insulin secretion irrespective of the dietary caloric intake and prevailing serum calcium levels.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3↗
PubMed1995

The role of dietary fiber in the development and treatment of childhood obesity.

Childhood obesity is viewed as a public health problem in the United States because of its assumed high prevalence and increasing secular trend. The best estimate of the genetic contribution to obesity ranges from 5% to 25%. Environmental factors play a major role in obesity development. Low income and a low level of education have been associated with obesity, particularly among white women. Caloric intake as a risk factor for obesity has not been clearly established. This lack of a clear-cut association may be attributable to the problem of accurately measuring caloric intake. Several studies have linked increased total fat intake, rather than caloric intake, with obesity. Some studies have linked television viewing to obesity in children. Obesity is rare among the populations of developing countries, where dietary fiber intake is high. Explanations for the role of dietary fiber in obesity include a reduced caloric density of the foods, a slower rate of food ingestion, and possible effects on satiety. Most studies on the role of fiber in the treatment of obesity have been somewhat limited by lack of comparison groups, inadequate sample sizes, and short durations of the observations. However, although limited, the available evidence suggests that fiber potentially could play a useful role in weight reduction. For children, fiber administration should be considered as an adjuvant therapy rather than a primary modality, because fiber might aid in promoting satiety during meals and curbing hunger between meals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1998

Impact of gastroesophageal reflux on growth and hospital stay in premature infants.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is associated with failure to thrive in term infants with severe GER; however, this association has not been shown in premature infants. A retrospective case-control study of growth velocities, caloric intake, and length of hospital stay in premature infants with GER was conducted to determine the impact of GER on their growth. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with clinically significant GER were identified from a database containing records for all infants admitted to the University of Connecticut Health Center Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Patients and control subjects (n = 23) were matched for gestational age, birth weight, gender, and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Each infant's average weekly weight gain and average weekly caloric intake were calculated, using daily bedside nursing flow sheets. Comparisons were also made of the number of days it took each infant to achieve full oral feedings, number of days from full oral feedings to discharge, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between patients and control subjects for each week in average weekly weight gain, caloric intake, grams gained per calorie given, or weekly increments gained in length and head circumference. There were, however, significant differences in time required to achieve full oral feedings (32 +/- 13 days versus 19 +/- 12 days; p < 0.0008) and length of hospital stay (99 +/- 27 days versus 70 +/- 31 days; p < 0.002) as well as postmenstrual age (PMA) at discharge (43 +/- 3 weeks versus 39 +/- 3 weeks, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: GER did not have a significant impact on caloric intake, effective use of calories, or growth velocities in the study population. It is more likely that the constant monitoring of weight gain and caloric intake while in the intensive care environment protects against the failure to thrive often seen in older infants with GER. Premature infants with GER had a significantly increased length of hospital stay. More aggressive medical management and consideration of alternative feeding strategies may help facilitate discharge for premature infants diagnosed with GER.

Body Height↗
PubMed1987

Iatrogenic caloric restriction in pregnancy and birthweight.

The effects on fetal growth of iatrogenic prescription for dietary restriction in pregnancy have been infrequently assessed, and results have suggested large decrements in birthweight. We therefore related maternal dietary restriction to fetal growth among participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York. There were 255 women who delivered term infants with birthweights under the 31st percentile (low birthweight), who were each matched to women who delivered heavier term infants, within ethnic and gestational age strata. On review of antenatal records, 198 women were identified who had received a physician's recommendation to restrict caloric intake to 1800 kcal/day or below. The odds ratio between caloric restriction and low birthweight was 0.88 (not significant [NS]). Rates of maternal weight gain were controlled by linear multiple regression analysis, since higher weight gain was associated both with the likelihood of having a diet prescribed and with higher birthweight. With control for weight gain, although the odds ratio was reversed, the change was of small magnitude and not statistically significant. We found no relationship between medical advice to limit caloric intake during pregnancy and intrauterine growth retardation. Since women asked to limit caloric intake continued to gain more weight than others, the results are consistent with lack of compliance with the dietary regimen.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Branched chain amino acids as a parameter for catabolism in treated phenylketonuria.

This study was performed to study an association between nutritional status on one hand and BCAA- and Phe-concentrations on the other hand in PKU patients free of infection. AA profiles from 70 PKU patients were measured. 9 patients (subgroup I) with elevated Phe- and BCAA-concentrations as well as 23 patients (subgroup II) with only elevated Phe-levels were included. Dietary records were obtained from both groups; low caloric intake in subgroup I was increased with Duocal or p-am ANAMIX without modifying total protein- and Phe-intake. AA profiles were controlled after 2 weeks. Additionally, we investigated AA profiles from 26 liver transplanted patients with increased carbohydrate and caloric intake as an example for anabolism. In subgroup I Phe- and Isoleu-concentrations decreased sign. After dietary intervention. Leu, Val and Tyr levels decreased not sign. Initial Phe-levels correlated negatively with protein and caloric intake. BCAA concentrations of liver transplanted patients receiving high amounts of carbohydrates were in the lower range of normal. Increased caloric intake lowered most of the elevated Phe- and BCAA- concentrations.

Adolescent↗