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PubMed1993

Effects of postmortem injection time, injection level, and concentration of calcium chloride on beef quality traits.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protocol for maximizing meat quality with CaCl2 injection. Experiment 1 compared the effects of 30 min or 24 h postmortem injection of 175 mM CaCl2 or water at 10% (wt/wt) to controls on various measures of meat quality. An injection of CaCl2 reduced (P < .05) shear force values in all three beef muscles evaluated (longissimus, semimembranosus, and triceps brachii). Retail lean color was not affected (P > .05) by a CaCl2 injection at 24 h postmortem, but was slightly darker (P < .05) for an injection at 30 min postmortem. Psychrophilic and total aerobic microbial counts were higher (P < .05) in 30-min than in 24-h treatments and were higher (P < .05) in CaCl2- or water-injected semimembranosus muscle than in the control, but the treatment differences were minimal in 24-h injected meat. Experiment 2 compared the effects of 24-h postmortem injection of 200 mM or 250 mM CaCl2 at either 5 or 10% (wt/wt) to controls on meat quality traits. Both 200 and 250 mM CaCl2 reduced (P < .05) shear force values compared with the control. In addition, variation in shear force was decreased (P < .05) with CaCl2 injection. Beef flavor intensity was slightly lower (P < .05) and off-flavor ratings were slightly higher (P < .05) in CaCl2-injected meat, but the small differences were of no practical significance. Retail lean color was not affected (P > .05) by injection of the CaCl2 at 24 h. Injecting 200 mM CaCl2 at 5% (wt/wt) into 24 h postmortem meat can produce consistently tender meat without compromising other palatability or lean quality traits.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mechanism of the synergic effects of calcium chloride and electroporation on the in vitro enhanced skin permeation of drugs.

We have already reported the substantial synergic effects of CaCl(2) and electroporation (EP) on in vitro skin permeation of calcein and FITC dextrans. In the present paper, we investigated the mechanisms for these effects by considering changes in lamellar structure and barrier recovery time of the biggest skin barrier, the stratum corneum, by this combined treatment. The change in skin lamellar structure was evaluated by lipid mobility in the stratum corneum using ATR-FTIR, calcein release from stratum corneum-lipid liposomes (SCLL), in vitro skin permeation of calcein and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The ATR-FTIR measurement, in vitro skin permeation and changes in TEWL were also used for examining the barrier recovery time. The C-H stretching band of skin lipids produced with EP was blue-shifted when compared to that without EP. Asymmetric C-H stretching was highest with EP in CaCl(2) solution. Little release of calcein was observed from SCLL without EP, whereas higher releases were observed after EP with or without NaCl or CaCl(2). Particularly high calcein release (>20%) was observed over 60 min with EP in CaCl(2) solution. The in vitro permeation study of calcein was conducted through excised hairless rat skin that was pretreated with EP before skin excision. Permeation rate was highest in skin excised immediately after in vivo EP, and this rate decreased with time after EP treatment. TEWL recovered to control levels within 2 h after EP in distilled water or NaCl solution, whereas high TEWL was maintained after EP in CaCl(2) solution. These results suggest that at least lamellar destruction of stratum corneum must be related to the enhanced skin permeation of drugs by the combination of CaCl(2) and EPF. On the other hand, a prolonged enhancing effect on the skin permeation of calcein by this combination may be due to a high lamellar destruction and/or delayed barrier repair of stratum corneum.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of carcasses with calcium chloride or a solution of saccharides, sodium chloride, and phosphates on beef display-color stability.

Hereford x Angus crossbred steers (n = 36) were stunned, exsanguinated, and infused via the carotid artery either with an aqueous solution containing 98.52% water, 0.97% saccharides, 0.23% sodium chloride, and 0.28% phosphates (MPSC; n = 12) or with 0.3 M CaCl2 (n = 12). The remaining 12 steers served as noninfused controls. At 48 h postmortem, the quadriceps muscles and subcutaneous fat were removed from the carcasses, frozen, and later made into ground beef (18 to 20% fat). The longissimus lumborum (LL), semimembranosus, and psoas major (PM) also were removed, vacuum packaged, aged until 14 d postmortem, and then one steak was sliced from each muscle for visual and instrumental color evaluations. The inside (ISM) and outside (OSM) portions of the SM were evaluated separately. The LL and OSM steaks from MPSC-infused carcasses had a lighter red (P < 0.05) initial appearance than steaks from the other treatments. The LL steaks from noninfused carcasses had the most (P < 0.05) uniform color; the MPSC treatment was intermediate, and the CaCl2 treatment was the most two-toned. Steaks from both infusion treatments had higher (P < 0.05) L* values for the LL, ISM, and OSM muscles compared with noninfused carcasses. In general, the LL from CaCl2-infused carcasses had lower (P < 0.05) a* values, saturation indices, and 630 nm to 580 nm reflectance values, and had larger (P < 0.05) hue angles. Infusion with MPSC increased (P < 0.05) hue angles in the LL and OSM. Display color stability was lowest (P < 0.05) for LL steaks from CaCl2-infused carcasses, whereas steaks from MPSC-infused carcasses were lighter red in initial color, but otherwise had display color stability similar to those from noninfused carcasses. No differences (P > 0.05) due to infusion were found for any color traits for the PM muscle and ground beef. Carotid artery vascular infusion of carcasses with CaCl2 resulted in undesirable meat colors, whereas the MPSC solution lightened loin and inside round color in a desirable way, but the color stability was slightly less compared to muscle from noninfused carcasses. Infusion effects were not consistent among muscles, and further research will be needed to determine what caused these differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of intravenous Mg++ solutions on renal excretion of potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, intraleukocytic potassium and peripheral vascular resistance: a metabolic and hemodynamic study in normal volunteers.

In an open randomized crossover trial 8 healthy male volunteers received an intravenous infusion of potassium chloride, potassium/magnesium chloride, potassium-(D,L)-aspartate, and potassium/magnesium-(D,L)-aspartate. Equimolar amounts of potassium (27.75 mmol) and magnesium (13.9 mmol) were given in a 500-ml volume during 24 h. During two 9-day periods subjects were maintained on a constant diet with a daily intake of 80 mmol potassium and 60 mmol magnesium. Infusions were administered on day 5 and 7 of each period. Serum and urine electrolyte concentrations as well as intraleukocyte potassium were measured before, during, and after the tests; cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were determined by impedance cardiography. Potassium and magnesium containing solutions did not influence renal elimination of potassium, and also the circadian rhythm of potassium excretion did not show any change. The elimination of sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride rose significantly over the corresponding control values during magnesium infusions, but not when potassium salts were given. The increase of calcium excretion after Mg++ is most probably due to suppression of parathyroid hormone. Intraleukocyte potassium was not affected significantly by the various infusions, indicating that intracellular compartments are completely filled. There was no evidence that the anion (D,L-aspartate or chloride) had a significant effect on all measured variables. Mean arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance were not altered significantly during the infusions.

Adult↗
PubMed1968

The efflux of potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium and sulphate ions and of sorbitol and glycerol during the cardiac cycle in frog's ventricle.

1. The exchanges of potassium and various other substances have been measured in beating frog's ventricles, using both superfused and distended preparations. In both preparations the high fluid flow rates used (1 ml./sec) cleared the ventricular cavity with a half-time (T(1/2)) of about 130 msec.2. Histological sections show that the modal strand radius in the relaxed or contracted distended ventricle is 17.5 mu, and in the relaxed and contracted superfused ventricle is 17.5 and 27.5 mu respectively.3. In quiescent ventricles the resting potassium influx and efflux are approximately equal at about 16 p-mole/cm(2).sec. This figure is computed from Niedergerke's (1963b) estimate of a cell size of 3.5 mu taken from electron-micrographs. If the older figure of 9.2 mu from single isolated cells is used (Skramlik, 1921) then the fluxes are about 44 p-mole/cm(2).sec. To allow for some cell damage in these preparations a further increase in flux of about 30% may be necessary.4. Contraction leads to a diminution of both potassium influx and efflux. Measurements made at 100 msec intervals throughout the cardiac cycle have demonstrated (a) that this decreased K efflux occurs at the same time as the mechanical twitch, and (b) that the size of the decrease is dependent on the external calcium concentration. Other experiments show that a similar decrease can be obtained by inducing a contracture at a constant membrane potential. It is concluded that the decreased K efflux during contraction is due to mechanical distortion of the tissue. This leads to a further slowing of the K diffusion and allows considerable reabsorption of K to occur into the cells.5. Efflux analysis suggests that normal K diffusion in the extracellular space may be about 1/10 of that in free solution. If this is correct the true membrane fluxes may be x 5 those measured.6. Phasic efflux measurements of Na, Ca, K, Cl, SO(4), sorbitol and erythritol show that a peak of efflux occurs just after the point of maximum rate of contraction of the ventricle. The peak efflux of K is least but all the other substances show similar patterns. In calcium-free solutions these phasic changes are absent. It is concluded that these effects are mechanical.7. Net K and Na changes were measured in ventricles poisoned by ouabain. The computed net changes for quiescent ventricles were a gain of 2.8 p-mole/cm(2).sec of Na and a loss of 5.3 p-mole/cm(2).sec of K. On stimulation a further increase in Na uptake of 8 p-mole/cm(2) occurred with no further loss of potassium. These results are computed for a cell diameter of 3.5 mu, for the larger diameter of 9.2 mu appropriate values of Na and K are 7.4 and 13.4 p-mole/cm(2).sec respectively for quiescent ventricles and an extra Na uptake of 21 p-mole/cm(2) per action potential. These results: (a) show that no large degree of single-file interaction occurs on the K movements, (b) are in agreement with the hypothesis that the membrane K fluxes are underestimated and (c) show that sufficient Na enters the cells per action potential to discharge a capacity of about 4 muF/cm(2).8. A general conclusion reached in these experiments is that ion movements during the long cardiac action potential cannot easily be measured because of mechanical artifacts.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Sugar complexation with calcium ion. Crystal structure and FT-IR study of a hydrated calcium chloride complex of D-ribose.

The single crystal structure of CaCl(2).C(5)H(10)O(5).3H(2)O was determined with M(r)=315.16, a=7.537(3), b=11.426(5), c=15.309(6) A, beta=90 degrees, V=1318.3(9) A(3), P2(1)2(1)2(1), Z=2, mu=0.71073 A and R=0.0398 for 2322 observed reflections. The ribose moiety of the complex exists as a furanose with alpha-D configuration. All five oxygen atoms of the ribose molecule are involved in calcium binding. Each calcium ion is shared by two such sugar molecules, coordinating through O(1), O(2), O(3) of one molecule and O(4) and O(5) of the other. The C-C, O-H, C-O and C-O-H vibrations are shifted and the relative intensities changed in the complex IR spectrum, corresponding to the changes in bond distances and angles of the sugar structure. All the hydroxyl groups, water molecules and chloride ions are involved in forming an extensive hydrogen-bond network of O-H...Cl...O-H structure, and the chloride ions play an important role in the crystal packing.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed2002

Adsorption of barium and calcium chloride onto negatively charged alpha-Fe(2)O(3) particles.

Adsorption of cations (Na(+), Ca(2+), Ba(2+)) onto negatively charged (pH 10.4) hematite (alpha-Fe(2)O(3)) particles has been studied. The oxide material was carefully prepared in order to obtain monodisperse suspensions of well-crystallized, quasi-spherical particles (50 nm in diameter). The isoelectric point (IEP) is located at pH 8.5. Adsorption of barium ions onto oxide particles was carried out and the electrophoretic mobility was measured throughout the adsorption experiment. Comparison with calcium adsorption at full coverage reveals a higher uptake of Ba(2+). In both cases it shows also that chloride ions coadsorb with M(2) ions. Simultaneous uptake of the positive and negative ions explains why the electrophoretic mobility does not reverse to cationic migration. A theoretical study of the surface speciation has been carried out, using the MuSiC model. It reveals the presence of negative as well as positive sites on both sides of the point of zero charge (PZC) of the hematite particles, which may explain the coadsorption of Ba(2+) and Cl(-) at pH 10.4. The effective charge of the oxide particles, calculated from the electrophoretic mobility, is in very good agreement with the results found with the MuSiC modelization and the chloride/barium adsorption ratio. It also verifies the theory of ionic condensation. Calorimetric measurements gave a negative heat for the overall reaction occurring when Ba(2+)/Cl(-) ions adsorb onto hematite. Despite the fact that anions (Cl(-) and OH(-)) adsorption onto mineral oxides is an exothermic phenomenon, it is likely that barium and calcium adsorption is endothermic, denoting the formation of an inner-sphere complex as reported in the literature.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Titration of recombinant aequorin with calcium chloride.

The photoprotein aequorin emits light in the presence of a trace of Ca2+. The primary structure of the protein indicates the presence of three Ca2+-binding sites, whereas the luminometric titration of heterogeneous natural aequorin with Ca2+ has shown that the light emission takes place by the binding of two Ca2+ ions. In the case of recombinant aequorin, which is more suitable for quantitative studies, the titration with Ca2+ monitored by a Ca2+-sensitive electrode revealed that the photoprotein can bind more than two, most likely three, Ca2+ ions, and the luminometric titration conclusively showed that the luminescence is triggered by the first two Ca2+ ions bound. The affinity of recombinant aequorin for the first two Ca2+ ions, which are essential for light emission, was about 20 times stronger than that for the third Ca2+ ion, which is unrelated to light emission.

Aequorin↗
PubMed2002

Lewis base-promoted aldol reaction of dimethylsilyl enolates in aqueous dimethylformamide: use of calcium chloride as a Lewis base catalyst.

In the presence of CaCl2, dimethylsilyl (DMS) enolates smoothly reacted with aldehydes under mild conditions to give aldol adducts in good to high yields. The catalytic activities of various metal and tetrabutylammonium salts have revealed that CaCl2 works as a Lewis base catalyst to activate DMS enolates. The CaCl2-promoted reaction proceeded even in the presence of water or in pure water. This catalytic system was applicable to the aldol reaction with aqueous aldehydes such as formalin.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride

Many reactive metals are difficult to prepare in pure form without complicated and expensive procedures. Although titanium has many desirable properties (it is light, strong and corrosion-resistant), its use has been restricted because of its high processing cost. In the current pyrometallurgical process--the Kroll process--the titanium minerals rutile and ilmenite are carbochlorinated to remove oxygen, iron and other impurities, producing a TiCl4 vapour. This is then reduced to titanium metal by magnesium metal; the by-product MgCl2 is removed by vacuum distillation. The prediction that this process would be replaced by an electrochemical route has not been fulfilled; attempts involving the electro-deposition of titanium from ionic solutions have been hampered by difficulties in eliminating the redox cycling of multivalent titanium ions and in handling very reactive dendritic products. Here we report an electrochemical method for the direct reduction of solid TiO2, in which the oxygen is ionized, dissolved in a molten salt and discharged at the anode, leaving pure titanium at the cathode. The simplicity and rapidity of this process compared to conventional routes should result in reduced production costs and the approach should be applicable to a wide range of metal oxides.

Journal Article↗