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[Scientific communication in Spanish anesthesiology: medical congresses (1864-1936)].

This historical-medical study proposed to determine the evolution of knowledge in Spanish anesthesiology by examining conferences and presentations at medical congresses on record for the period between the first Spanish medical congress (1864) and the start of the Spanish Civil War (1936). We have found reports of 34 scientific meetings held during this period. All but two included news on anesthesiology or related matters. Ten were international meetings, while 25 were nation-wide conferences. We have been able to arrive at a good understanding of Spanish anesthesiology's evolution as a scientific discipline during this period.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1994

[The Committee on the Selection of Scientific Papers. Its usefulness in developing the scientific program for the congresses of the Sociedad Española de Cirurgía Pediátrica].

The following report is to appraise the utility of the Selective Committee of Works of the Pediatric Surgery Society as an assessing organ for the Directive Board to develop the scientific program for the annual congress. For this purpose, a revision was made of a four year period (1990-1993), compiling 738 summaries, which focused primarily on the capacity of the communicated message to widen our concept of disease or our diagnostic or therapeutic possibilities. The secondary topic focused on was the way in which the investigation was decided on planned and executed. The last point taken into consideration was the formal aspects of the summary, according to the regulations given to the authors. From the 738 summaries evaluated, 510 were remitted to be presented as oral communications and 228 as posters. From all these, a total of 311 articles were admitted (172 oral communications and 139 posters). The average pointage obtained was 8.22 (maximum: 20). The articles with the highest acceptance were those dealing with experimental surgery and/or clinical investigation (70%), transplantation (665), urology (50.7%), oncology (45.6%), cardiovascular surgery (45.5%) plastic surgery (40.5%), orthopedics (39.1%), digestive-abdominal (36.8%) and maxillofacial surgery (26.3%). In 77.5% of the articles, the study method followed is not specified, in 70.7% there is no description of the results obtained and in 85.4% there is no description of the conclusions. Deducing from the above information exposed, it is necessary to maintain a system of selection of the best communications, which in turn, will guarantee a greater scientific quality in the congresses.

Child↗
PubMed1997

[1910-1911, a crucial biennium in the history of the Asociación Española de Urología (II). Its founding members, the I National Congress and the first Record of the Minutes].

In May 1911, four months after the founding of the Spanish Association of Urology, the new medical association already had 53 founding and numerary members and held with dignity its first National Congress in Madrid. The success of this first meeting and its sessions was described not only by all the specialized journals of the time but also by the non-medical press, the chronicles and gossip news of which we broadly review in this paper. The reading of the Book of Proceedings of the I Congress of the S.A.U., considered today a bibliographic rarity, allows us to discover a large part of the historical background of the foundation; to know the name of the pioneers and inspirators of the Society; and to glimpse the splendid future of an entity that in less than a year and through the vigour of its promoters, would reach enormous notoriety within the country's health-care environment.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1997

[Itinerary through 125 years of German Surgical Congresses].

The German Society of Surgery was founded in 1872 with 127 members. Now there are more than 5000. The first congress was attended by 81 members. In those days, a lively discussion was possible. Meanwhile, many subspecialties have developed from general surgery, which articulate themselves in parallel sessions. For these reasons, a discussion in the plenary does not exist anymore. The conventions predominantly communicate results. No original innovations were recognized immediately. This is evident from examples. Today the industrial exhibition is an important factor for the progress which is linked to these congresses.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2000

How do physicians lobby their members of Congress?

BACKGROUND: Physicians are uniquely qualified to educate legislators about health care issues, but little is known about how physicians lobby members of Congress. METHODS: From the staff of 84 randomly selected members of Congress (49 senators and 35 representatives), we interviewed the legislative assistants who work on health care legislation and meet with constituents and lobbyists on behalf of their senator or representative. We asked about (1) the frequency of meetings between legislative assistants and physicians, (2) the issues discussed, and (3) the perceived effectiveness of lobbying. RESULTS: Senate and house legislative assistants met with an average of 10.0 and 4.0 physicians per month, respectively. This suggests that approximately 29,000 such meetings occur annually. The most common issues discussed were Medicare reimbursement (mentioned by 67 [81%] of 83 subjects), managed care reform (62 subjects [75%]), and funding for medical research (21 subjects [25%]). Other issues, such as access to care for the uninsured, tobacco control, abortion rights, and violence prevention, were rarely discussed. Most legislative assistants rated physicians as effective (37 [44%]) or somewhat effective (39 [46%]) as lobbyists. The most common suggestion for improving physician lobbying was to focus less on reimbursement and to address a broader range of health care issues. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians are frequent and effective lobbyists on reimbursement, managed care, and research issues. Policy makers appear receptive to increased physician input on a broader range of health care issues. Including these issues in lobbying efforts has the potential to shape health policy in a way that improves patient care and public health. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3248-3251.

Government↗
PubMed2000

Congress 2000: a continuing medical education summit with implications for the future.

The expectations of attendees, the evaluations of themes, and the implications for continuing medical education (CME) identified by "Congress 2000: A Continuing Medical Education Summit on the Practices, Opportunities and Priorities for the New Millennium" are reviewed. A vision was identified with significant opportunities for CME to become a more valuable partner in and contributor to quality health care. The vision suggests that CME should be linked more closely to physician learning at the point of care and that technology might be used more successfully to address physician-learner needs by helping them to manage volumes of evidence for treating patients more effectively. At the same time, health care outcome data to analyze the need for and measure the effectiveness of educational interventions should become integrated into standards of practice for CME providers. Continuous improvement based on research about effective learning processes and outcomes should become an essential construct of the CME culture. Implications are summarized for the profession, organizational CME providers, individual CME professionals, and CME research from this new vision of CME crafted at Congress 2000.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed2005

Proceedings of the fourth National Congress of the Italian Society of Virology.

The aim of the yearly National Congress of the Italian Society of Virology (SIV) is to promote the discussion between senior and younger researchers to improve the knowledge and scientific collaboration among the various areas of Virology. The invited and selected lecturers of the fourth National Congress of SIV covered the following topics: general Virology and viral Genetics; virus host interactions and pathogenesis; viral immunology and vaccines; emerging and re-emerging viral diseases; antiviral therapy; innovative diagnostics; viral biotechnologies and gene therapy. As in the previous edition (Salata and Palù, 2004 J Cell Physiol 199:171-173), a specific topic was thoroughly covered in a roundtable. In this edition the overviewed topic was HCV, from epidemiology and genetic variability to immunology and antiviral therapy. The final program can be found at the web site http://www.siv-virologia.it. A summary of the oral presentations of the 2004 meeting is reported.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

The HUPO Plasma Proteome Project: a report from the Munich congress.

The Human Proteome Organization has several major collaborative research initiatives, including the Plasma Proteome Project. A major feature of the HUPO World Congress in Munich in August 2005 was the release of the special issue of PROTEOMICS with 28 articles from the pilot phase of the Plasma Proteome Project. An open Workshop and a presentation in the closing plenary session of the congress focused on next phases for the Plasma Proteome Project.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2005

Highlights of the Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Helsinki 2004, and a dash of horizon scanning.

The Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine represents the major scientific and professional event in the field of nuclear medicine in Europe. Specialists from all allied professions meet to discuss the latest findings and discoveries. A very large industrial exhibition demonstrates the latest technological innovations and developments. This Highlights Lecture summarises the scientific and medical advances discussed at this important gathering. The lecture covers a significant proportion of the data presented and/or discussed in up-to-date reviews, and places some of the trends encountered in the context of the evolution of the field as a whole. There is much food for thought in most areas of nuclear medicine: advances in instrumentation and data processing, progress in radiochemistry and pharmacy, novel diagnostics and therapeutics, and new insights in known areas of clinical application such as neurology and psychiatry, cardiology, oncology, endocrine disorders, paediatrics, nephro-urology and musculoskeletal disorders. This Highlights Lecture is, however, only a brief resume of the vast amount of data discussed, which can be found in much greater detail in the Congress Proceedings, published as volume 31, supplement 2 of Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging in August 2004.

Nuclear Medicine↗
PubMed2001

Highlights of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Paris 2000.

The recent European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, "Paris 2000", was an exceptional success, as illustrated by the record attendance. This review discusses some of the key new findings presented at the Congress in the fields of neurology, cancer therapy, cancer diagnosis, cardiology and miscellaneous other areas. The progress being made indicates that nuclear medicine has a bright future in the new millennium.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

II. Vinzenz Czerny (1842-1915): grand seigneur of oncologic surgery--life, influence, and work of the Second Congress President of the ISS/SIC. International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirurgie.

Vinzenz Czerny, chairman and professor of surgery in Freiburg im Breisgau and in Heidelberg, Germany, is the typical example of a prominent surgeon with an elegant technique, who was also a keen observer and scientist at the turn of the nineteenth into the early twentieth century. Starting his career in Vienna, Austria, he can be looked upon as the most important disciple of Theodor Billroth. Whereas Billroth may be regarded as the father of modern gastrointestinal surgery, Czerny can be considered the father of modern surgery for intestinal malignancies and multimodal treatment. The early history of visceral cancer therapy is linked with his career. He became a surgeon of the highest rank, with great clinical skill, rare judgment, and vision who contributed essentially to the development of modern surgery. From his early education he maintained a lifelong affection for the natural sciences and was an excellent physiologist and pathologist. During his professional life he successfully built up a well deserved reputation for general and cancer surgery and for the introduction of radio- and chemotherapy into the treatment of tumors. Czerny founded and chaired the first experimental Institute for Cancer Research in Germany. Two years later, in 1908, he presided at the 2nd Congress of the International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirurgie (ISS/SIC) in Brussels, a congress that was almost entirely devoted to the etiology of visceral cancer and the progress and achievements of its treatment. Czerny left a clear legacy of opinion and methods on which the modern era of surgical cancer treatment is based.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1995

IDF Member Associations' activities presented in the 15th IDF Congress Exhibition.

IDF Member Associations' activities were presented in the 15th IDF Congress Exhibition held at Port Island, Kobe, Japan from November 7 to November 11, 1994. The purpose of the exhibition was to inform members of the progress on patient education, guidance of diet and exercise treatment, the compliance situation on self-monitoring of blood glucose, self-injection of insulin, etc., in each association. A total of 31 associations including 17 from outside Japan and 14 from Japan participated in this exhibition. An exhibition theme was not designated to foreign associations. However, in order to avoid a similar content of exhibitions from the Japanese associations, a specific theme was assigned to each association. From these exhibitions we can comprehend the present status of the activities of all the diabetic associations in the world. Especially, an enthusiasm for patient and co-medical staff education in each association was clearly recognized. The total number of visitors including the commercial exhibition during the Congress reached about 17000 people.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1999

Metastasis Research Society VII International Congress (Part II). 7-10 October 1998, San Diego, CA, USA.

The Metastasis Research Society (MRS) has held its International Congress every two years since 1986, and alternates between European and North American meeting venues. The next MRS International Congress will be held in London, UK in the year 2000, and will be hosted by the current MRS President, Dr. Suzanne Eccles (Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK). Dr. Eccles took over from the out-going President, Dr. William Stetler-Stevenson (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA), at the San Diego meeting. Information on joining the Metastasis Research Society, which includes a subscription to the Society's journal, Clinical and Experimental Metastasis, can be obtained from Dr. Eccles (suzan@icr.ac.uk) or from the newly-elected Secretary/Treasurer Dr. Danny Welch (Hershey, PA, USA; drw9@psu.edu). The meeting was organized by Darwin Medical Communications Ltd (Gill Heaton, Oxford, UK), who have placed the full program on the meeting web site (http:@www.sparks.co.uk/mrs). It is envisaged that full abstracts of all the presentations will be placed on the Metastasis Research Society web site, which is currently under construction. Corporate sponsors for the San Diego meeting included Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Becton Dickinson & Co, Zeneca Pharma SA, Schering AG, AntiCancer Inc, Oncogene Research Products, Daiichi Seiyaku Co Ltd and Novartis Pharma AG.

California↗
PubMed2005

A contractile nuclear actin network drives chromosome congression in oocytes.

Chromosome capture by microtubules is widely accepted as the universal mechanism of spindle assembly in dividing cells. However, the observed length of spindle microtubules and computer simulations of spindle assembly predict that chromosome capture is efficient in small cells, but may fail in cells with large nuclear volumes such as animal oocytes. Here we investigate chromosome congression during the first meiotic division in starfish oocytes. We show that microtubules are not sufficient for capturing chromosomes. Instead, chromosome congression requires actin polymerization. After nuclear envelope breakdown, we observe the formation of a filamentous actin mesh in the nuclear region, and find that contraction of this network delivers chromosomes to the microtubule spindle. We show that this mechanism is essential for preventing chromosome loss and aneuploidy of the egg--a leading cause of pregnancy loss and birth defects in humans.

Actins↗
PubMed1990

The sole source: the Library of Congress National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped.

The Library of Congress National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped leads a co-operative network of specialized libraries and ancillary agencies that are delivering a successful programme of reading and informational services to blind, visually impaired and handicapped users. Its unique position within the Library of Congress and the benefits which emanate from this relationship are described. This current review outlines and discusses the development, role and functioning of the National Library Service.

Blindness↗
PubMed1994

Nuclear congression and membrane fusion: two distinct events in the yeast karyogamy pathway.

Karyogamy is the process where haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus during yeast mating. We devised a novel genetic screen that identified five new karyogamy (KAR) genes and three new cell fusion (FUS) genes. The kar mutants fell into two classes that represent distinct events in the yeast karyogamy pathway. Class I mutations blocked congression of the nuclei due to cytoplasmic microtubule defects. In Class II mutants, nuclear congression proceeded and the membranes of apposed nuclei were closely aligned but unfused. In vitro, Class II mutant membranes were defective in a homotypic ER/nuclear membrane fusion assay. We propose that Class II mutants define components of a novel membrane fusion complex which functions during vegetative growth and is recruited for karyogamy.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2003

Depletion of centromeric MCAK leads to chromosome congression and segregation defects due to improper kinetochore attachments.

The complex behavior of chromosomes during mitosis is accomplished by precise binding and highly regulated polymerization dynamics of kinetochore microtubules. Previous studies have implicated Kin Is, unique kinesins that depolymerize microtubules, in regulating chromosome positioning. We have characterized the immunofluorescence localization of centromere-bound MCAK and found that MCAK localized to inner kinetochores during prophase but was predominantly centromeric by metaphase. Interestingly, MCAK accumulated at leading kinetochores during congression but not during segregation. We tested the consequences of MCAK disruption by injecting a centromere dominant-negative protein into prophase cells. Depletion of centromeric MCAK led to reduced centromere stretch, delayed chromosome congression, alignment defects, and severe missegregation of chromosomes. Rates of chromosome movement were unchanged, suggesting that the primary role of MCAK is not to move chromosomes. Furthermore, we found that disruption of MCAK leads to multiple kinetochore-microtubule attachment defects, including merotelic, syntelic, and combined merotelic-syntelic attachments. These findings reveal an essential role for Kin Is in prevention and/or correction of improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

2-methoxyestradiol induces spindle aberrations, chromosome congression failure, and nondisjunction in mouse oocytes.

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a metabolite of 17beta-estradiol and a natural component of follicular fluid. Local concentrations of 2-ME may be increased by exposure to environmental pollutants that activate the expression of enzymes in the metabolic pathway from 17beta-estradiol to 2-ME. It has been suspected that this may have adverse effects on spindle formation in maturing oocytes, which would affect embryo quality. To study the dose-response patterns, we exposed denuded mouse oocytes to 2-ME during in vitro maturation. Meiotic progression, spindle morphology, centrosome integrity, and chromosome congression were examined by immunofluorescence and noninvasive polarizing microscopy (PolScope). Chromosomal constituents were assessed after spreading and C-banding. 2-ME sustained MAD2L1 expression at the centromeres and increased the number of meiosis I-blocked oocytes in a dose-dependent manner. 2-ME also caused dramatic dose-dependent increases in the hyperploidy of metaphase II oocytes. Some of these meiosis II oocytes contained anaphase I-like chromosomes, which suggests that high concentrations of the catecholestradiol interfere with the physical separation of chromosomes. Noninvasive PolScope analysis and tubulin immunofluorescence revealed that perturbations in spindle organization, which resulted in severe disturbances of the chromosome alignment at the spindle equator (congression failure), were caused by 2-ME at meiosis I and II. Pericentrin-positive centrosomes failed to align at the spindle poles, and multipolar spindles and prominent arrays of cytoplasmic microtubule asters were induced in 2-ME-exposed metaphase II oocytes. In conclusion, a micromolar level of 2-ME is aneugenic for mammalian oocytes. Therefore, exposure to 2-ME and conditions that increase the intrinsic local concentration of 2-ME in the ovary may affect fertility and increase risks for chromosomal aberrations in the oocyte and embryo.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗