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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[One case report of clitoral priapism and literature review].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of female clitoral priapism. METHODS: A 29-year-old case of painful priapism of the clitoris lasting 60 hours was reported. The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of clitoral priapism were discussed and the literature reviewed. RESULTS: The patient was cured by intracavernous administration of adrenaline. CONCLUSION: Clitoral priapism is extraordinarily rare. It is primarily due to oral antidepressant drugs or pelvic malignant neoplasm which leads to tissue infiltration of the clitoral veins and obstruction of the clitoral corporeal blood flow. The efficient therapeutic approach to clitoral priapism is intracavernous administration of alpha-agonists similar to the treatment of penile priapism.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A new method for clitoroplasty in male-to-female sex reassignment surgery.

Sex reassignment surgery has proved to be the best resolution for primary transsexuals. In 1980, Dr. Rubin stated that preservation of the glans to reconstruct the clitoris in male-to-female sex reassignment surgery gave good cosmetic and functional results. In his series, Rubin used the corpus spongiosum as the vascular pedicle of the neoclitoris, but urine leakage is a complication. From 1988 to the present, the dorsal portion of the glans penis with the dorsal neurovascular pedicle has been used here for clitoroplasty in nine male-to-female primary transsexuals. All neoclitorides survived well, with good preservation of light touch and sexual sensation. No urine leakage has occurred. Six patients who were followed reported sexual satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Urethral sphincter (G point). Anatomo-clinical correlations].

UNLABELLED: On the basis of 36 cases in sexology, the authors sought the site of the G point on the basis of clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomical findings. CLINICAL FINDINGS: examination of pleasant vaginal sensitivity. Discovered by patients unaware of it. Recognised by patients aware of it. Ultrasonographic findings: localization of a hypoechogenic zone, above all in the lower third of the vagina, corresponding with pleasant vaginal sensitivity and changing after digital vaginal examination and contractions of the levators. Anatomical findings: dissection of the anterior perineum of cadavers seeking this ultrasonographic hypoechogenic structure. These various approaches lead the authors to locate the G point at the urethral sphincter, as was suggested by Grafenberg in 1950, and to situate vaginal and clitoris sensitivity in the same anatomical entity: the urethro-clitorido-vulval entity.

Clitoris↗
PubMed1992

Clitoral size in normal women.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine clitoral size in normal women and the possible effect of age, height, weight, parity, and oral contraceptive (OC) use. METHODS: Prospective measurement was made of clitoral dimensions in 200 consecutive normal women at routine gynecologic examination in an office setting. RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) transverse diameter of the glans clitoris was 3.4 +/- 1.0 mm. The longitudinal diameter of the glans was 5.1 +/- 1.4 mm. Total clitoral length including glans and body was 16.0 +/- 4.3 mm. The mean clitoral index was 18.5 mm2. Measurements of all diameters were normally distributed. Age, height, weight, or current use of OCs did not influence clitoral size, but parous women had significantly larger measurements. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to obtain useful clitoral measurements in the office setting. Parity influences clitoral size, but age, height, weight, and OC use do not.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Clitoral enlargement caused by prepucial hemangioma: a case report].

A 4-year-old girl visited with the chief complaint of clitoral enlargement which was first pointed out when she was one year old. She has received excision of the femoral tumor, which was histologically an arteriovenous hemangioma, at 4 years old. The prepuce was darkly purplish and the clitoral neck was enlarged without enlargement of the clitoral glans. The external genitalia otherwise were normal and there were no virilizing signs. The mass was excised at the preoperative diagnosis of prepucial hemangioma. The mass was enclosed in the prepuce and adherent to its skin and there was no enlargement of the clitoris itself. The histopathological diagnosis was arteriovenous hemangioma.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

[Reconstruction of external genitalia of the girl with adrenogenital syndrome].

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause for female pseudohermaphroditism. In these patients uterus and Fallopian tubes are present and also in severe cases the clitoris cannot function as penis later in life. Therefore, a neonate with ambiguous genitalia due to CAH should be raised as female. To assess the degree of masculinization, a modification of Prader's classification was used. In 23 girls with ambiguous genitalia reduction clitoroplasty preserving the neurovascular bundle and creating a dorsal preputial skin flap and vaginoplasty with a perineal skin flap were performed. The phallic skin was used to create the labia minora and the anterior vaginal wall. The patients were reevaluated 1 to 14 years after the operation. The cosmetic and functional results have been excellent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Evoked potentials from the lower urinary tract. II. The spino-cortical neuraxis. A methodological study.

Spinal and cerebral evoked potentials (EPs) on stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis, clitoris, bladder wall and posterior urethra were recorded in 20 normal subjects (10 females and 10 males). Responses were obtained by computer averaging of multiple potentials registered over the spinal cord (L1) and cerebral cortex. Responses from the posterior tibial nerve were also recorded. Consistent cortical responses were obtained from the pudendal nerve, bladder wall and posterior urethra, whereas spinal responses were difficult to record. The maximum responses after stimulation of the pudendal nerve, bladder wall and posterior urethra were recorded over the midline of the scalp at CZ-2 cm point. The configuration of the somatosensory evoked potentials of the pudendal nerve had a W-shape with a consistent positive peak P1 (median 42.0 msec, range 39-45 msec), whereas the responses after endovesical and endourethral stimulation mainly were M-shaped with a prominent negative peak N1 (Bladder: mean 104.0 msec, range 75-112 msec and posterior urethra: median 103.0 msec, range 78-114 msec). Conduction times within the central spinal pathways could be calculated by subtracting the latencies of the peripheral spinal potentials from the central cortical potentials.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

XX true hermaphroditism in a dog.

XX True hermaphroditism was identified in a 5-month-old German Shorthaired Pointer with a large clitoris. The gonads were situated caudal to the kidneys at the cranial tips of the uterine horns, and were composed mainly of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells and had ovarian follicles in the cortices. Each gonad had efferent tubules, a pampiniform plexus, fimbriae, and a uterine tube. The uterus was positioned normally in the abdomen and had no gross or histologic abnormalities. Giemsa-banded karyotypes revealed a normal female 78,XX chromosomal complement with no structural abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Measurement of anal and genitoanal reflexes in cats.

Noninvasive determination of anal and genitoanal reflexes was evaluated in clinically normal cats. Thirty adult mixed-breed cats (15 sexually intact or castrated males, 15 sexually intact or spayed females) were sedated by IV administration of ketamine, acetylpromazine, and atropine. Anal reflexes were recorded from the anal sphincter muscle after ipsilateral and contralateral electrical stimulation of the perineal skin. Genitoanal reflexes were recorded from the anal sphincter muscle after electrical stimulation of the penis or clitoris. An anal sphincter response to tibial nerve stimulation was attempted. Anal reflexes from ipsilateral and contralateral stimulations and a genitoanal reflex were detected in all cats. Anal sphincter responses to tibial nerve stimulation were inconsistent (4/30) and were not included in any analyses. Anal reflexes had response latencies of 7.5 to 12.0 ms (ipsilateral stimulation) and 6.5 to 13 ms (contralateral stimulation). Genitoanal reflexes had latencies of 9.0 to 13.0 ms (males) and 6.5 to 9.0 ms (females). Anal reflex latencies were significantly (P less than 0.05) longer for contralateral, opposed to ipsilateral, stimulation and were significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in males than in females. Genitoanal reflex latencies were also significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in males than in females, reflecting the more peripheral stimulation site in males. Anal reflex responses could be recorded in 2 feline clinic patients with such severe perineal trauma that pudendal nerve function could not be manually evaluated A potentially favorable prognosis was given in each instance on the basis of detection of the response. One cat eventually recovered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anal Canal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epithelial bell].

The epithelial bell which surrounds the clitoris in most mammals arises by fusion of visceral and parietal layers of the prepuce. Adhesion of the epithelia occurs between the squamous cells and a normal connection is formed by desmosomes and other junctions. There is total absence of cornifications. The squamous epithelial double lamina splits occasionally in some patches where the free surfaces are getting back to a normal process of keratinization as in the wall of the vestibule. In the closed pits the keratin scales form squamous granules without sebaceous secretion. Sometimes a similar process occurs in the human prepuce with the same results as described in cat and rabbit. The granules of keratin are different from the smegmaliths as they do not contain sebaceous secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Surgery of sexual ambiguity: experience of 298 cases].

From 1955 to 1988, 298 children suffering of ambiguous genitalia were operated upon in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris. 187 were female pseudo-hermaphroditism (of which 85% congenital adrenal hyperplasia). 53 gonadal dysgenesis and 58 male pseudohermaphroditism--Feminizing genitoplasty, including relocation of the clitoris, published by us, in 1961, was made in 238 cases. It was for a long time the best procedure used, whatever be the etiology of intersex, because the results of masculinizing procedures to be used were poor. Using free bladder mucosa graft is a progress which allows an efficient one stage masculinizing genitoplasty, we have made 31 cases of it. Early and precise diagnosis, early medical treatment and psychological approach of intersex by a multidisciplinary team and adequate precocious one stage surgical repair of ambiguous genitalia, have dramatically improved this condition. Prenatal diagnosis of C21 hydroxylase deficiency and preventive control of adrenal hyperplasia of the foetus, by the supply of gluco-corticoïds to the mother in "a risk situation", will in the future allow to prevent virilisation of female foetuses--Surgery will become useless.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[A heated controversy--already settled today?].

In the sexuological literature there was a strong argument about the seeming inequality of clitorial or vaginal orgasms for a long time. S. Freud characterized the clitoral orgasm as immature, infantile and noted that it should be transformed into the advanced, truly vaginal orgasm. In contrast, feministically-oriented authors proclaimed the clitoral orgasm the actual, mentally more advanced one. Using a psychological "orgasm test" both hypotheses are verified in a population of 422 orgastically experienced women. The result shows that both clitoral and vaginal orgasms are not differently felt by women. Differently preferred coitus positions, either, are not supposed to have any influence on the orgastic experience of women.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Neurophysiologic maps of the cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia of the ewe.

The area of skin supplied by the afferent fibers in a peripheral nerve is called the cutaneous area (CA) of that nerve. The CA responsive to movement of wool or hair in the genital regions were mapped in 17 ewes, with the identifications of the peripheral nerves and of the spinal nerves contributing to the pudendal plexus being checked at necropsy. Differences were found in the origins and extent of CA of the cutaneous branches from the sacral plexus. The CA of the caudal rectal nerves and of a nerve that passed caudally between the caudal vertebrae and the ventral sacrococcygeus muscle lay lateral to the anus and in the adjacent skin of the tail. The CA of the proximal cutaneous branch and of the distal cutaneous branch from the pudendal nerve (or plexus) overlapped craniocaudally (by approx one-half) the CA of the distal cutaneous branch extending ventrally and ending just caudal to the ipsilateral mammary gland. The deep perineal nerve innervated the skin immediately lateral to the anus and vulva. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris innervated hairs on the ipsilateral half of the vulva. Other fibers in the pudendal nerve were presumed to pass into the mammary branch of the nerve. They innervated the skin ventral to the vulva, the ipsilateral mammary gland, and (in some ewes) areas of the skin cranial to the mammary gland. The CA of the genitofemoral nerve included the ipsilateral teat and the inguinal fossa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Creation of an artificial vagina in persons with male pseudohermaphroditism].

The author elaborated a method of creation of an artificial vagina in patients with false male hermaphroditism during puberty from the skin of the removed clitoris, with the correction of external genitalia in the female direction. This method is harmless, the operative technique is simple. Positive anatomical and cosmetic results were obtained in two patients with the mentioned pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Growth and reproductive development in freemartins hormonally treated from 1 to 79 weeks of age.

Postnatal growth, steroid hormone profiles and response to steroid hormone treatment were studied in 18 freemartins and one normal female born co-twin with a bull. They were either treated postnatally with testosterone or estrone at one week of age, or left untreated until 50 weeks of age when they received silastic implants calculated to release either 12.9 microgram of estrone or 2.6 microgram of estradiol per day per kg of body weight. Later a dihydrotestosterone-treated group was added. Reproductive development was studied by palpation per rectum and by examination when animals were slaughtered at 79 weeks of age. Treated animals grew slightly faster than untreated animals. Testosterone in untreated freemartins averaged 76 and 87 pg/ml of blood plasma during weeks 1 to 48 and 52 to 56. Corresponding values for those animals with small testosterone implants (weeks 1 to 48) and with larger implants (weeks 52 to 56) were 130 and 272 pg/ml. Estrone and estradiol values appeared to fluctuate between 10 and 50 pg/ml but values are uncertain because they were below the sensitivity of the assay then available. Thus, circulating steroid hormone concentrations were similar to those reported for castrates. Testosterone stimulated clitoral development prenatally and postnatally. None of the treatments influenced vaginal depth, which averaged 4.0, 9.0 and 10.9 cm at 1, 24 and 52 weeks of age. Vaginal depth at birth was not a reliable indicator of freemartinism. Androgen may have inhibited udder development, whereas estrogen appeared to be stimulatory. The reproductive organs of the freemartin were characterized by differences in underdevelopment and the general presence of seminal vesicles. The latter structures, plus clitoral development at birth in 3 animals and postnatal response of the clitoris to testosterone is interpreted to indicate that the presence of androgens is one factor in abnormal development. Otherwise, gross morphology of the reproductive tract was not related to hormone treatment, postnatal gonadal histology, endocrinology or lymphocyte chromosomal karyotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical significance of clitoral tumors].

In 246 patients with vulvar tumors of the Landesfrauenklinik Magdeburg from 1972 to 1982 we could find 5 women (2%) with tumors involving the clitoris. Two of the patients suffered from a carcinoma. The three other patients had benign lesions, one a hidradenoma, one a retention cyst and one a myxofibroma.

Adenoma, Sweat Gland↗
PubMed1983

Virilizing diseases and tumours of childhood. Pediatric surgical aspects.

In the treatment of AGS, the pediatric surgeon is faced with the task of correcting the form and appearance of the virilized female genitalia as early as possible. For severe forms, a pull-through operation of the vagina and closure of the urethral fistula is necessary. At the same time, the hypertrophied clitoris should be corrected by a reduction plasty or backward displacement of the crura. The prospects for cure after treatment of adrenal cortical or ovarian tumours are usually poor. The tumours are malignant in over 85% of cases and metastasize early. The secondary sexual characteristics produced by the tumours regress only partially. When bony development is advanced, these patients inevitably remain small after growth ceases. Cortisone substitution under the guidance of the pediatric endocrinologist is essential at all surgical procedures.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗