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PubMedDate not supplied

Transient clinical diabetes mellitus in cats: 10 cases (1989-1991).

Medical records of 10 cats with transient clinical diabetes mellitus were reviewed. At the time diabetes was diagnosed, clinical signs included polyuria and polydipsia (10 cats), weight loss (8 cats), polyphagia (3 cats), lethargy (2 cats), and inappetence (1 cat). Mean (+/- SD) fasting blood glucose concentration was 454 +/- 121 mg/dL, mean blood glucose concentration during an 8-hour period (MBG/8 hours) was 378 +/- 72 mg/dL, and glycosuria and trace ketonuria were identified in 10 and 5 cats, respectively. Baseline serum insulin concentration was undetectable (6 cats) or within the reference range (4 cats) and serum insulin concentration did not increase after i.v. glucagon administration in any cat. Insulin-antagonistic drugs were being administered to 5 cats and concurrent disorders were identified in all cats. Management of diabetes included administration of glipizide (6 cats), insulin (3 cats), or both (1 cat), discontinuation of insulin-antagonistic drugs, and treatment of concurrent disorders. Insulin and glipizide treatment was discontinued 4-16 weeks (mean, 7 weeks) after the initial diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed. At the time treatment for diabetes was discontinued, clinical signs had resolved, mean fasting blood glucose concentration was 102 +/- 48 mg/dL, MBG/ 8 hours was 96 +/- 32 mg/dL, glycosuria and ketonuria were not identified in any cat, and concurrent disorders (except mild renal insufficiency in 1 cat) had resolved. Significant (P < .05) increases occurred in postglucagon serum insulin concentrations, insulin peak response, and total insulin secretion, compared with values obtained when clinical diabetes was diagnosed. Histologic abnormalities were identified in pancreatic islets of 5 cats in which pancreatic biopsies were obtained and included decreased number of islets (4 cats), islet amyloidosis (3 cats), and vacuolar degeneration of islet cells (3 cats). Mean beta cell density was significantly (P < .001) decreased in diabetic cats compared with control cats (1.4 +/- 0.7 versus 2.6 +/- 0.5%, respectively). Cells within islets stained positive for insulin, however, the number of insulin-staining cells per islet and the intensity of insulin staining were decreased in 5 and 2 cats, respectively. Clinical diabetes had not recurred in 1 cat after 6 years, in 4 cats lost to follow-up after 1.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 years, and in 2 cats that died 6 months and 5.5 years after clinical diabetes resolved. Clinical diabetes recurred in 3 cats after 6 months, 14 months, and 3.4 years, respectively. These findings suggest that cats with transient clinical diabetes have pancreatic islet pathology, including decreased beta cell density, and that treatment of diabetes and concurrent disorders results in improved beta cell function, reestablishment of euglycemia, and a transition from a clinical to subclinical diabetic state.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Homologous protection but lack of heterologous-protection by various species and types of Bartonella in specific pathogen-free cats.

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is caused by Bartonella henselae, and possibly by B. clarridgeiae. In immuno-compromised persons, B. henselae is one of the agents causing bacillary angiomatosis. Domestic cats are the main reservoir of these bacteria, which are transmitted primarily from cat to cat by fleas. Possible strategies to prevent the spread of infection among cats are to eliminate flea infestation or to prophylactically immunize cats. In order to develop an appropriate vaccine, it is important to determine if cats become resistant to re-infection by the same strain or various types or species of Bartonella. In a series of experiments, 21 SPF cats were experimentally infected by the intradermal route with 10(5)-10(10) colony-forming units/ml of either B. henselae type II (17 cats), or a new strain 'Humboldt' isolated from a mountain lion (4 cats). The cats were bled weekly to every other week for determination of bacteremia and specific antibody production. After they cleared their infection, they were challenged by a homologous or heterologous strain of Bartonella: 10 cats were challenged with B. henselae type II, three cats with B. henselae type I, four cats with B. clarridgeiae and four cats with the 'Humboldt' strain. Seven of these cats received a third inoculum dose resulting in three cats sequentially infected with sequence B. henselae type II/B. henselae type II/'Humboldt', two cats with sequence B. henselae type II/'Humboldt'/B. clarridgeiae, and two cats with the sequence 'Humboldt'/B. henselae type II/'Humboldt'. All cats challenged with a homologous strain remained abacteremic after challenge and had an increased IgG antibody titer. All cats challenged with either a different Bartonella species or type became bacteremic. The few cats receiving a third inoculum with a strain homologous to the initial strain remained abacteremicafter that challenge. All cats infected with B. clarridgeiae suffered relapsing bacteremia compared to only 36% of the B. henselae infected cats and 22% of the 'Humboldt'-infected cats (p=0.008). The duration of bacteremia was significantly longer in B. henselae primary-infected cats (mean: 34 weeks) than B. henselae heterologously challenged cats (mean: 9 weeks) (p=0.014). These data clearly indicate the lack of cross-protection between B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae and furthermore, indicate the lack of protection between B. henselae types I and II, and a wildlife isolate. A vaccine strategy for CSD prevention in domestic cats will require a multivalent vaccine approach.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The use of human hematopoietic growth factors (rhGM-CSF and rhEPO) as a supportive therapy for FIV-infected cats.

Recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) and erythropoietin (rhEPO) were tested on chronically FIV-infected laboratory cats and uninfected specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats. In Study 1, a total of eight cats (four cats per group of either infected or uninfected cats) received subcutaneous injection (twice a day) for 2 weeks with 5 microg/kg of rhGM-CSF, while seven cats (three SPF and four FIV-infected cats) served as the placebo-treated control cats. Four of eight rhGM-CSF-treated cats (two cats each from infected and uninfected groups) developed elevated WBC counts which peaked at Days 5-8 of treatment when compared to placebo-treated cats. The elevated WBC counts were attributed to the increase in either neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, or their combinations. The RBC counts, platelet counts, and blood chemistry were not significantly affected by the treatment. Anti-rhGM-CSF antibodies were detected in six of eight rhGM-CSF-treated cats by Day 35 post-first treatment. All rhGM-CSF-treated infected cats but no placebo-treated infected cats had 1-2 log increase in FIV load in the PBMC during the treatment. In vitro studies suggest that rhGM-CSF has an effect on FIV replication in T cells but not in alveolar macrophages. Five of eight rhGM-CSF-treated cats had low-grade fever at 3-6 days of treatment. In Study 2, four cats per group of either infected or uninfected cats were treated (subcutaneously once a day) three times a week for 2 weeks with 100U/kg of rhEPO and monitored as before, while seven cats (three SPF and four FIV-infected cats) served as the placebo-treated control cats. All rhEPO-treated cats had a gradual increase in RBC, Hgb, and PCV counts which peaked at 2-4 weeks post-first rhEPO treatment, whereas none of the placebo-treated cats had significant increase in these parameters. The rhEPO-treated cats also developed elevated WBC counts consisting of either elevated neutrophils, lymphocytes, or their combination by 4 weeks post-first treatment but there was no statistical difference between rhEPO-treated and placebo-treated groups. None of the cats developed anti-rhEPO antibodies and no remarkable changes in blood chemistry, clinical signs, and FIV loads or FIV antibody titers were observed. Overall, rhEPO can be used safely on FIV-infected cats but the use of rhGM-CSF on FIV-infected cats should be performed with discretion.

Anemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of feline Chlamydia psittaci and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with upper respiratory tract disease.

The epidemiology of feline chlamydiosis and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1) infection in cats was determined using a duplex polymerase chain reaction assay. In cats with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), prevalences of 66 (14.3%) of 462 cats and 98 (21.2%) of 462 cats were found for Chlamydia psittaci and FHV1, respectively. In cats without URTD, prevalences were 1/87 (1.1%) for both pathogens. Younger cats, cats sampled in summer, and cats with conjunctivitis were more likely to be positive for C psittaci than were cats sampled in other seasons and cats without conjunctivitis. Cats with recent contact with cats outside the household, cats with acute disease, and sneezing cats were more likely to be positive for FHV1 than were cats that had not had recent contact with cats outside the household, cats with chronic disease, and cats that were not sneezing. Purebred cats were less likely to be positive for FHV1 than were mixed breed cats and prevalence varied with year of sampling. Coinfection with both pathogens was lower than would be expected from their respective prevalences. Vaccinated cats were equally likely to be positive for FHV1 as unvaccinated cats. In sneezing cats FHV1 was more likely to be detected than C psittaci, particularly in acute cases, and when sneezing was not accompanied by conjunctivitis. Cats with reproductive disease concurrent with URTD were more likely to be infected with FHV1 than with C psittaci. Thus, the factors that should be considered in clinical diagnoses of C psittaci infections are the presence of conjunctivitis, age, and season, whereas contact with other cats, acute disease, and sneezing should be considered in diagnoses of FHV1 infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immunotherapy for cat asthma.

In 22 patients with cat asthma who were highly sensitive to cat, we compared, double-blind, the effects of immunotherapy with cat-hair and dander extract (11 patients) with effects of placebo (11 patients). Patients were matched by the dose of the cat extract expressed in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) units of Fel d I (previously called cat allergen 1) required for end point reaction in intradermal skin test end point titration (STEPT), for in vitro leukocyte histamine release (LHR), and for the dose of cat extract producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (cat-extract PD20) in bronchoprovocation test. Patients were matched also for bronchoprovocation dose of methacholine producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (methacholine PD20). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. During immunotherapy, doses were increased to maintenance dose of 4.56 FDA units of Fel d I, or, if this were less, to the highest tolerated dose. Systemic reactions to cat-extract immunotherapy were mild and infrequent. Before and during immunotherapy, we measured (in FDA units of Fel d I) cat-extract PD20, cat-extract intradermal STEPT, cat-extract in vitro LHR, serum levels of cat IgG and cat IgE, and methacholine PD20. After they had received 1 year of immunotherapy, patients receiving cat extract, in comparison to patients receiving placebo, had decreased cat-extract PD20 (p less than 0.01), diminished responses to cat-extract intradermal STEPT (p less than 0.025), increased IgE antibodies toward cat extract (p less than 0.01), increased IgG antibodies toward cat extract, Fel d I, and cat albumin (p less than 0.001), but no significant change in cat-extract in vitro LHR or in methacholine PD20. We conclude that cat-extract immunotherapy was well tolerated, significantly decreased skin and bronchial responses to cat extract, and significantly increased IgE antibodies to cat extract and IgG antibodies to cat extract, Fel d I, and cat albumin.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in 7 cats.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of microsurgical transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for the treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Seven cats with PDH. METHODS: Urinary cortisol/creatinine ratios, pituitary-adrenocortical function tests, and computed tomography (CT) were performed on 7 cats that presented with a provisional diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. All cats underwent microsurgical transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with histologic examination of the excised specimen. Follow-up consisted of clinical evaluation, repeat adrenocortical function testing, and CT. RESULTS: Four cats had concurrent diabetes mellitus. In all cats, the urinary cortisol/creatinine (C/C) ratios were elevated. The dexamethasone screening test showed that 2 cats did not meet the criterion for hyperadrenocorticism. The response of the cats' plasma concentrations of cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone to a high dose of dexamethasone varied from very sensitive to completely dexamethasone resistant. Basal plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations were elevated in 2 cats with a pars intermedia adenoma and in 3 cats with an adenoma that originated from the anterior lobe. Preoperative CT enabled accurate assessment of pituitary size (5 nonenlarged pituitaries with a height <4 mm and 2 enlarged pituitaries with a height >5 mm) and localization relative to intraoperative anatomic landmarks. Two cats died within 4 weeks after surgery of a nonrelated disease. In the remaining 5 cats, the hyperadrenocorticism went into both clinical and biochemical remission. Hyperadrenocorticism recurred in 1 cat after 19 months, but no other therapy was given and the cat died at home 28 months after surgery. CT evaluation of this cat had identified pituitary remnants 6 weeks after surgery. The main postoperative complications were oronasal fistula (1 cat), complete dehiscence of the soft palate (1 cat), and transient reduction of tear production (1 cat). One cat died at 6 months (undefined anemia), and another cat at 8 months (recurrent nose and middle ear infection secondary to soft palate dehiscence) after surgery. In the surviving 2 cats, the remission periods at the time of writing were 46 and 15 months. In the 2 cats with sufficient follow-up time, the concurrent diabetes mellitus disappeared, ie, insulin treatment could be discontinued at 4 weeks and 5 months after hypophysectomy. In all 7 cats, the histologic diagnosis was pituitary adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is an effective method of treatment for feline PDH in specialized veterinary institutions having access to advanced pituitary imaging techniques. Concurrent diabetes mellitus is usually reversible after hypophysectomy. Thorough presurgical screening for coexisting diseases is imperative. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PDH in cats can be effectively treated by hypophysectomy. The neurosurgeon performing hypophysectomy must master a learning curve and must be familiar with the most frequent complications of the operation to treat them immediately and effectively. Urinary C/C ratios are sensitive indicators for the assessment of remission and recurrence of hyperadrenocorticism.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Distribution, aerodynamic characteristics, and removal of the major cat allergen Fel d 1 in British homes.

BACKGROUND: Sensitisation to cat allergen (Fel d 1) is an important risk factor for asthma in the UK. A study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of cat allergen in British homes, the aerodynamic characteristics and particle size distribution of airborne Fel d 1, and the method of removing it. METHODS: Dust was collected from 50 homes with a cat and from 50 homes without a cat, and airborne levels of Fel d 1 were measured in 50 homes with a cat and 75 homes without a cat. Particle size distribution was determined using an Andersen sampler (8 hours/day) in 10 homes with cats. This was repeated on five separate days in a house with four cats, and then one, two, four, seven, and 14 days after the cats were removed from the living room area. The effect of high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaner on airborne levels of Fel d 1 was investigated in seven homes with cats. Samples were collected on two separate days from two rooms of each house concurrently, one of which contained the cat, one day with the HEPA cleaner on and the other day as a control. Three one hourly samples were collected over a nine hour period (baseline, 4-5 hours, 8-9 hours) using a high volume dust sampler (air flow rate 60 l/min) and the air sample was collected onto a microglass fibre filter (pore size 0.3 micron). RESULTS: Fel d 1 concentrations were much lower in houses without a cat than in those with a cat (260-fold difference (95% CI 167 to 590) in living room carpets: geometric mean (GM) 0.9 microgram/g (range 0.06-33.93) versus 237 micrograms/g (range 2.8-3000); 314-fold difference (95% CI 167 to 590) in upholstered furniture: 1.21 micrograms/g (range 0.06-61.9) versus 380 micrograms/g (range 7.1-6000); 228-fold difference (95% CI 109 to 478) in bedroom carpets: 0.24 microgram/g (range 0.06-2.24) versus 55 micrograms/g (range 0.06-2304); and 215-fold difference (95% CI 101 to 456) in mattresses: 0.2 microgram/g (range 0.06-2.3) versus 55 micrograms/g (range 0.06-3400). Airborne levels of Fel d 1 were detected in all houses with cats, and the levels varied greatly between the homes (range 0.7-38 ng/m3). Low concentrations of airborne Fel d 1 (range 0.24-1.78 ng/m3) were found in 22 of 75 homes without a cat. Although airborne Fel d 1 was mostly associated with large particles (> 9 microns, approximately 49% of the allergen recovered), small particles (< 4.7 microns) comprised approximately 23% of the total airborne allergen. Total airborne Fel d 1 was reduced by 61.7% two days after removal of the cat but this was due predominantly to the decrease in larger particles (> 4.8 microns) which fell to 13% of their baseline level. Fel d 1 levels associated with small particles (< 4.8 microns) remained largely unchanged on days 1, 2 and 4 and then slowly decreased to 33% of the baseline levels at day 14. With HEPA cleaner a significant reduction in airborne Fel d 1 was observed compared with the control sampling (GM 5.04-0.88 ng/m3 versus 3.79-1.56 ng/m3 at baseline and 8 hours, active versus control group; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Airborne Fel d 1 was detectable in undisturbed conditions in all homes with cats and in almost a third of homes without cats. In houses with cats a significant proportion (23%) of airborne Fel d 1 was associated with small particles (< 4.7 microns diameter). Removal of the cat from the living room and bedroom areas of the home and the use of HEPA air cleaner reduced airborne levels of cat allergen in homes with cats, but the reduction following cat removal was not evenly spread across the particle size range.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗