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PubMed1987

[Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and FeLV-associated diseases in cats: a review].

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) usually occurs in its natural species, the domestic cat. FeLV is also important to human individuals as a comparative model, as FeLV may cause a variety of diseases which are partly malignant and partly benign, such as immunosuppression which bears a resemblance to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in man. Although FeLV is a common infective agent, the incidence of disease due to FeLV is much higher in cats kept in closed households in which several of them are present than it is in free-range cats. Consequently, diseases caused by FeLV are frequently diagnosed in pedigree cats which are often maintained in relatively large numbers. FeLV is transmitted among cats by contagion. The main sources of infection are persistantly infected FeLV carrier cats which continuously excrete virus from the mouth and in other secretions. The majority of cats infected with FeLV will produce neutralising antibodies. Cats which are unable to do so, will become permanently infected. The prognosis is bad in these cats: 90 per cent will die within five years. Various techniques are used to detect FeLV. The most common method, the indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) test, is performed on air-dried blood smears. The results of the IFA agree with that are almost completely identical to those of the virus isolation test. Another test is ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which produces approximately 10 per cent more positive results which are probably due to circulating FeLV antigens. Dissemination of FeLV among cats may be prevented by identifying infected carrier cats and removing them from contact with non-infected cats. Removal programmes using indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests were used successfully in the Netherlands. The proportion of FeLV-positive cats decreased from 9 per cent in 1974 to approximately 3 per cent in 1985 during such a removal programme. During the above period, the removal programme was carried out in the society of Dutch cat breeders 'Felikat', the programme being made compulsory on all members of the society. The incidence of cats positive for FeLV decreased from over 11 per cent in 1974 to less than 2 per cent within four years. None of the cats tested in this society was found to be positive for FeLV in 1984 and 1985. Besides removal programmes, other methods of control, such as vaccination, were developed to prevent the spread of FeLV. The FeLV-immunostimulating complex vaccine (FeLV-ISCOM vaccine) a subunit vaccine in which FeLV-gp70 is presented in a particular manner, seems to be promising.

Animals↗
PubMed1955

Pathology of cat-scratch disease.

A pathologic and histogenetic study of material obtained from ten cases of cat-scratch disease was carried out. The earliest lesion was of ten days' duration and the oldest of 35 days' duration. The first changes in lymph nodes consisted of proliferation of epithelioid cells followed by exudation of leukocytes in their centers and subsequent necrosis of the exudate and epithelioid cells. Proliferative changes leading to formation of epithelioid cell tubercles were seen in some cases. Homogenization of necrotic centers brought about the formation of caseous tubercles similar to those seen in tuberculosis, syphilis, lymphogranuloma venereum and tularemia. Differentiation and the final diagnosis of cat-scratch disease rests upon correlation of histopathologic observations, clinical studies and specific skin tests.

Cat-Scratch Disease↗
PubMed1993

Tympanic bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle-ear disease in cats: 19 cases (1984-1991).

Twenty-two tympanic bulla osteotomies were performed in 19 cats for the treatment of bacterial otitis media (n = 11), inflammatory polyps (n = 7), or middle-ear neoplasia (n = 4). Inflammatory polyps mostly affected young adult cats (mean age, 1.5 years), whereas otitis media affected middle-aged cats (mean age, 5.5 years) and neoplasia affected older cats (mean age, 10.25 years). Although not specific for the underlying disease process, fluid density within the tympanic bulla or thickening of the bulla was observed radiographically in 100% of cats with middle-ear disease. In cats for which results were available, bacterial culturing revealed pathogens in 6 cats diagnosed with otitis media and in 7 cats with benign or malignant tumors within the bulla. The ventral approach to the bulla was the most common surgical procedure (18 osteotomies), followed by the lateral approach combined with ablation of the vertical and horizontal parts of the external acoustic meatus (4 osteotomies). Immediate postoperative complications were common but short-term, and included Horner's syndrome (11 cats), facial nerve paralysis (5 cats), and otitis interna (2 cats). Bulla osteotomy resulted in resolution of clinical signs without recurrence in cats with middle-ear polyps. Drainage of the infected tympanic cavity aided in resolution of the clinical signs of bacterial otitis media, but the long-term clinical course was characterized by persistent neurologic deficits (5 cats) and recurrence of disease (2 cats). Neoplastic infiltration of the tympanic bulla was associated with a poor prognosis, and although surgery helped to establish a diagnosis, it did not alter the clinical course of the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Isolated hepatic involvement of cat scratch disease in immunocompetent adults: Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, pathological findings, and molecular analysis--two cases.

Visceral involvement in absence of lymphadenopathy is a rare manifestation in cat scratch disease; hepatic granulomas are rare, representing 0.3% of systemic manifestations of cat scratch disease, and gallbladder extension is a singular case. The present article refers to 2 rare cases of visceral cat scratch disease in immunocompetent adults with hepatic granulomatous inflammation, caused by Bartonella henselae infection, with gallbladder involvement in 1 case and no lymphadenopathy. Histological features demonstrated the presence of inflammatory necrotizing granulomatous nonneoplastic process. Molecular studies (polymerase chain reaction) were performed to confirm the infectious etiology.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1982

[Cat scratch disease. Apropos of a misleading case].

An unusual case of cat scratch disease was reported. A pharyngeal form of the disease, with a primary site of inoculation in the nasopharynx was observed. The histology showing pseudo-tubercular follicules was misleading the diagnosis finally made by a strongly positive Hanger Rose reaction. From this case we are reviewing the main caracteristics of this disease and especially forms with mucosal inoculation.

Cat-Scratch Disease↗
PubMed2001

Cat-scratch disease neuroretinitis diagnosed by a polymerase chain reaction approach.

PURPOSE: To assess the value of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease neuroretinitis without conclusive serology. METHODS: Interventional case report. A 13-year-old girl developed a right neuroretinitis 2 months after a cat scratch. Despite the lack of accompanying features, an infection by Bartonella henselae was suspected and a systemic check-up was performed. RESULTS: Serologic results excluded other proposed origins but were insufficient in making the diagnosis because of low B. henselae specific IgG level in serum. A polymerase chain reaction analysis for B. henselae DNA in a small axillary lymphadenopathy aspirate enabled us to achieve a definitive diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. CONCLUSION: Polymerase chain reaction is a valuable method of diagnosing cat-scratch disease when serology is considered negative or borderline.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Cellular fatty acid compositions of an unidentified organism and a bacterium associated with cat scratch disease.

The cellular fatty acid composition of a gram-negative bacterium associated with cat scratch disease was determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fatty acid profile of this organism was distinct from those of other bacteria we have tested and was characterized by an unknown acid which was identified as 11-methyloctadec-12-enoic acid. The position of the branched methyl group in this acid was established by GC-MS of the reduced acid, and the location of the double bond was confirmed by GC-MS analysis of dimethyl disulfide derivatives. Another clinical isolate with no known relationship to cat scratch disease but with similar morphological and biochemical features had a similar fatty acid profile, including 11-methyloctadec-12-enoic acid.

Cat-Scratch Disease↗
PubMed2002

Lymphadenopathy at the medial epitrochlear region in cat-scratch disease.

Our objective was to describe the imaging features of lymphadenopathy at the medial epitrochlear region as frequently seen in cat-scratch disease (CSD) and to compare these features with those seen in non-CSD. Ten patients (four males and six females) presented with a subcutaneous soft tissue mass at the medial epitrochlear region. Three patients were younger than 15 years. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients. All lesions turned out to be regional lymphadenopathy instead of soft tissue neoplasm. They were caused by benign disorders in eight cases, including seven CSD and one other infection, and in two cases by metastatic disease. All lesions, except for three benign ones, were solitary. On MRI, high signal intensity (SI) strands in the surrounding soft tissue on T2-weighted images (WI) were present in all cases. Three cases of CSD showed homogeneous SI on both T1- and T2WI. After contrast administration, a moderate, homogeneous enhancement was seen. The other seven lesions, except for one metastasis, had both solid and liquid components. Liquid components showed high SI on T2WI without enhancement, whereas solid components had intermediate SI on T2WI and marked enhancement after contrast administration. Pathological findings in seven patients, including four with CSD, supported the tentative diagnosis made on MRI. One of two patients with CSD had positive serological test. Cat-scratch disease is a major cause of a soft tissue swelling at the medial epitrochlear region. Identification of lymphadenopathy and its presentation on MRI may be helpful in eliciting an animal-scratch history and achieving diagnostic and therapeutic aims in patients without primary cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Intracellular growth of Afipia felis, a putative etiologic agent of cat scratch disease.

The organism Afipia felis, which is though to be an etiologic agent of cat scratch disease, is a gram-negative rod that is clearly seen in infected tissue but is very difficult to isolate from clinical specimens; there has been only one report to date of the successful isolation and maintenance of the bacterium on artificial medium. We have found that A. felis will attach, invade via phagocytosis, and multiply intracellularly within the phagosomes of primary human monocytes and HeLa cells. Once in the cell, the bacterium appears to change morphologically, becoming longer and more pleomorphic, and loses its ability to grow on an artificial medium. Unique proteins have been identified in both the intra- and extracellular variants of A. felis. Convalescent-phase sera from patients with cat scratch disease react poorly with intracellular and extracellular bacteria, suggesting a poor humoral response. The tissue culture protocol presented has been used to isolate 14 new strains of A. felis and has for the first time permitted study of the pathogenesis of this unique organism.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2006

Lymph node biopsy specimens and diagnosis of cat-scratch disease.

We report microbiologic analysis of 786 lymph node biopsy specimens from patients with suspected cat-scratch disease (CSD). The specimens were examined by standard, cell culture, and molecular methods. Infectious agents were found in samples from 391 (49.7%) of 786 patients. The most commonly identified infectious agent was Bartonella henselae (245 patients, 31.2%), the agent of CSD. Mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in 54 patients (6.9%) by culture and retrospectively confirmed by using a specific real-time PCR assay. Neoplasm was diagnosed in 181 specimens suitable for histologic analysis (26.0%) from 47 patients. Moreover, 13 patients with confirmed Bartonella infections had concurrent mycobacteriosis (10 cases) or neoplasm (3 cases). A diagnosis of CSD does not eliminate a diagnosis of mycobacteriosis or neoplasm. Histologic analysis of lymph node biopsy specimens should be routinely performed because some patients might have a concurrent malignant disease or mycobacteriosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cat scratch disease: posterior segment manifestations.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the posterior segment findings seen in ocular cat scratch disease. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: There were 24 patients (35 eyes) with choroidal, retinal, or optic disc manifestations of Bartonella infection evaluated at the authors' institutions over a 6-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical and photographic records were reviewed for evidence of disc edema, macular star, foci of retinitis or choroiditis, choroidal masses, optic nerve masses, vascular-occlusive events, or other findings. RESULTS: Discrete white retinal or choroidal lesions, 50 to 3000 microm in diameter, were the most common posterior segment findings in this series of patients (83% of eyes, 83% of patients). Optic disc swelling was the second most common finding (46% of eyes, 63% of patients) followed by a macular star (43% of eyes, 63% of patients). Vascular-occlusive events were also seen (14% of eyes, 21% of patients), and the site of occlusion was found to be intimately associated with the aforementioned retinal lesions. Final visual acuity was 20/25 or better in 26 (74%) of 35 eyes and was similar in both treated and untreated patients. CONCLUSION: Isolated foci of retinitis or choroiditis were the most common ocular manifestation of cat scratch disease in the authors' patient population, but an array of posterior segment findings may occur.

Adolescent↗