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PubMedDate not supplied

Quality assurance in biomedical or clinical engineering.

Biomedical department directors must begin serious consideration of quality assurance (QA) implementation if they are to satisfy JCAHO directives. This consideration need not be approached with fear or anxiety. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the need and purpose of quality assurance in the biomedical or clinical engineering discipline while demonstrating the ease with which QA may be integrated into an existing biomedical environment. Because every biomedical program is unique, the approach described here can serve as a basic guide for tailoring essential components into a working quality assurance system.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The structure of medical informatics journal literature.

OBJECTIVE: Medical informatics is an emergent interdisciplinary field described as drawing upon and contributing to both the health sciences and information sciences. The authors elucidate the disciplinary nature and internal structure of the field. DESIGN: To better understand the field's disciplinary nature, the authors examine the intercitation relationships of its journal literature. To determine its internal structure, they examined its journal cocitation patterns. MEASUREMENTS: The authors used data from the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) to perform intercitation studies among productive journal titles, and software routines from SPSS to perform multivariate data analyses on cocitation data for proposed core journals. RESULTS: Intercitation network analysis suggests that a core literature exists, one mark of a separate discipline. Multivariate analyses of cocitation data suggest that major focus areas within the field include biomedical engineering, biomedical computing, decision support, and education. The interpretable dimensions of multidimensional scaling maps differed for the SCI and SSCI data sets. Strong links to information science literature were not found. CONCLUSION: The authors saw indications of a core literature and of several major research fronts. The field appears to be viewed differently by authors writing in journals indexed by SCI from those writing in journals indexed by SSCI, with more emphasis placed on computers and engineering versus decision making by the former and more emphasis on theory versus application (clinical practice) by the latter.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2000

Radiographic quality control devices.

In this study, we evaluate eight radiographic quality control (QC) devices, which noninvasively measure the output from a variety of diagnostic x-ray production systems. When used as part of a quality assurance (QA) program, radiographic QC devices help ensure that x-ray equipment is working within acceptable limits. This in turn helps ensure that high-quality images are achieved with appropriate radiation doses and that resources are used efficiently (for example, by minimizing the number of repeat exposures required). Our testing focused on the physical performance, ease of use, and service and maintenance characteristics that affect the use of these devices for periodic, routine measurements of x-ray system parameters. We found that all the evaluated models satisfactorily measure all the parameters normally needed for a QA program. However, we did identify a number of differences among the models--particularly in the range of exposure levels that can be effectively measured and the ease of use. Three models perform well for a variety of applications and are very easy to use; we rate them Preferred. Three additional models have minor limitations but otherwise perform well; we rate them Acceptable. We recommend against purchasing two models because, although each performs acceptably for most applications, neither model can measure low levels of radiation. This Evaluation covers devices designed to measure the output of x-ray tubes noninvasively. These devices, called radiographic quality control (QC) devices, or QC meters, are typically used by medical physicists, x-ray engineers, biomedical engineers, and suitably trained radiographic technologists to make QC measurements. We focus on the use of these devices as part of an overall quality assurance (QA) program. We have not evaluated their use for other applications, such as acceptance testing. To be included in this study, a device must be able to measure the exposure- and kVp-related characteristics of most x-ray systems. At minimum, it must be able to make routine QC measurements of general radiographic, fluoroscopic, and most mammographic equipment. We prefer that it also be usable with dental x-ray systems, more advanced mammography systems (see the supplementary article on page 103), and computed tomography (CT) systems. The device may be a single unit, or it may be a kit consisting of multiple components that, when combined, can perform all the relevant measurements. The evaluated devices are designed to assess only x-ray production systems, not x-ray detection systems such as image intensifiers and film. Those types of systems are typically assessed using test phantoms and other tools that produce test images, which can be quantitatively measured and compared against standards.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Becoming an effective clinical engineering or biomedical technology manager.

The BMET or CE Supervisor is a technical manager who is close to the actual work of a biomedical or clinical engineering department. The MPTI is a management training tool that has identified differences between the effective and less-effective technical managers. These behaviors or styles can be considered and applied to the clinical engineering and BMET work environments. Effective BMET or CE Supervisors have a management identity. They are both people-oriented and task-oriented. They are good problem-solvers, and will plan and structure the work tasks and environment. When the situation requires a change in plans, however, they can adapt to the new situation easily. If a decision needs to be made that affects the organization, they will check with higher management or peer managers. Less-effective BMET or CE Supervisors will make important decisions alone, without checking with others. They plan and structure tasks and the work environment, but they are less willing to change when faced with a new situation. They are not people-oriented, and their ability to assess social situations is low. Their need for achievement recognition is often too high. The work environment has an effect on how the competence of a manager is perceived. A "one-desk manager" in a small, one-person biomedical engineering department has more autonomy than a CE Supervisor in a large department. Working for a medical device manufacturing firm often requires a greater management identity. An engineering consultant is often a managing specialist, rather than a traditional manager.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2006

Polymer nano-engineering for biomedical applications.

Polymeric materials possess many attractive properties such as high toughness and recyclability. Some possess excellent biocompatibility, are biodegradable, and can provide various bio-functionalities. Proper combination of functional polymers and biomolecules can offer tailored properties for various biomedical applications. This overview article covers three major sections: Applications of Polymeric Structures and Devices, Nanoscale Polymer Fabrication Technologies, and Conclusions and Future Directions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vestibular prostheses: the engineering and biomedical issues.

Currently available data demonstrate the need for balance prostheses. Recent technological and biomedical advances now make it feasible to produce miniaturized sensors, signal processors, electric stimulators, and stimulating electrodes that are roughly analogous to a cochlear implant but which provide information about self motion, instead of sound. Many areas require work before balance prostheses become a reality. Some of these include: the development of a motion sensor array, the conversion of the sensed motion into physiologically meaningful information, the delivery of the transformed information to the CNS, the training of vestibular deficient individuals to use the prosthesis, and developing methods to evaluate the efficacy of the device. In this "white paper", we consider these issues in the context of prototype baseline prosthetic devices.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Advancing your career in clinical engineering or biomedical technology.

Career advancement options available to the aspiring biomedical technician, clinical engineer or supervisor are described. "Paths" to professional development include: obtaining additional education, getting certified, joining professional associations, finding a mentor, on-the-job training and improving working style. Suggestions are offered on how to start this process in one's own career.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioengineering education in Canada, 1988.

As a companion article to the Journal of Clinical Engineering's series on Bioengineering Education in the United States, this paper describes the biomedical engineering and biomedical engineering technology programs in Canada. The purpose of the article is not to evaluate each program, but to illustrate the breadth of bioengineering and related programs available today in this country. While biomedical engineering technology programs are offered at the college level, the Canadian philosophy toward biomedical engineering is slightly different from that found in the United States: in Canada, biomedical engineering is offered only at the graduate level to qualified applicants with a previous degree in engineering, science, medicine, or dentistry.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical engineering as an academic discipline.

This paper includes sections written by the current or former Clinical Engineering coordinators of five universities on common problems faced by Clinical Engineering (CE) educational programs and the different solutions adopted on various campuses. The problems discussed include student recruitment, financial support, containment of student credit hours and faculty time, retention of CE graduates in the profession, and differentiation between Clinical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Technology.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies for technology management in clinical engineering.

Clinical and Biomedical Engineering managers are in a position to utilize their management skills and apply analytical strategies to identify and capture cost savings opportunities in their institutions. To do so, however, they may be required to expand their scope and extend beyond what may have been their traditional areas of responsibility. This paper examines how management skills, techniques, and strategies were applied to establish a program to manage the repair of rigid and flexible surgical scopes. The program resulted in substantial cost savings, as well as other significant quantitative and qualitative benefits, and further demonstrated the value of proper technology management in healthcare institutions.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

1985 survey of biomedical & clinical engineering departments in U.S. hospitals.

The Journal of Clinical Engineering has conducted a broad scope survey of hospital biomedical and clinical engineering departments throughout the U.S. An earlier report provided salary and job responsibility data. This second report provides, for the first time, numerical data on the administration, facilities, budgets, department workload, personnel workload, employment benefits, quality assurance, and other professional aspects of the departments. The present report represents approximately 6% of all U.S. hospitals, 10% of all U.S. hospital beds, and over $1.1 Billion dollars worth of hospital equipment service responsibilities. Readers are cautioned not to use the statistical averages presented here as standards or guidelines because of the substantial and appropriate differences between departments. Nevertheless, the survey data provide a useful overview of the hospital-based clinical and biomedical engineering field. The survey determined that 58% of hospital biomedical activities are organized as separate departments reporting to hospital administration. From 1984 to 1985, department budgets increased by +12% overall. While all budget categories increased, wages were the greatest factor (+11%). Teaching facilities have substantially higher budgets than non-teaching. Department floor space increased +3.2% from year to year. Nationwide, an average of 226 sq. ft. is used per department staff member. Department test equipment increased by +11.4% from 1984 to 1985. During the same period, the total dollar value of equipment serviced by the departments increased by +10.5% and the number of devices serviced increased by +4.8%. Nationwide, the statistically average department serviced 2,220 devices worth $7,068,000. Department employment is growing at +10.8% per year (teaching department staffs +7.6%; non teaching +15.9%). Employment of BMETs grew by +8.6%; Clinical Engineers by +11.5%. A measure called Devices Per Person was steady at 500 devices per person from year-to-year. A second measure called Beds Per Person was, on average, 95 beds per department staff member (lower in teaching, higher in non teaching). Other averages are 136 Beds/BMET; 402 Beds/CE; and 390 Beds/Supervisor. Hospital employment benefits are detailed. Only 23% of departments are now equipped to use telecommunications. Virtually all departments have major Q.C. procedures in place.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1977

Medical engineering education in Sweden with reference to other Nordic countries.

The education of biomedical engineers in Sweden is examined against the background [corrected] of the organisation of Swedish health care. The history of the introduction of engineers into medicine is briefly recounted, leading on to a description of the academic courses open to both undergraduate and graduate students and to a discussion of the status of biomedical engineering and of biomedical engineers within the health service. Future trends are suggested. The situation in other Nordic countries is also briefly discussed.

Biomedical Engineering↗