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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The impact of chemotherapy on small cell carcinoma of the bronchus.

Between 1971 and 1978, 140 cases of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus were registered by a group of chest physicians in north Edinburgh. Sixty-five of these patients received specific treatment either with radiotherapy or cyclophosphamide and 75 patients were given treatment for symptoms only. Between 1979 and 1981 83 patients referred to the same physicians and pathologists were treated with combination chemotherapy (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and CCNU) for 12 weeks. Overall median survival in the 1971 to 1978 group was two months with the actively-treated patients surviving for five months vs. less than one month for treatment of symptoms only. For the 83 patients treated with combination chemotherapy, median survival was nine months with 33 per cent alive at one year and 13 per cent at two years. Positive factors associated with prolonged survival included performance status at presentation and response to chemotherapy. This study demonstrates that the prognosis for the majority of patients with small cell carcinoma of the bronchus has improved significantly with the introduction of combination chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Beta agonist-induced desensitization in pig bronchus.

Pretreatment of pig isolated bronchial preparations with isoproterenol (Iso) caused a time and concentration-related decrease in both the relaxant potency (pD2) and maximal relaxant effect (Emax) of Iso. Exposure to Iso (5 microM) caused an apparent reduction in the Iso pD2 at 6 hr of approximately 74-fold with a concomitant decrease in Iso Emax from 108 +/- 2 (n = 43) to 55 +/- 6% (n = 11). Responsiveness to the relaxant effects of Iso recovered spontaneously but slowly, being still incomplete 4 hr after desensitization with Iso (1 microM, 3 hr). Responsiveness to norepinephrine and fenoterol was also reduced markedly after exposure to Iso (5 microM), although the relaxant effects of the nonbeta agonists theophylline and forskolin were not reduced. Indeed, the potency of forskolin, was increased 4-fold. The beta antagonists propranolol (nonselective) and atenolol (beta-1 selective) protected bronchi from Iso-induced desensitization, whereas ICI-118551 (beta-2 selective) did not. Furthermore, the dextro (+)-isomer of Iso was virtually inactive as a desensitizing agent. Pretreatment with norepinephrine and fenoterol also decreased the relaxant effects of Iso, although they were at least 100 times less potent than Iso in desensitizing pig bronchi. These results indicate that desensitization was specifically mediated via beta-1 adrenoceptors which predominate in pig bronchus. Alpha adrenoceptor activity mediating increased bronchial tone was apparent in Iso-desensitized bronchi but not in nondesensitized preparations even in the presence of beta adrenoceptor blockade. Neither the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, nor the phospholipase A2 inhibitor mepacrine had any significant effect on the extent of Iso-induced desensitization in pig bronchus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1988

Subpopulations of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of the mouse.

Lymphoid and non-lymphoid subpopulations were investigated in the lung of the mouse with immunocyto-, immunohisto- and enzyme-histochemical methods. Special attention was paid to the cell populations in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), which is positioned between a bronchus and an artery. In BALT, discrete T- and B-cell areas can be found. The majority of the T cells belong to the L3T4+ (T-helper) subpopulation. In the T-cell area interdigitating cells can be recognized by anti-class II antibodies as well as by specific monoclonal antibodies, NLDC-145 and MIDC-8. Macrophage subpopulations can be discriminated by location, enzyme reactivity and various macrophage-specific monoclonal antibody markers. On the outer rim of BALT macrophages are recognized by the MOMA-1 and ERTR9 antibody. Macrophages dispersed in BALT can only be discriminated with the MOMA-2 antibody. The macrophage markers F4/80 and Mac-1 show no reactivity in BALT. In lung, tissue macrophages around bronchi and blood vessels are predominantly recognized by the MOMA-1 and MOMA-2 antibody, and a minor population by the ERTR9 antibody. Alveolar macrophages show heterogeneity with the MOMA-1, MOMA-2 and NLDC-145 antibody. The relationship between alveolar macrophages and antigen-presenting cells is discussed here.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Benzo(alpha)pyrene metabolism and DNA-binding in cultured explants of human bronchus and in monolayer cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells treated with ellagic acid.

Ellagic acid, a plant phenolic compound present in certain foods eaten by humans, has been reported to possess antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. To evaluate the potential anticarcinogenic effect of ellagic acid in humans, we investigated the effect of nontoxic concentrations of ellagic acid on the metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene and binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene metabolites to DNA in cultured explants of human bronchus and in human bronchial epithelial cell cultures. Ellagic acid at concentrations of 10, 25, or 50 microM did not significantly alter the metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene in the bronchial explant cultures and in only one of four bronchial cell cultures. However, binding of metabolites of benzo(alpha)pyrene to DNA was inhibited in all explant and cell cultures of human bronchus by 26 to 77%. These results support the work of other investigators and suggest that ellagic acid may be an inhibitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced carcinogenesis in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Inhibition of binding of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA by 7,8-benzoflavone in organ cultures of human bronchus.

Levels of binding of exogeneously added benzo(a)pyrene to DNA in organ culture were examined in nine specimens of normal human bronchus obtained by bronchoscopy of tumor patients. The specimens were divided into two portions and incubated with [3H]benzo(a)pyrene in the absence or presence of 2 microM 7,8-benzoflavone for 24 h. 7,8-benzoflavone inhibited [3H]benzo(a)pyrene-DNA binding from 24 to 60%. Generally, the levels of binding of [3H]benzo(a)pyrene to DNA in the presence of 7,8-benzoflavone were relatively low and closely bracketed the mean value for the nine specimens. This appears to indicate that there are at least two components to [3H]benzo(a)pyrene-DNA binding catalyzed by the human bronchus. One component is quite variable in activity and is sensitive to inhibition by 7,8-benzoflavone, and may be an environmentally induced activity. The second component is lower in activity, and may be a constitutive portion of the mixed-function oxidase.

Benzo(a)pyrene↗
PubMed1979

Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and identification of the major aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts formed in cultured human bronchus and colon.

Aflatoxin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene were activated by both cultured human bronchus and human colon as measured by binding to cellular DNA and protein. The binding of aflatoxin B1 to DNA was dose dependent, and the level of binding was higher in cultured human bronchus than it was in the colon. When compared to aflatoxin B1, the binding level of benzo(a)pyrene to both bronchial and colonic DNA was generally higher. The major adducts formed in both tissues by the interaction of aflatoxin B1 and DNA were chromatographically identical to 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (Structure 1) with the guanyl group and hydroxy group in trans-position and an adduct which has been tentatively identified by other investigators as 2,3-dihydro-2-(N5-formyl-2',5',6'-triamino-4'-oxo-N5-pyrimidyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (Structure 11). Seventy % of the radioactivity associated with bronchial DNA was found in these two peaks, and the ratio of radioactivity between the peaks was nearly 1. In colonic DNA, the ratio between Structures 1 and 11 was approximately 2. These observations add aflatoxin B1 to the list of chemical procarcinogens metabolized by cultured human tissues and in which the carcinogen-DNA adducts are similar to the adducts formed in animal tissue susceptible to the carcinogenic action of aflatoxin B1.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1979

Clonal growth of metastatic carcinoma of bronchus in bone marrow culture.

Bone marrow cells from a 35-yr-old male with small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus and bone marrow metastases were cultured in semisolid agar. Numerous small clones grew in the cultures, with a similar gross appearance to clones produced by cell from a proportion of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Examination of the cells from these clones by electron microscopy revealed marked differences between these cells and cells grown in cultures from normal and acute myeloid leukemia marrow. This suggests that metastatic cells of the anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus grew in clones in the agar culture system.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Primary malignant melanoma of the bronchus.

A case is presented of a 55-year-old woman with fever, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis. A chest x-ray showed a large mass in the right upper lobe of the lung. Bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsies revealed malignant melanoma of the bronchus. Careful search of all common sites for melanoma and the histological examinations of the two skin lesions failed to substantiate the possibility of an extrapulmonary origin and, thus, by deduction it can be assumed with some certainty that this lesion is primary bronchial melanoma.Total pneumonectomy, when there is no evidence of extrapulmonary extension, coupled with adjuvant chemotherapy seem to offer a chance of cure.The patient presented is the first reported case of primary malignant melanoma of the bronchus from the University College Hospital, Ibadan, and perhaps the first reported case in a Nigerian.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1977

[Pathogenetic left tracheal bronchus. A review of the literature in connection with four cases (author's transl)].

The so-called left "tracheal" bronchus is usually found to be a transposition of the segmental apicoposterior bronchus of the upper left lobe onto the terminal portion of the main trunk. This systematisation abnormality is less common on the left than on the right. In our experience, based on 1,500 bronchographs carried out on adults and children, we have discovered seven left "tracheal" bronchi four of them associated with an obstructive emphysema in the same area. Although this malformation is rarely encountered in the etiologies of interlobular or poly-segmental emphysemas in children, it does however appear that an upper left emphysema has two etiologies which are peculiar to it: segmental bronchial atresia and left "tracheal" bronchi. Why the left "tracheal" bronchi is more often pathogenetic in comparison with the right is open to speculation. As in many other examples of tracheo-bronchial compression for vascular reasons, the close contact between the hyperarterial ectopic bronchi and the left pulmonary artery seems, logically, to be the culprit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Benign tumours of the bronchus and trachea, 1951-1981.

A review has been made of 128 benign tumours of the bronchus seen at a Regional Thoracic Surgery Centre during the 30-year period, 1951-1981. These have included 74 cases of carcinoid tumour of the bronchus and 38 cases of hamartoma. The similarity of the histological appearances of carcinoid to oat cell carcinoma is stressed, together with its clinical implications. A 5-30-year follow-up of the cases of bronchial carcinoid shows that it is essentially a benign tumour, though late recurrence may occur. The use of the somewhat forgotten technique of a Gebauer skin graft in bronchoplastic surgery is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Migration of schrapnel from lung to bronchus.

Erosion of metallic foreign bodies from the pulmonary parenchyma into a bronchus is rare. In this case, bronchoscopic removal of the shrapnel was possible 64 years after the injury. The 89-year-old veteran enjoys life and has had no further pulmonary problems one year after bronchoscopic removal of a metallic foreign body. Possibly this is the oldest patient on record to have had a foreign body erode into a bronchus and to have undergone removal through a rigid bronchoscope.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

An autoradiographic study of the afferent innervation of the trachea, syrinx and extrapulmonary primary bronchus of Gallus gallus domesticus.

A method for injecting a small quantity of tritiated leucine directly into the nodose ganglion of the adult hen is described. The presence of an inner and an outer nerve plexus in the trachea and extrapulmonary primary bronchus is confirmed. Structures in the luminal epithelium of the trachea, syrinx and extrapulmonary primary bronchus having an afferent innervation are described and their possible function is discussed. The question of positive chemography in autoradiographic studies is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Development of the disease and autopsy findings in a case of malignant hemangioendothelioma of the right main bronchus (author's transl)].

The case of a 47-years-old woman with malignant hemangioendothelioma growing from the wall of the right main bronchus is reported. Due to its endobronchial growth, the tumor had led to early obliteration of the bronchus with atelectasis of the right lung, perforated the bronchial wall and had grown up in the mediastinum to the size of 8,5 X 7 X 5 cm bounded by a wall of fibrous tissue. The development of the disease had required about 3 month only on the whole. Exstirpation of the tumour had not been advisable owing to its unfavourable location. In spite of the considerable size of the tumour, no metastases have been founded in the autopsy.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Bronchopleural fistula following pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the bronchus: mechanical stapling versus hand suturing.

Four hundred fifty cases of pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the bronchus are reviewed. The incidence of bronchopleural fistula is compared in two separate groups differentiated according to whether the bronchus was closed with interrupted sutures or with the auto-suture stapling clamp. The incidence of fistula was 11.1% in the interrupted suture group and 2.6% with the auto-suture group. The diagnosis and the method of treatment in this unit are discussed and the etiologic factors responsible for the fistula are reviewed. The conclusions are that there is no single causative factor in the development of bronchopleural fistulas and that the incidence of fistula is considerably reduced by the use of the auto-suture clamp.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-traumatic stenosis of the bronchus (author's transl)].

The authors describe the unusual symptomatology presented by 2 cases of traumatic bronchial rupture in childhood. The first concerns a boy with rupture of the left superior bronchus revealed by a contra-lateral hemopneumothorax. The second cases concerns a young girl with rupture of the right main bronchus: wheezing appearing on the tenth day permitted the diagnosis. They emphasize the eventuality of partial bronchial lesions in cases of moderate and serious thoracic trauma in the child, which should be investigated by bronchoscopy the slightest doubt exists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Bovine lung parenchyma strip has both airway and vascular characteristics. (Pharmacological comparisons with bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein).

Histamine and carbachol contracted the isolated lung parenchyma strip, bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein. Blood vessels and parenchyma strip responded with strong contractions to adrenaline and phenylephrine while bronchus was relaxed by these sympathomimetics. Isoprenaline relaxed all the partially contracted tissues. The results indicate that the lung parenchyma strip preparation is not wholly an airway preparation and involves pulmonary vasculature in its pharmacological reactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

L-citrulline reverses the inhibition of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxations produced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in guinea pig trachea and human bronchus.

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxations were elicited by field stimulation (8 Hz, 1 msec, 12 V for 15 sec) of guinea pig trachea desensitized with capsaicin (1 microM), pretreated with atropine (1 microM), propranolol (1 microM), indomethacin (3 microM) and alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml) and contracted with 3 microM histamine. These relaxations averaged 60 to 80% of the contractions to histamine. The relaxations were inhibited markedly by the addition of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-nitro-n-arginine (L-NNA)(30 microM), suggesting that these relaxations are due to the release of NO. The inhibition produced by L-NNA was reversed by either L-arginine or L-citrulline. L-Citrulline was both more potent and efficacious than L-arginine in this regard. The ability of L-citrulline to reverse the inhibition produced by L-NNA was not altered by L-glutamine (1 mM). The addition of L-citrulline (1 mM) added before L-NNA was without effect on the relaxant responses to field stimulation but was able to prevent the inhibition produced by L-NNA. L-Citrulline also reversed the inhibition produced by another NO synthase inhibitor, L-nitro monomethyl arginine. Relaxations to field stimulation (16 Hz, 1 msec, 12 V for 15 sec) of human bronchus also were inhibited by 30 microM L-NNA and, as in the guinea pig, this inhibition by L-NNA could be reversed by L-citrulline. These results suggest that L-citrulline is able to overcome the inhibition of NO synthase by NO synthase inhibitors in the guinea pig trachea and human bronchus.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Mediator difference in contractions between trachea and bronchus of guinea pig induced by stimulation of C-fibers in vitro.

In trachea and bronchus of guinea pig in vitro, electric field stimulation (EFS) induced a rapid contraction (phase I) followed by a long-lasting contraction (phase II). The pretreatments of chlorphenamine (Chl) 1 mumol.L-1 and disodium cromoglycate (Cro) 10 mumol.L-1 reduced the tracheal contraction of phase II from 49 +/- 23 mg and 34 +/- 18 mg to 27 +/- 21 and 18 +/- 12 mg, respectively. The contractile responses of the tracheae to increasing concentrations of substance P (SP) 0.1-3.0 mumol.L-1 were reduced by the pretreatment of Cro 10 mumol.L-1 (P < 0.01). On the contrary, the contractile responses of the bronchi were not inhibited by Cro or Chl but were inhibited by pretreatment of atropine 1 mumol.L-1 from 61 +/- 36 mg to 36 +/- 15 mg. These results show that there are different mechanisms in the EFS-induced contractions between the trachea and bronchus; that different mediators amplify the phase II contractions.

Acetylcholine↗