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PubMed1987

Anthropometry and subsequent mortality in groups of children aged 6-59 months in Guinea-Bissau.

To assess the importance of nutritional status for subsequent survival, 2228 children aged 6-59 mo were followed for 8-12 mo in four different areas of Guinea-Bissau. The overall death rate was 0.62/100 child-months of follow-up (126 deaths) and 0.63 for the 1756 children who were examined on entering the study (109 deaths). Mortality was twice as high in the periurban as in the rural areas due to an outbreak of measles. In a bivariate analysis the relationship between nutritional status indicators and mortality was confounded by the age dependence of both. Using Cox's regression technique, height-for-age but not weight-for-height was positively correlated with survival. The number of children in the household was a better discriminator for death from measles than was nutritional status. Long-term factors, probably of multiple social origin, are likely causes of both relatively short stature and high mortality.

Body Height↗
PubMed1988

Arm muscle plus bone area: anthropometry and CAT scan compared.

Arm muscle plus bone (M + B) cross-sectional area of the arm estimated from area circumference and skinfold thickness was compared with that estimated from CAT scans. The anthropometric technique overestimated M + B area, and the degree of overestimation varied directly with arm adiposity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Anthropometry in blacks: applicability of generalized skinfold equations and differences in fat patterning between blacks and whites.

To test the accuracy of generalized skinfold (SF) equations in blacks and to compare fat patterning in black and white adults, percent body fat (%BF) was assessed in 90 blacks and 89 whites by deuterium oxide dilution (D2O) and by generalized SF equations [Durnin and Womersely (DW), and Jackson and Pollock and Jackson et al (JP)] by using two calipers (Lange and Holtain). In blacks, JP significantly underpredicted (2.95%) and DW overpredicted (1.74%) D2O %BF with the Lange caliper. With the Holtain caliper DW successfully predicted D2O %BF (r = 0.91, SEE = 3.8%). In whites, DW overpredicted D2O %BF more than in blacks (4.94% vs 1.74%). Lower triceps-subscapular and thigh-subscapular skinfold-thickness ratios in black females and lower suprailiac-subscapular ratios in black males and females were found. It was concluded that blacks may have more visceral and upper-body fat deposition.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Body composition by bioelectrical-impedance analysis compared with deuterium dilution and skinfold anthropometry in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Body composition is an important measure of nutritional status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We generated a regression model for bioelectrical impedance (BI) by using deuterium dilution (2H2O) as a reference method in 32 COPD patients, aged 63 +/- 9 y (mean +/- SD), in stable pulmonary and cardiac condition. Height squared divided by resistance (Ht2/Res) correlated well with total body water (TBW) as measured by 2H2O (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001, SEE = 1.9 L). The best-fitting regression equation to predict TBW comprised Ht2/Res and body weight (r2 = 0.89, SEE = 1.8 L, P less than 0.001). BI-predicted TBW was used to estimate BI-fat-free mass (FFM) that was compared with skinfold-thickness-based FFM predictions (Anthr-FFM). Relative to BI-FFM a significant overestimation of 4.4 +/- 0.8 kg was found by Anthr-FFM. Our results suggest that BI is a useful measure of body composition in patients with severe COPD.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Quantitative assessment of infant body fat by anthropometry and total-body electrical conductivity.

Measurement of total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) has emerged as a rapid, safe, and reproducible method for estimation of infant total body fat (TBF). Agreement of two anthropometric methods [by Dauncey et al (1977) and Weststrate et al (1989)] with TOBEC-TBF was assessed in 435 healthy infants aged 21-365 d. Dauncey-TBF correlated with TOBEC-TBF by r2 = 0.61 and exceeded TOBEC-TBF by 0.14 +/- 0.25 kg in infants < 4 mo of age. Thereafter, TOBEC-TBF exceeded Dauncey-TBF by 0.20 +/- 0.47 kg. We modified Dauncey's method, which significantly improved the correlation to r2 = 0.75. Weststrate-TBF correlated with TOBEC-TBF by r2 = 0.87, but exceeded TOBEC-TBF by 0.5 kg. Both methods showed poor agreement with TOBEC-TBF. We conclude that both methods, although suitable for comparison of TBF between groups, cannot be used to accurately assess TBF in an individual infant.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Maternal anthropometry and infant feeding practices in Israel in relation to growth in infancy: the North African Infant Feeding Study.

Relations between maternal anthropometric status during pregnancy and infant feeding practices and growth from birth through the first 6 mo of life were examined in a cohort of 351 Israeli mother-infant pairs of North African descent. Maternal weight, height, and triceps skinfold thicknesses were determined at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy, while infants' weights and lengths were measured at birth and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 mo of age with concurrent collection of age-specific maternal-reported infant feeding data. On the basis of multiple-linear-regression analysis that adjusted for potential covariates, mean maternal weight at the first prenatal visit and at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy were positively associated with birth length (P for trend in all cases < 0.0001) and with linear growth between birth and 1, 3, and 6 mo of age. Maternal skinfold thickness at 9 mo of pregnancy and maternal height were also significantly associated with birth length. Moreover, maternal height, weight, and skinfold thickness at 6 and 9 mo of pregnancy were positively associated with mean birth weight. After adjustment for morbidity in the past month and other covariates, infants breast-fed exclusively had greater attained weight and weight gain in the first 3 mo compared with infants who were bottle-fed exclusively, breast-fed and bottle-fed, or solid-fed exclusively. These findings underscore the need for programs that improve the nutritional status of women before, during, and after pregnancy, and encourage exclusive breast-feeding of infants for at least the first 3 mo of life.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed1998

Relation of anthropometry to malaria morbidity and immunity in Papua New Guinean children.

The interaction between malnutrition and malaria is complex and there is evidence that malnutrition decreases the susceptibility to malaria. To investigate the relation between anthropometric measurements and subsequent malaria morbidity and to examine whether the effect observed was due to interaction with host immunity, we followed for 1 y a cohort of 136 children aged 10 to < 120 mo in Wosera, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. At baseline, 21% were stunted, 10% were wasted, and 5% were both stunted and wasted. After adjustment for age and use of bed nets, height-for-age z score (HAZ) at baseline predicted the number of clinical episodes of falciparum malaria during the following year: incidence rate increased with increasing HAZ. Humoral responses to specific malarial antigens were lowest in the wasted children. The prevalence of lymphoproliferative responders was not significantly different between well-nourished and undernourished children. In contrast, the prevalence of cytokine producers was higher in the undernourished than in the well-nourished children. Our findings support the view that stunting but not wasting protects against falciparum malaria. The mechanism may be related to an improved ability of malnourished children to produce certain cytokines in response to stimulation by specific malarial antigens.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between child anthropometry and mortality in developing countries: implications for policy, programs and future research.

The prevention of child mortality is a commonly stated health goal in developing countries and the target of much international assistance in the health sector. Over the past decade the primary strategy for accelerating the reduction in child mortality has been the dissemination of simple, low-cost technologies, such as immunization, oral rehydration therapy and antibiotics, that target specific diseases (Huffmann and Steel 1994). This is done despite the knowledge that malnutrition and disease have a synergistic relationship (Scrimshaw et al. 1968) and that the optimal strategy may involve a combination of health and nutrition interventions. In the 1970s, for instance, it was estimated that malnutrition (notably protein-energy malnutrition--PEM) was the underlying or contributing cause of death for roughly half of all deaths to children aged 1-4 years in several Latin American countries (Puffer and Serrano 1973). Apart from this early study, however, there has been little effort to quantify the contribution of malnutrition to child mortality in other regions of the world in ways which are meaningful to policy. This paper reviews the results of 28 community-based, prospective studies, in 12 Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries, which examined the relationship between anthropometric indicators of malnutrition and child mortality. One purpose is to estimate the contribution of malnutrition to child mortality--distinguishing the effects of severe malnutrition from mild-to-moderate malnutrition--and to examine a number of related issues relevant to policy, programs and research in this area. The accumulated results are consistent in showing that the risk of mortality is inversely related to anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and that there is elevated risk even in the mild-to-moderate range of malnutrition. This latter result contradicts the findings from an earlier, landmark study which suggested that mild-to-moderate malnutrition was not associated with an increased risk of mortality (Chen et al. 1980). The present results indicate that somewhere between 20% and 75% of child deaths are statistically attributable to anthropometric deficits, with most estimates falling in the range 25-50%. When taking account of the relative proportions of severe versus mild-to-moderate malnutrition in the population, the results show further than 16-80% of all nutrition-related deaths are associated with mild-to-moderate malnutrition rather than severe malnutrition. In most studies 46-80% of all nutrition-related deaths are in the mild-to-moderate category.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Anthropometry and breast cancer.

Relatively consistent findings about the relationships between body size and shape and breast cancer risk have been emerging in recent years. Adult height is predictive of breast cancer risk, even in populations with no evidence of energy or nutrient deficiency. A complex relationship with adiposity has been observed. The dominant pattern is increasing risk with increasing adiposity except in younger, premenopausal women from countries with high breast cancer rates, in whom an inverse association is noted. When adult weight is evaluated as a dynamic measurement rather than a constant one, excess weight in the years preceding breast cancer diagnosis seems especially critical, consistent with the substantial evidence that adiposity at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is associated with an increased probability of recurrence and a decreased survival time. Adult weight gain has consistently predicted increased risk of breast cancer in older, postmenopausal women, even in some studies in which adult adiposity was only weakly associated with risk. In several studies, women with increased abdominal fat deposition, or central adiposity, also had an elevated risk of postmenopausal, though not necessarily premenopausal, breast cancer, independent of their adult adiposity. These patterns suggest that lifestyles leading to a positive energy balance are involved in the etiology of this disease and that energy intake and physical activity may be especially influential. The hormonal and metabolic mechanisms that account for these relationships between body size and shape and breast cancer risk are not adequately understood and merit further study.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Breast-feeding has a limited long-term effect on anthropometry and body composition of Brazilian mothers.

The effect of lactation on maternal nutrition is controversial. Some studies have shown that breast-feeding reduces maternal weight, whereas some have not. All studies have been restricted to the first 2 y after delivery. We investigated the effect of lactation on maternal nutrition 5 y after delivery. All mothers giving birth in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 1993 were interviewed and weighed soon after delivery; information was also obtained on prepregnancy weight. In 1994, information on breast-feeding duration and pattern was collected for a 20% subsample. They were seen again in 1998, and those eligible (nonsmokers, no subsequent pregnancy, last birth weight > or = 2500 g) underwent measurements for weight, height, waist, hip and arm circumferences, triceps and subscapular skinfolds. The following indices were calculated in 312 women: body mass index, waist/hip ratio, arm fat area, the percentage of body fat assessed through skinfolds, and weight and body mass index change since before conception. The percentage of body fat was also measured through bioimpedance for half of the sample. After adjustment for confounding, all outcomes generally showed a similar pattern, i.e., mothers who breast-fed for 6-11.9 mo had lower measurements than those with shorter or longer durations. However, only the association with bioimpedance was significant (P < 0.03), and that for arm fat area tended to be significant (P = 0.06). Exclusive or predominant breastfeeding at 4 mo was associated with lower waist circumference (P = 0.05) and the percentage of body fat measured through skinfolds (P = 0.04). This study suggests that the relationship between breast-feeding and long-term changes in maternal weight is complex and, in this population, not particularly strong.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Anthropometry, physical activity, and endometrial cancer risk: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study.

Although obesity is an established risk factor for endometrial cancer, evidence linking risk to height, weight change since age 20, and physical activity is limited. In this case-cohort study, 62 573 women from The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer were followed up from 1986 to 1995, and 226 endometrial cancer case patients were identified. In Cox proportional hazards analyses, women 175 cm or taller had an increased risk of endometrial cancer compared with those less than 160 cm (rate ratio [RR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32 to 4.99). Compared with women with a body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) between 20 and 22.9, women with a BMI of 30 or greater had a higher risk (RR = 4.50, 95% CI = 2.62 to 7.72; P(trend)<.001). Moreover, BMI at age 20 and BMI gain since age 20 were positively associated with endometrial cancer risk (P(trend) = .02 and <.001, respectively). Women who spent 90 minutes per day or more doing nonoccupational physical activities had a lower risk (RR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.85; P(trend) = .002) compared with those who spent less than 30 minutes per day. High BMI and low physical activity were strong and independent risk factors for endometrial cancer.

Adult↗