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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Development of immunofiltration assay by light addressable potentiometric sensor with genetically biotinylated recombinant antibody for rapid identification of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

A genetically biotinylated single chain fragment variable antibody (scFv) against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) was applied in a system consisting of an immunofiltration enzyme assay (IFA) with a light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) for the rapid identification of VEE. The IFA involved formation of an immunocomplex sandwich consisting of VEE, biotinylated antibody, fluoresceinated antibody and streptavidin, capture of the sandwich by filtration on biotinylated membrane, and labeling of the sandwich by anti-fluorescein urease conjugate. The concentration ratio of biotinylated to fluoresceinated antibodies was investigated and optimized. By the IFA/LAPS assay, the limit of detection (LOD) of VEE was approximately 30 ng/ml, similar to that achieved when chemically biotinylated monoclonal antibody (mAb) was applied. Total assay variance of the IFA/LAPS assay for both intra- and inter-assay precision was less than 20%. Assay accuracy was measured by comparing VEE concentrations estimated by IFA/LAPS standard curve to those obtained by conventional protein assay. VEE concentrations were found to differ by no more than 10%. The IFA/LAPS assay sensitivity was approximately equal to that of a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing polystyrene plates and a chromogenic substrate; however, less time and effort were required for performance of the IFA/LAPS assay. More importantly, use of genetically biotinylated scFv in the IFA/LAPS assay obviates the need for chemical biotinylation of antibody with resultant possible impairment of the antigen-binding site. Furthermore, the potential for batch-to-batch variability resulting from inequality in the number of biotin molecules labeled per antibody molecule is eliminated.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

Addressing intimate partner violence in substance-abuse treatment.

As the use of partner-involved therapies for alcoholism and drug abuse become more common in substance-abuse treatment programs, providers are more frequently encountering one of the most challenging and politically charged public health issues of our time: intimate partner violence (IPV). Recent investigations reveal 40-60% of married or cohabiting substance-abusing patients report episodes of partner aggression in the year preceding entry into treatment. In this article, the interrelationship between substance use and IPV is examined, with an emphasis on clinical implications and options for substance-abuse treatment providers who are often called upon to address IPV during the course of working with their patients. We also describe different intervention options for IPV, offer recommendations for substance-abuse treatment providers who work with partner-violent couples, and outline future research directions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Wired for wellness: e-interventions for addressing college drinking.

In an effort to address problematic drinking among American college students, there has been increasing interest in the use of technology. This article reviews evidence for the efficacy of computer and internet interventions and provides information on five commercially available alcohol education and intervention programs that target college drinkers. Most programs use a mix of educational, skills-based, and motivational strategies to present material. All programs include assessment questions and provide personalized drinking feedback or other information that is customized to each user. Despite limited outcome research, there appear to be a number of advantages to computer and internet programs that focus on alcohol reduction. Future studies will need to determine how to best make use of technology to reach larger numbers of students with an effective, individual approach.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Surface plasmon mediated near-field imaging and optical addressing in nanoscience.

We present an overview of recent progress in "plasmonics". We focus our study on the observation and excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with optical near-field microscopy. We discuss in particular recent applications of photon scanning tunnelling microscope (PSTM) for imaging of SPP propagating in metal and dielectric wave guides. We show how near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) can be used to optically and actively address remote nano objects such as quantum dots. Additionally we compare results obtained with near-field microcopy to those obtained with other optical far-field methods of analysis such as leakage radiation microscopy (LRM).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Patient safety: do nursing and medical curricula address this theme?

In this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical and nursing curricula. Patient safety is the foundation of healthcare practice and education both in the UK and internationally. Recent research and policy initiatives have highlighted this issue. The paper highlights the significance of this topic as an aspect of study in its own right by examining not only the fiscal but also the human costs such events invite. In the United Kingdom patient safety issues feature prominently in the (Department of Health, 2000a. An organisation with a memory. The report of an expert group on learning from adverse events. The Stationery Office, London, Department of Health, 2000b. Handling complaints: monitoring the NHS complaints procedures (England, Financial year 1998-99). The Stationery Office, London.) policy documentation but this is not reflected within the formal curricula guidelines issued by the NMC and GMC. Yet if healthcare educational curricula were to recognise the value of learning from errors, such events could become part of a wider educational resource enabling both students and facilitators to prevent threats to patient safety. For this reason, the paper attempts to articulate why patient safety should be afforded greater prominence within medical and nursing curricula. We argue that learning how to manage errors effectively would enable trainee practitioners to improve patient care, reduce the burden on an overstretched health care system and engage in dynamic as opposed to defensive practice.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

Addressing medication errors--The role of undergraduate nurse education.

Medication errors are a persistent problem in today's National Health Service (NHS). Many factors contribute to drug incidents occurring, from the initial prescription stage through to administration and arise from both individual and system failures. The literature identifies the multi-disciplinary nature of the problem and highlights the important contribution that nurses make with regards to ensuring medication safety. However limited evidence exists in the literature regarding the extent to which the current content of undergraduate pharmacology education prepares nurses for their role in the prevention of errors. The report "Building a safer NHS for patients-improving medication safety" [Department of Health, 2004. Building a Safer NHS for Patients: Improving Medication Safety. The Stationary Office, London] concludes that it is now imperative that undergraduate education should emphasise the issue of medication safety. An educational initiative was therefore introduced to address this problem. A "Medication Safety Day" which focused on the causes of medication errors was implemented to highlight how and why drug incidents may occur. This initiative recognises that nurse education should not only ensure adequate theoretical knowledge of pharmacology but should also equip students with an awareness of how many diverse factors may contribute to the occurrence of medication errors.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction reports on phthalates: addressing the data gaps.

Between 1998 and 2000 an Expert Panel convened by the National Toxicology Program's Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (NTP-CERHR) reviewed information related to the developmental and reproductive toxicity of seven phthalate esters; DBP, BBP, DnHP, DEHP, DnOP, DINP, and DIDP. Information on exposures was also considered. The objectives were to determine whether any of these phthalates posed potential human reproductive risks, and if so, to define the circumstances. The Expert Panel also identified some areas of uncertainty. These assessments, ultimately published in 2002, concluded that reproductive risks were minimal to negligible in most cases although some specific uses were considered potentially more problematic. Since the evaluations were completed, numerous studies dealing with both hazard characterization and underlying mechanism have been carried out. Additionally, exposures of the general population have been much better characterized through the use of urinary measurements developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). This additional information makes several important points. First, calculations based on the urinary metabolite measurements indicate that exposures within the general population are at levels similar to or lower than the estimates used by the NTP-CERHR. The demonstration that exposures were not underestimated by the CERHR has removed a substantial portion of the uncertainty. Second, new hazard characterization studies on several phthalates have established NOAELs similar to or higher than those used by the Expert Panel. Thus, these data demonstrate that, to the extent that the rodent data are useful for human health risk assessment, the no effect levels and dose-response relationships are now more precisely defined. In some cases, the no effect levels may be substantially higher than those estimated by the Expert Panel. Third, studies of underlying mechanism and/or hazard characterization studies in other species suggest that primates may be less sensitive than rodents to the reproductive effects of certain phthalates. Finally, the two specific situations that the CERHR identified as potentially problematic, the exposure of young children to DINP through the use of toys or to DEHP from medical devices, have been assessed by the responsible regulatory authorities. The Consumer Product Safety Commission concluded that exposure to DINP from toys was well below effect levels in animals, and, therefore, there was no risk. The Food and Drug Administration estimates of exposures from medical devices indicated that for some limited, intensive medical procedures, DEHP exposures could be similar to or greater than the NOAELs selected by the NTP-CERHR. However, the FDA also acknowledged that more recent information indicates that the NOAELs identified in rodent studies may be substantially higher than values previously proposed by the NTP-CERHR. In summary, much of the uncertainty identified by the CERHR has now been addressed, and the overall conclusions that levels of concern are minimal to negligible in most situations are much better established. The overall objective of this report is to summarize this new research and comment on its relevance to the NTP-CERHR assessments.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Addressing the issue of channeling bias in observational studies with propensity scores analysis.

Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) remain the gold standard for determining the utility of pharmaceuticals especially from a safety and efficacy standpoint. However, restrictive entry criteria and stringent protocols can be barriers to generalizing RCT findings to real world practices and outcomes. Observational studies overcome these limitations of RCTs since they are representative of real world populations and practices. Nonetheless, attributing causality remains a major limitation in observational studies, due to the non-random assignment of subjects to treatment. Non-random assignment can lead to imbalances in risk-factors between the groups being compared and thus bias the estimates of the treatment effect. Non-random assignment can be particularly problematic in observational studies comparing older versus newer pharmaceuticals from similar therapeutic classes due to the phenomenon of channeling. Channeling occurs when drug therapies with similar indications are preferentially prescribed to groups of patients with varying baseline prognoses. In this manuscript we discuss the phenomenon of channeling and the use of a statistical technique known an propensity scores analysis which potentially adjusts for the effects of channeling. During the course of this manuscript we discuss tests for determining the quality of the derived propensity score, various techniques for utilizing propensity scores, and also the potential limitations of this technique. With the increasing availability of high quality pharmaceutical and medical claims data for use in observational studies, increased attention must be given to analytic techniques that adjust optimally for non-random assignment and resulting channeling bias. For research studies using observational study designs, propensity score analysis offers a reasonable solution to address the limitation of non-random assignment, especially when RCTs are too costly, time-consuming or not ethically feasible.

Bias↗
PubMed2026

A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.

PURPOSE: To describe cancer survivors' lived experiences in a clinical trial that tested an individualized nutrition counseling with or without time-restricted eating to address cancer-related fatigue. METHODS: The Fatigue REDuction After cancer study was a two-arm, randomized controlled trial. Participants were adult cancer survivors who were 2 months to 2 years post-treatment. All participants received individualized nutrition counseling; those in the time-restricted eating group self-selected a consistent 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks. After the study, semi-structured exit interviews were conducted to gauge participants' experiences in the trial. Interviews were transcribed and two independent coders thematically analyzed the interviews using inductive and deductive coding. NVivo software was used for data organization and analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 24; TRE = 11; Control = 13) were 55 ± 13 years old, 75% were female, and they had a variety of cancer types. The majority of participants found that being in the study helped them to set and achieve lifestyle goals and would therefore recommend the study to others. Participants in the time-restricted eating group noted that time-restricted eating helped them set a better routine, providing a positive sense of control. However, some noted difficulty switching to a 14-hour fasting schedule, as it can interfere with their regular routine or employment schedules. Many participants noted they were happy that cancer-related fatigue was gaining more attention, hoping to find solutions for persistent cancer-related fatigue. CONCLUSION: The majority of participants found the study useful and, regardless of their group assignment or the intervention's impact on their fatigue, found the study helped them to gain better control of their dietary habits.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Miltefosine: issues to be addressed in the future.

Future issues that need to be addressed for miltefosine are efficacy against non-Indian visceral leishmaniasis, efficacy in HIV-coinfected patients, efficacy against the many forms of cutaneous and mucosal disease, effectiveness under clinical practice conditions, generation of drug resistance and the need to provide a second antileishmanial agent to protect against this disastrous event, and the ability to maintain reproductive contraceptive practices under routine clinical conditions.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2006

Simple aspiration technique to address voiding dysfunction associated with transurethral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer.

Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Zuidex) is currently under Food and Drug Administration investigation for use as a transurethral bulking agent to treat female stress urinary incontinence secondary to intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Urethral obstruction is a recognized complication of bulking agents. We describe an aspiration method to address iatrogenic voiding dysfunction resulting from this therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The light-addressable potentiometric sensor for multi-ion sensing and imaging.

The light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a semiconductor-based chemical sensor with an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure. The LAPS can have many measuring points integrated on the sensing surface, which are individually accessed by a light beam. By modifying the measuring points with different materials, a single sensor plate can be used as a multi-analyte sensor. In this paper, instrumentation and application of LAPS to multi-ion sensing and imaging are described. As a new application of LAPS, potentiometric imaging of a microfluidic channel is proposed.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Multianalyte immunoassay with self-assembled addressable microparticle array on a chip.

This paper describes the random fluidic self-assembly of metallic particles into addressable two-dimensional microarrays and the use of these arrays as a platform for constructing a biochip useful for bioassays. The basic units in the assembly were the microfabricated particles carrying a straightforward visible code and the corresponding array template patterned on a glass substrate. The particles consisted of a hydrophobic and magnetic Ni-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite layer on one face, and on the other face a gold layer that was modified for biomolecular attachment. An array template was photoresist-patterned with spatially discrete microwells in which an electrodeposited Ni-PTFE hydrophobic composite layer and a hydrophobic photo-adhesive coating were deposited. The particles, after biomaterial attachment and binding processes in bulk, were self-assembled randomly onto the lubricated bonding sites on the chip substrate, driven by a combination of magnetic, hydrophobic, and capillary interactions. The encoding symbol carried by the particles was used as the signature for the identification of each target/assay attached to the particle surface. We demonstrate here the utility of microfabricated-encoded particle arrays for conducting multianalyte immunoassays in a parallel fashion with the use of imaging detection.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1998

Should we address the course as well as the origin of a translocated anomalous coronary artery?

The identification of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery demands urgent surgical attention. Myocardial infarction and ongoing myocardial ischemia are a direct consequence with subsequent left ventricular dysfunction. A modification using a combination of autogenous aortic and pulmonary artery flaps is described, which addresses both the origin and the course of the anomalous coronary artery--until now, a feature not generally considered necessary of repairs involving anomalous left coronary artery arising from the left facing pulmonary sinus.

Coronary Vessel Anomalies↗
PubMed1990

Examination of the conformational meaning of "delta-address" in the dermenkephalin sequence.

Comprehensive energy calculations were applied to four opioid-related peptides with different receptor selectivities, namely the delta-selective dermenkephalin (Tyr-D-Met-Phe-His-Leu-Met-Asp-NH2, DRE), the mu-selective dermorphin (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2, DRM) and their "hybrid" peptides DRM/DRE (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-Asp-NH2) and DRE/DRM (Tyr-D-Met-Phe-His-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2). It was shown that the N-terminal tripeptide "mu-messages" in the delta-selective ligands DRE and DRM/DRE can possess similar low energy space arrangements of their functionally important elements (the N-terminal alpha-amino group and the aromatic moieties of Tyr and Phe), but that these are different from the space arrangement of these moieties in mu-selective DRM and DRE/DRM. These results suggest that the C-terminal tripeptide "delta-address" in DRE may influence the conformation of the "mu-message" in DRM. A refined model for the delta-receptor-bound conformation of DRE is proposed based on these calculations which is similar to that previously suggested for the cyclic delta-selective peptide [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE). This model also has partial correspondence with the structure of the delta-selective alkaloid naltrindole.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

"Unlearning" increases the storage capacity of content addressable memories.

The storage and retrieval of information in networks of biological neurons can be modeled by certain types of content addressable memories (CAMs). We demonstrate numerically that the amount of information that can be stored in such CAMs is substantially increased by an unlearning algorithm. Mechanisms for the increase in capacity are identified and illustrated in terms of an energy function that describes the convergence properties of the network.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Biologically addressable monolayer structures formed by templates of sulfur-bearing molecules.

We demonstrate that the combined application of Langmuir-Blodgett and self-assembly techniques allows the fabrication of patterns with contrasting surface properties on gold substrates. The process is monitored using fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon spectroscopy and microscopy. These structures are suitable for the investigation of biochemical processes at surfaces and in ultrathin films. Two examples of such processes are shown. In the first example, the structures are addressed through the binding of a monoclonal antibody to a peptide. This demonstrates the formation of self-assembled monolayers by cysteine-bearing peptides on gold, and the directed binding of proteins to the structured layers. A high contrast between specific and unspecific binding of proteins is observed by the patterned presentation of antigens. Such films possess considerable potential for the design of multichannel sensor devices. In the second example, a structured phospholipid layer is produced by controlled self-assembly from vesicle solution. The structures created--areas of phospholipid bilayer, surrounded by a matrix of phospholipid monolayer--allow formation of a supported bilayer which is robust and strongly bound to the gold support, with small areas of free-standing bilayer which very closely resemble a phospholipid cell membrane.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Addressing substrate glutamine requirements for tissue transglutaminase using substance P analogues.

We have investigated the effect on the substrate requirements for guinea pig liver (tissue) transglutaminase of a set of 11 synthetic glutamine substitution analogues making up the full sequence of the naturally occurring tissue transglutaminase substrate substance P. While a number of peptide sequences derived from proteins that are well-recognized as tissue transglutaminase substrates have been studied, the enzyme activity using substitution analogues of full-length natural substrates has not been investigated as thoroughly. Thus, our set of substance P analogues only differs from one to other by one amino acid mutation while the length (of the peptide) is maintained as in the natural parent peptide. Our results indicate that a glutamine residue is not recognized as substrate by the enzyme whether it is placed at the N- or C-terminal or between two positively charged residues or between two proline residues. To further address the effect on enzyme activity of charged amino acids in the vicinity of the reactive glutamine residue, a new set of synthetic charge replacement analogues of substance P has been also studied. Together, the results have identified new minimal requirements for modification of a particular glutamine residue in a polypeptide chain. It would be of interest to set up a full set of such requirements in order to highlight potential glutamine residues as enzyme targets in the growing list of proteins that are being described as transglutaminase substrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗