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Abortion--legislation restricting access to abortion services during first trimester must meet strict scrutiny test and may not unreasonably confine or burden aborting physician's practice... Charles v. Carey, 627 F.2d 772 (7th Cir. 1980)
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Abortion statutes after Danforth: an examination.
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Identification of hepatitis B virus vertical transmission from father to fetus by direct sequencing.
To identify the possibility of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vertical transmission from father to fetus, eight male HBV carriers whose wives were negative for any HBV marker and their eight aborted fetuses who had been infected with HBV in utero, were studied. S gene 451 approximately 660 nucleotide sequence of HBV in 6 cases of father/fetus pairs and C gene 2022 approximately 2321 nucleotide sequence in the other 2 cases of father/fetus pairs were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR), and sequenced. HBV DNA was detected in the semen and spermatid of male HBV carriers. The homologies of HBV sequences between father and fetus were very high. Six father/fetus pairs had the same subtype adw. The sequences of the fragment were identical between father and fetus in 4 cases. Especially in case 3, both father and fetus had the same point mutation, which caused an amino acid substitution at codon 126. The other two cases had point mutations in the fetus at nucleotide positions 491, 494, 546, 581 resulting in amino acid substitution at codons 113, 114, 131, 143. The C gene 2022 approximately 2321 nucleotide sequences in two cases were identical. There were eleven common point mutations between father and fetus, but those mutations did not cause phenotypic changes. Our finding suggested that HBV vertical transmission from father to fetus was present. A HBV carrier father may transmit the virus to his fetus by spermatid.
Efficacy of a temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type-1 vaccine against abortion and stillbirth in pregnant heifers.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) vaccine against BHV-1 challenge-induced abortion and stillbirth. DESIGN: Prospective randomized control trial. ANIMALS: 20 cycling, nonpregnant, BHV-1 seronegative heifers of various breeds and weights, 12 to 15 months old. PROCEDURE: Heifers were randomly assigned to a vaccinate (n = 10) or nonvaccinate control (n = 10) group. Seventeen to 26 days after members of the vaccinate group received a second dose of vaccine, all heifers were artificially inseminated. Heifers were challenged intravenously with Cooper strain BHV-1 between days 177 and 187 of gestation. Aborted fetuses and stillborn calves were necropsied, and tissues collected for histologic examination and virus isolation. Heifers, calves, and fetuses were tested for BHV-1 antibody throughout the study. RESULTS: The difference in number of abortions or stillbirths between vaccinated heifers (1/10) and control heifers (10/10) was significant (P < 0.003). Seven of 10 control heifers had a virus neutralization antibody titer to BHV-1 at abortion or stillbirth that declined or remained unchanged from their titer at a previous serologic evaluation (7 to 66 days earlier). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Prebreeding vaccination of replacement heifers with modified-live BHV-1 vaccine provides fetal protection at 6 months of gestation (7 months after vaccination) and appears to be a reasonable precaution to control economic losses associated with BHV-1 infection. Abortions induced by BHV-1 are not necessarily associated with rising or markedly high virus neutralization antibody titers. These titers should be used cautiously when assessing the role of BHV-1 in bovine abortion and stillbirth.
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 in the sperm of a bull from a herd with fertility problems.
A herd of 125 Holstein cows manifested fertility problems for two years. The number of services per pregnancy was 2.97, conception rate was 33% after the first service, and the average number of open days was 127. Abortions occurred in four cows over the last 12 months. The herd was not vaccinated against any disease. Natural service by a bull and artificial insemination were used for breeding the cows. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 was demonstrated in sperm heads from the bull by direct and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques, and the virus was isolated on cell cultures. The virus was also isolated from the uterine secretions of some cows and from two aborted fetuses.
[Changes in 6 trace elements during development of normal fetus vertebrae].
Six elements: calcium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and magnesium were detected in the central epiphyses of first lumber vertebrae in 60 normal aborted fetus, aging from 9 to 32 weeks, by method of AAS. Iron, copper, manganese and zinc reached to their high levels during 9-20 weeks, which were related to the formation of cartilage vertebrae. Calcium and magnesium, showed a significant relationship, and then gradually got to their high value after 16 weeks after ossification and remained at a constant level during later period. The data indicated that different elements should be given in different stage of fetus development.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital varicella infection.
Fourteen fetuses at risk of Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) infection underwent prenatal diagnosis at 10-24 weeks' gestation by a combination of chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and fetal blood sampling. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done on fetal and placental tissues, using primers which define a 221 bp region of the gene coding for the 44 kD protein of VZV. Positive cases were further analysed by dot blot hybridization, using radiolabelled DNA probes corresponding to the Hind III fragment VZV genome. The rate of placental/fetal infection was 36 per cent (5/14 fetuses: 2/11 in the first and 3/3 in the second trimester). At post-mortem examination, two aborted fetuses had hydrocephaly and VZV DNA was found in most of the examined tissues. The nine women who tested negative at prenatal investigation delivered healthy neonates whose VZV-specific IgM antibody titres were negative and none of them developed herpes zoster infection. In view of the high frequency of fetal VZV infection and the reported low rate of malformations, the role of invasive prenatal diagnosis in women who acquire the infection in the first half of gestation is mainly that of reassurance when the test is negative.
Prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease with heat-labile beta-hexosaminidase B.
Two consecutive pregnancies at risk for Tay-Sachs disease with heat-labile beta-hexosaminidase B were monitored. Differential isozyme detection of beta-hexosaminidase in cell free amniotic fluid by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis showed an affected fetus in the first pregnancy and an unaffected in the second. These results were confirmed in the aborted fetus and in a newborn baby, respectively.
The effects of superovulation on Brucella abortus infection in the bovine uterus.
Uterine flushings were collected three times at predetermined intervals from 11 mixed-breed beef cows and cultured for Brucella abortus . Prior to sampling, all cows had aborted fetuses from which brucellae had been isolated. Initial collections were made between 21 and 34 days following abortion. The second flushing was conducted at the onset of injections used for inducing superovulation and the third flushing was conducted 6 to 8 days after the ensuing estrus. The latter two flushes were conducted between 60 and 120 days following abortion. Brucellae were isolated from uterine flushings collected from 6 of the 11 cows on the initial round of sampling. Cultures of all subsequent uterine flushings collected before and after injections for superovulation were negative. It was concluded that the superovulatory treatment is not likely to reactivate the release of brucellae into the uterine lumen during the period when embryos are normally collected.
Abortifacient property of bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates that represent three subtypes determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA.
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) isolates are classified into 3 subtypes by use of restriction endonuclease analysis. Isolates from aborted fetuses have been either subtype 1 or 2a, whereas subtype 2b viruses have not been associated with abortion. We assessed the abortifacient property of isolates representing each of the 3 BHV-1 subtypes by IV inoculation of heifers with the virus 25 to 27 weeks after breeding. Three heifers were given Cooper (subtype 1) isolate, 3 heifers were given FI (subtype 2a) isolate, and 5 heifers were given K22 (subtype 2b) isolate. All heifers developed fever and viremia 2 to 5 days after inoculation. Heifers given Cooper or FI isolate aborted between 17 and 85 days after inoculation. The 5 heifers given K22 isolate delivered full-term calves. Placenta was obtained from 4 of the 5 heifers, and K22 virus was isolated from each placenta. Four calves had BHV-1 neutralizing antibody in precolostral serum, with titer ranging from 1:4 to 1:512.
Preliminary studies on transmission of Chlamydia to cattle by ticks (Ornithodoros coriaceus).
Preliminary findings indicate that Ornithodoros coriaceus ticks can harbor Chlamydia for long periods and are able to transmit the agent to cattle. Field-collected O coriaceus ticks, which were infected experimentally with a bovine chlamydial agent from an aborted fetus, transmitted the agent 25 and 48 days later to three pregnant heifers. Two of these heifers aborted and the third delivered a term calf. The control heifer also aborted after intradermal (simulated tick) exposure. Also, a chlamydial agent was isolated from field-collected O coriaceus ticks in an epizootic bovine abortion (EBA)-enzootic area that were held for at least 6 months. In the same enzootic area, a chlamydial agent was isolated from a prematurely delivered calf during a severe EBA outbreak. Seemingly, this species is a cause, if not the cause, of EBA.
The intrauterine expression of surfactant protein D in the terminal airways of human fetuses compared with surfactant protein A.
UNLABELLED: We investigated the expression of surfactant protein (SP)-D in pulmonary epithelial cells, compared with the expression of SP-A. A total of 15 fetuses aborted at 8, 15, 19, 20, 21 and 23 weeks gestation and four premature babies who were stillborn or died after birth between May 1997 and October 2001 were included in this study. Fetuses showing any findings associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes or infection were excluded. We performed immunohistochemical examinations for SP-D and SP-A. SP-D was not detected by immunostaining at 8, 15 and 19 weeks gestation. At 21 weeks gestation, SP-D was weakly localized, in some cases (5/9), in the epithelial lining of both bronchioles and terminal airways. In contrast at 21 weeks gestation, SP-A was more markedly detected in the epithelial lining of both bronchioles and terminal airways in all cases but not detected in bronchioles and terminal airways at 8, 15 and 19 weeks gestation. CONCLUSION: the findings in this investigation suggests that the production of SP-D in fetal human lungs begins in the bronchiolar and terminal epithelium from about 21 weeks of gestation.
Histopathological and immunofluorescent studies on transplacental infection in experimentally induced abortion by equine arteritis virus.
Five pregnant mares, at between 6 and 8 months gestation, were experimentally infected with the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). Of the five mares, four aborted and one died. The pathogenesis of the abortions was studied, using histopathologic techniques, tissue immunofluorescence and virus isolation. Common microscopic lesions in the maternal reproductive organs indicated myometritis with a degeneration of the myocytes and an infiltration of the mononuclear cells. Epithelial cells of the endometrial gland showed sporadic degeneration. Lesions in the fetal tissue included an atrophy of the lymphoid follicles in the spleen and lymph nodes with degenerated lymphocytes. The placentae were oedematous and degenerated fibroblasts were observed in the subvillous layers. Immunofluorescence detected EAV antigen in the myometrium and the endometrial gland in the dams, in the subvillous layer of the placentae, and in the aborted fetuses. EAV was recovered from the maternal uteri, placentae and fetuses. The placentae yielded the greatest amounts of the virus. Transplacental infection of the fetus was clearly demonstrated in the EAV infection.
An abortion storm in cattle associated with neosporosis in Taiwan.
An abortion storm associated with acute neosporosis involving 18 cattle was observed in a dairy farm in Taiwan. Aborted fetus age ranged from 3 to 8 months. Of the 38 cattle in that farm examined during the abortion storm, 52.6% (20/38), 13.2% (5/38) and 10.5% (4/38) contained both IgG and IgM, only IgG and only IgM antibodies to Neospora caninum, respectively. No antibody to N. caninum was detected prior to the abortion storm. Follow-up study conducted a year later showed that 23 out of 28 cattle had sero-converted. Since some cattle were positive to either only IgG or IgM, we suggest that both IgG and IgM should be tested for diagnosing neosporosis. Neosporosis surveillance of naive cattle herd is recommended.
[Prenatal diagnosis of a case of metachromatic leucodystrophy (author's transl)].
Metachromatic leucodystrophy was diagnosed from cell-free amniotic fluid (marked deficiency of arylsulphatase A) in the 20th week of pregnancy of a woman whose two previous children also had the disease. The pregnancy was immediately terminated. Subsequent amniotic cell culture also revealed a very low arylsulphatase concentration corresponding to the values found in amniotic fluid. An about four-fold increase of metachromatic material was found in the formalin-fixed brain of the aborted fetus.
Epidemiology of swine toxoplasmosis in Taiwan.
From July 1987 to June 1988, serum samples from 3,880 pigs from eight geographic locations in Taiwan were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using the latex agglutination test (LA test) and IgM-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-ELISA). A total of 1,073 samples (27.65%) were positive by the LA test. The percentage of positive reactions varied by location as follows: Taoyuan 44.44% (128/288), Taichung 27.60% (183/663), Tainan 22.28% (119/534), Kaohsiung 19.60% (98/500), Pingtung 17.92% (86/480), Hualien 33.95% (163/480), Ilan 31.66% (152/480), Taitung 31.64% (144/455). In the IgM-ELISA 1,828 of 3,880 samples (47.11%) were positive and the distribution of positive reactions were: Taoyuan 59.02% (170/288), Taichung 53.69% (356/663), Tainan 52.24% (279/534), Kaohsiung 54.60% (273/500), Pingtung 18.95% (91/480), Ilan 47.50% (228/480), Hualien 42.70% (205/480), Taitung 49.67% (226/455). On one farm, 20 of 120 sows experienced abortion and stillbirths due to Toxoplasma gondii. Lesions and T. gondii were found in lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, and placenta of one of the aborted fetuses.
[Preliminary study on antenatal diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique].
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were used for screening intrauterine human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnant women with 10-16 gestational weeks, 31 out of 106 blood specimens investigated were CMV DNA positive. Then CMV DNA in amniotic fluid was tested in 23 of the 31 pregnant women with CMV DNA positive, and AFP was examined at the same time. 11 cases were CMV DNA positive in the amniotic fluid. Of the 9 fetus or neonates monitored, CMV DNA were detected in all umbilical blood, and in liver tissue of 4 aborted fetus. Clinical symptoms were also supportive of intrauterine CMV infection.