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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Geographical variations in mortality due to diseases amenable to medical intervention in Europe--Commission of European Communities: atlas of avoidable deaths].

The urgent need to develop measures of the outcome of health-care services has led to the collaboration of 10 countries of the European Community in the production of the European Community atlas of avoidable death (1974-1978). Seventeen disease groups were chosen for which it was considered that death within specified age groups should be either wholly or substantially avoidable when appropriate medical care is sought and provided in good time. Mortality from these causes was compared across 360 health-service administrative areas in the participating countries. For all diseases there was considerable variation in mortality both within and between the countries of the European Community and it is suggested that high levels of mortality from these causes should be viewed by health authorities as warning signals of potential failures of health-care services. Work is in progress on a further edition of the Atlas for the years 1980-1984. Changes in avoidable mortality over time could indicate which health authorities have persistent problems and which authorities are succeeding in reducing avoidable mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Radio-functional analysis of the cervical spine using the Arlen method. A study of 699 subjects. Part Two: Paradoxical tilting of the atlas.

The authors describe a peculiar movement of the first cervical vertebra: the so-called paradoxical tilting of the atlas, which consists of extension in relation to McGregor's line during flexion of the cervical spine. This physiological phenomenon has already been reported by several authors. The purpose of this study was to determine the mean amplitude and frequency of paradoxical tilting of the atlas in subjects with no known cervical pathology and to evaluate some of the factors that may influence it. The younger the subject the more frequent and more ample this paradoxical tilting: it occurs very often before the age of 40 years and is present in more than 93% of subjects under 20. Its amplitude diminishes with age, until it is replaced by mobility in flexion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Fracture-separation of the atlas. A case].

A case of fracture-separation of the atlas is presented. The diagnosis, suspected on the antero-posterior open-mouth film and the frontal tomograms, was confirmed by computed tomography which showed the double fracture of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas and demonstrated that the transverse ligament, factor of stability of this fracture, was intact.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A rare developmental variant of the atlas.

Congenital anomalies of the arch of the atlas in the sense of clefts are uncommon. As such anomalies may be mistaken for fractures, radiologists should be aware of them. A case of aplasia of the right part of the posterior arch producing wide, asymmetric medial cleft of the atlas is presented. The patient also had hypoplastic left part of the arch with the lateral cleft formed by a secondary ossification centre in the posterior tubercle. This combination of anomalies has not formerly been presented in literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Is immobilization adequate treatment of unstable burst fractures of the atlas? A case report with long-term follow-up evaluation.

The biomechanics and roentgenographic anatomy of the unstable burst fracture of the atlas are well known. A few reports in the literature depict a bony avulsion of the transverse ligament associated with this fracture. However, all patients were treated surgically, so the natural course of this injury is undocumented--in other words, it is not known if the bony avulsion will heal. This is a case report of a 38-year-old woman with burst fracture of the atlas associated with a bony avulsion of the transverse ligament treated nonsurgically. At follow-up examination three years later, the bony fragment had not healed, and atlantoaxial instability persisted. Nonsurgical treatment of this injury may have a role, but surgical stabilization will usually be required after the posterior arch heals.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unilateral posterior arch fractures of the atlas.

Unilateral posterior arch fractures of the atlas are discussed with two clinical examples and an experimental study of their mechanism. Laboratory fracturing of posterior arches of atlas specimens with a specially adapted universal testing machine produced nonsimultaneous fractures of the two sides in four of six specimens. In three of these specimens, a complete fracture on one side was temporarily displaced because the orientation of the leverage acting on the other side changed from sagittal to oblique. The consequent increase in the effective length of the lever arm reduced the angular deformation and strain on the second side. The second fracture occurred only after additional deflection of the posterior tubercle by up to 3 mm reproduced on the second side about the same angle of deformation that had caused the first fracture. A posterior arch fracture occurring by this mechanism will remain unilateral if the deflection is arrested before failure of the second side.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Ponticles of the atlas: a review and clinical perspective.

The condition of ponticles of the atlas was reviewed in relation to their development, anatomy, incidence and diagnosis with an objective directed toward assessment of their clinical significance. The ponticles are commonly encountered radiographic anomalies characterized by osseous bridging of the posterior margin of the superior articular facet and the posterior arch of the atlas. They are present to a variable degree in about 35% of dissections and a complete osseous ring enclosing the vertebral arteries is identifiable in up to 15% of cases. The ponticles have been considered a significant factor in transient vertebro-basilar insufficiency, Barre-Lieou syndrome and chronic upper cervical syndrome. The presence of atlantic ponticulus should be considered to some degree as a contraindication to forceful manipulation of the cervical spine.

Cervical Atlas↗
PubMed1980

The value of retropharyngeal swelling in the diagnosis of fractures of the Atlas.

The Jefferson or bursting fracture of the atlas is frequently overlooked. This is because neurological deficit is usually absent and physical findings are nonspecific. In addition, diagnosis of this fracture cannot be made from the lateral radiograph of the cervical spine. Increase in the retropharyngeal soft-tissue space is valuable both as an indication of upper cervical spine trauma and in distinguishing a Jefferson fracture from the more common fracture of the posterior arch of the atlas. A case history illustrating these features and the radiological diagnosis is presented and discussed.

Cervical Atlas↗
PubMed1995

[Unstable Jefferson variant atlas fractures: an unrecognized cervical injury].

Nine cases of unstable Jefferson variant atlas fractures were treated with nonoperative external immobilization between 1989 and 1993. All of them were studied by plain films and CT scans. Seven cases had three breaks of the atlas ring. One case had unilateral anterior arch fracture, associated transverse ligament tear and quadriplegia. The other case had Jefferson, Hangman, C3pedicle burst fractures and C3,4dislocation. All of the fractures were unstable or potentially unstable. Despite the abnormal open month view in all cases, the plain films showed minimal abnormalities, requiring CT for definite diagnosis. Follow-up for average of 16 months showed the 7 cases showed the fractures healed with good bone bunion, complete mobility and no residual pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Application of the differential hybridization of Atlas Human expression arrays technique in the identification of differentially expressed genes in human glioblastoma multiforme tumor tissue.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several molecular biology techniques are utilized to study changes in gene expression during the genesis of human tumors. Our objective was to identify genes that showed altered expression between normal brain tissue (NBT) and glioblastoma multiforme tumor tissue (GMTT). METHODS: The technique of differential hybridization of two Atlas Human cDNA expression array was used. In this technique, dCTP32-labeled complimentary DNA from NBT and GMTT was hybridized to two identical human cDNA expression array membranes containing 588 known genes. RESULTS: Autoradiographic analysis showed that of the 588 genes analyzed, 52 are overexpressed in GMTT and 57 in NBT. A gene-specific semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to confirm the expression pattern of seven known genes. RT-PCR results demonstrate that the expression pattern of a majority of genes agreed with the expression pattern observed on expression array. The known tumor suppressor genes retinoblastoma (RB) and p53 showed loss of expression in GMTT compared with NBT. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the differential hybridization technique of Atlas Human cDNA expression array can be a useful method in identifying genes that are differentially expressed either in NBT or GMTT.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1996

Standard atlas of the gross anatomy of the developing inner ear of the chicken.

During development, the chicken inner ear undergoes a series of morphological changes which give rise to the various structures found in the adult, including the mature semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, cochlear duct, endolymphatic duct and sac, and neurons of the eighth cranial nerve ganglion. Beginning as a hollow epithelial sphere, the inner ear is sculpted into this complex labyrinth of fluid-filled ducts punctuated by their associated sensory end organs. In this report, the three-dimensional complexity of the developing inner ear of the chicken embryo is documented in the form of a standard atlas. The protocol involved fixation, dehydration, and clearing of embryonic heads harvested at daily intervals, followed by injection of an opaque dye (enamel paint suspension) into the fluid ducts of the inner ear. The position of the ear is shown relative to surface landmarks at seven different stages of development, ranging from embryonic day 5 (E5) to E18. Also shown are higher-power photomicrographs of the inner ear in isolation taken at daily intervals at E3-E17 and viewed from two orthogonal positions. Three orthogonal views are shown at 6-hour intervals during the critical stages of semicircular canal formation (E6-E7). Quantitative measurements of the linear dimensions of the inner ear (dorsoventral, anteroposterior, and mediolateral axes) as a function of time indicate a linear increase in the growth of the ear from E3 through E18. This atlas should prove valuable for evaluating mutant phenotypes in inner ear morphogenesis following gene perturbation experiments in the chicken.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1997

Multiarchitectonic and stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus.

To improve anatomical definition and stereotactic precision of thalamic targets in neurosurgical treatments of chronic functional disorders, a new atlas of the human thalamus has been developed. This atlas is based on multiarchitectonic parcellation in sections parallel or perpendicular to the standard intercommissural reference plane. The calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D-28K (CB), and calretinin (CR) were used as neurochemical markers to further characterize thalamic nuclei and delimit subterritories of functional significance for stereotactic explorations. Their overall distribution reveals a subcompartmentalization of thalamic nuclei into several groups. Predominant PV immunostaining characterizes primary somatosensory, visual and auditory nuclei, the ventral lateral posterior nucleus, reticular nucleus (R), and to a lesser degree also, lateral part of the centre median nucleus, and anterior, lateral, and inferior divisions of the pulvinar complex. In contrast, CB immunoreactivity is prevalent in medial thalamic nuclei (intralaminar and midline), the posterior complex, ventral posterior inferior nucleus, the ventral lateral anterior nucleus, ventral anterior, and ventral medial nuclei. The complementary distributions of PV and CB appear to correlate with distinct lemniscal and spinothalamic somatosensory pathways and to cerebellar and pallidal motor territories, respectively. Calretinin, while overlapping with CB in medial thalamic territories, is also expressed in R and limbic associated anterior group nuclei that contain little or no CB. Preliminary analysis indicates that interindividual nuclear variations cannot easily be taken into account by standardization procedures. Nevertheless, some corrections in antero-posterior coordinates in relation to different intercommissural distances are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A novel interactive anatomic atlas of the hand.

Classical anatomic atlases cannot provide the spectrum of views and the detail required in modern diagnostic and surgical techniques. Computer modeling opens the possibility to choose any view from one single model. A computerized model of the hand is presented, which has been obtained by segmentation and graphic modeling of the Visible Human dataset. In addition to being able to choose arbitrary viewpoints, it allows interrogation of the chosen views by mouse click. We believe the functions of these new kinds of atlases are superior to the classical ones.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2002

Digital atlases of the antennal lobe in two species of tobacco budworm moths, the Oriental Helicoverpa assulta (male) and the American Heliothis virescens (male and female).

The antennal lobe of the moth brain is the primary olfactory center processing information about pheromones and plant odors. We present here a digital atlas of the glomerular antennal lobe structures in the male of Helicoverpa assulta and the male and female of Heliothis virescens, based on synaptic antibody staining combined with confocal microscopy. The numbers of the glomeruli in the three specimens were similar, 65, 66, and 62, respectively. Whereas the male antennal lobe has a macroglomerular complex consisting of three and four units in the two species, the female lobe has two enlarged glomeruli at a corresponding position, near the entrance of the antennal nerve. Another large glomerulus, showing homology in the three specimens, is ventrally located. The small size of the heliothine moths is advantageous for confocal microscopy because the entire brain can be visualized as a single image stack. The maps are freely accessible on the internet, and the digital form of the data allows each atlas to be rotated and sectioned at any angle, providing for the identification of glomeruli in different preparations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A forebrain atlas of the lizard Gekko gecko.

An atlas of the forebrain of the lizard Gekko gecko has been provided, which will serve as the basis for subsequent experimental tracing and immunohistochemical studies. Apart from a strongly developed medial cortex and septal area, the Tokay gecko shows all the main features of the forebrain of the lacertid-type lizards. When its convenience as an experimental animal is also taken into account, this species seems to be very suitable for studying the limbic system in reptiles. The atlas comprises topographical reconstructions of the telencephalon and diencephalon and a series of transverse sections of which the levels have been indicated in the reconstructions. The results obtained in the Gekko are briefly compared with those found in other lizards studied.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1991

Use of a digital brain atlas to compare the distribution of NGF- and bFGF-protected cholinergic neurons.

The effectiveness of basic fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor in preventing the lesion-induced disappearance of septal cholinergic neurons was compared by using a computerized data-acquisition system and a digital brain atlas that yielded quantitative and distributional information. Adult rats were given unilateral partial transections of the fimbria and then received daily intraventricular injection of one of the growth factors for 15 days. Given the high degree of co-localization of nerve growth factor receptors with choline acetyltransferase in these areas, cholinergic neurons were identified by nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity. Their locations were plotted in the context of a three-dimensional brain atlas permitting the analysis of relative distributions of cholinergic neurons in control brains and those of animals treated with each growth factor. The cholinergic cell disappearance induced by the partial fimbrial transection was restricted to the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. Within the affected areas cholinergic cell disappearance increased gradually in severity from anterior to posterior levels of the septal nucleus. Both growth factors prevented the disappearance of cholinergic cell bodies in medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the diagonal band. In lesioned control animals the unilateral cell disappearance amounted to 53.5% of the number of cholinergic neurons of the unlesioned side. Nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor reduced this disappearance to 13% and 28%, respectively. The distribution of cholinergic cells was the same in animal treated with each growth factor, suggesting that the two growth factors protect the same population of cholinergic neurons.

Brain↗