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PubMed2006

The role of maternal acceptance in the relation between community violence exposure and child functioning.

Children in the United States are exposed to considerable community violence that has been linked to child functioning. However, not all those exposed, experience negative outcomes. Recent research has focused on factors that "buffer" or protect children from negative consequences of violence exposure. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the potential buffering or moderating role of maternal acceptance in the relationship between community violence exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems. Subjects were 268 urban African American first graders. Community violence exposure was significantly related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress, but did not correlate with either internalizing or externalizing problems for all children, after control for demographics, maternal mental health, and general life stress. However, children's perceptions of maternal acceptance moderated the relationship between violence exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems which included being withdrawn, anxious-depressed, and demonstrating delinquent behavior. Children with the lowest levels of self-reported maternal acceptance were most impacted by community violence. In this sample of urban first graders, low levels of maternal acceptance placed children at greater risk for adverse outcomes associated with community violence exposure compared to moderate and high levels of maternal acceptance.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attributes of tinnitus and the acceptance of masking.

Various characteristics of tinnitus were surveyed to determine whether they were associated with the acceptance of masking, which is used as a relief procedure for tinnitus. The characteristics considered were duration, loudness match, minimum masking level, and residual inhibition. Data for the characteristics of tinnitus were obtained from the Tinnitus Data Registry at the Oregon Hearing Research Center, which contains information on 784 tinnitus patients. The acceptance of masking was determined by each individual patient based on actual tests with wearable masking units. Variations in the individual characteristics listed above were not found to be significantly associated with the acceptance of masking and thus should not be used a priori to deny patients the opportunity for possible relief of their tinnitus. A masking indicator was found to be significantly (P = .03) associated with the acceptance of masking. This masking indicator is obtained by subtracting the loudness match of the tinnitus from the minimum masking level. When the masking indicator was 10 dB or less, the acceptance of masking was in excess of 50%. The data presented may help to dispel some current misconceptions about the masking of tinnitus.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1995

A new model for "accept or reject" strategies in off-line and on-line megavoltage treatment evaluation.

PURPOSE: With megavoltage on-line imaging, a temporal record of the treatment setup variation is made available during the course of radiotherapy. This work describes the theoretical framework where the imaging data is incorporated as feedback for deriving off-line and on-line "accept or reject" decisions to improve the quality of radiotherapy on an individual patient basis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A dynamic model of treatment setup variation is developed to describe: (a) the variations of multifraction treatment position and (b) the variation of measurement. Based on this model, a confidence region of subsequent treatment position is estimated from measurements of previous treatment position. The confidence region is compared with an allowance region of the treatment position, representing the acceptable margin of setup variation. The difference of the two regions are then evaluated to derive off-line and on-line "accept or reject" treatment decisions. RESULTS: The model was simulated retrospectively using sequential daily images from different treatment sites. "Accept or reject" decisions were produced for on-line and off-line applications. The results also demonstrate the ability of the model to include the effects of setup variation that drifted during the course of treatment. CONCLUSION: The preliminary result demonstrates that "accept or reject" treatment decisions can be derived quantitatively from on-line imaging data. The model shows potential to guide the physician and therapist in implementing efficient and accurate treatment adjustments. Further work is required to test the model in the clinical setting.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Clinical acceptability of orthodontic retainers fabricated from stored alginate impressions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical acceptability of orthodontic retainers fabricated from stored alginate impressions. In the laboratory, alginate impressions were made of a standard dentoform. In the clinic, maxillary alginate impressions were made of the teeth of 20 dentate adults. In each case, sets of stone models were made either immediately or after the impressions had been stored for 24 or 72 hours at high humidity. The linear dimensions of the three sets of dentoform models were compared with one another and with the standard dentoform. No differences were found. Claspless acrylic retainers were fabricated on the models from the adult subjects. The retainers were positioned in the subjects' mouths and evaluated for snap fit, stability, cervical margin fit, and self-retention. With the use of these criteria, 95% of the retainers made from impressions that were poured immediately were clinically acceptable. When impressions were stored 24 and 72 hours, the percentages of acceptable retainers were 80% and 90%, respectively. The differences in percentage of clinically acceptable retainers were not statistically significant. When impressions are stored at high humidity, a large percentage of clinically acceptable orthodontic retainers can be made from models poured as long as 72 hours after the impression is made.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Acceptability and tolerance of sodium valproate, a new sustained-action granule formulation, in monotherapy for epileptic children from 3 years old].

UNLABELLED: Sodium valproate (VPA) is an anti-epileptic drug which was until now administered to children as drinkable or injectable form. A new galenic form of this compound has been developed as microgranules with prolonged release (Micropakine)LP; MPK). This new galenic form of VPA allows a greater stability of the plasmatic rates, thus limiting the risk of amount-dependent adverse effects at the time of the peaks, and of less effectiveness at the time of the fall of the circulating rates. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of the new galenic form of VPA, in monotherapy, for epileptic children with >or=3 years old. The evaluation was performed at day (D)90 by the patients using a hedonic visual scale. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the acceptability by the parents, the treatment compliance, the percentage of patients free of seizure at D 90, and the tolerance. Finally, the authors compared all these data to those recovered at the baseline in patients already treated by the previous drinkable VPA. A total of 307 patients were involved by 76 hospital neuropediatric physicians. The population was constituted by 110 children <5 years old and 197 children from 5 to 14 years old. MPK was well accepted for total population at D 90 (<5 years old: 83.3%; >or=5 years old: 80%). For patients previously treated by drinkable form of VPA (N=199), MPK was significantly better accepted than the drinkable form at D1 (<5 years, P=0.0189; >or=5 years, P<0.0001). Less difficulties were experienced by the parents to administrate MPK when compared to the drinkable form (P<0.001), mainly due to his neutral taste. Patients free of seizure at D 90 were 77% [70,3; 82,5]. Specially, fewer epileptic seizures were evidenced for all children previously treated at D1 by drinkable form of VPA. The treatment was well respected by the patients, which were compliant in 80% of the cases. The adherence to treatment was good since the treatment compliance was 87%. MPK was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: MPK in the microgranule form significantly improves the treatment acceptability with a good tolerance. Two daily intakes and neutral taste are two major advantages to favour the compliance in children, thus contributing to the efficacy of the antiepileptic treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Short-term acceptability of the Reality polyurethane female condom and a synthetic latex prototype: a randomized crossover trial among South African women.

PURPOSE: This multisite, randomized, crossover trial comparing the acceptability of the Reality(R) female condom (FC1), with a new synthetic latex prototype (FC2) of similar design and appearance to FC1, was conducted in Durban, South Africa. METHODS: In total, 276 women were enrolled and 1910 FC1 condoms and 1881 FC2 condoms were used by 218 and 216 women, respectively. RESULTS: Overall experience of use was reported as good for over half the participants with both condom types (FC1=50.9%, FC2=55.1%). Similar acceptability issues were reported in like proportions for FC1 and FC2, with features such as the lubricant (FC1=36.7%, FC2=37.0%) and the material (FC1=36.2%, FC2=29.2%) most commonly viewed positively for both condom types. Negative aspects commonly reported for both female condoms were the lubricant (FC1=30.3%, FC2=31.5%) and the appearance (FC1=29.8%, FC2=34.0%). Preference for FC1 was 29.5% and was slightly higher for FC2 (36.6%). Some women felt that there was no real difference between the two devices (33.8%). CONCLUSION: The acceptability of FC1 and FC2 was comparable, and women who find FC1 acceptable to use should also find FC2 acceptable.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A grounded theory exploration of the first visit to a cancer clinic--strategies for achieving acceptance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate cancer patients' experiences of their first visit to a cancer clinic. Nine patients with various cancer diagnoses about to receive curative cancer treatment were interviewed after their first visit to the clinic. A qualitative research approach based on Grounded Theory was used throughout the research process. The data analysis gave rise to a process leading to a core category which showed how patients can reach acceptance of the impact cancer has on their lives. Five different categories were identified as being important for reaching acceptance, namely action, knowledge, respect, continuity and confidence. The patients expressed the need for receiving treatment for their cancer without delay, and for continuity in their care. They needed to be given individualized, relevant information about their illness and to be treated with respect. If these needs were met a feeling of confidence resulted. Meeting all of these needs helped patients accept the impact cancer had on their lives, as did confidence in the care being given. Acceptance was reached when patients felt they could actively participate in treatment decisions, when they knew what to expect and when they felt they were being treated as individuals. Health care professionals should be aware of these needs, and should try to treat their patients as individuals and thus help them to achieve acceptance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

[The efficacy and acceptability of mifepristone medical abortion with home administration misoprostol provided by private providers linked with the hospital: a prospective study of 433 patients].

BACKGROUND: Until July 2001 medical abortion was only authorized in France in public hospitals or private clinics. A new law effective in July 2001 allows private practitioners (gynaecologists or general practitioners) to provide medical abortion in their offices as long as they are linked to a hospital official agreement. Unfortunately mifepristone was not available outside hospitals before September 2004, so the study was conducted still providing the drugs in the hospital family planning clinic. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and the acceptability of mifepristone medical abortion with home administration of misoprostol provided by private practitioners linked with the hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred thirty-three women seeking medical abortion before 7 weeks LMP were included between 2 January 2003 and 7 July 2004. All consultations before abortion and 2 weeks after abortion took place in a private provider's office. Drugs were administrated in the hospital family planning clinic: patients were given 3 tablets of mifepristone (600 mg) orally by the midwife and received 2 tablets of misoprostol (400 microg) that they would take at home 48 hours later. In case of any problems or complications, patients could phone or meet their private providers, phone the hospital midwife or go to the hospital emergency service. Private providers received training in medical abortion training and could at any time reach a medical specialist in the hospital family planning clinic for information or to refer a patient. RESULTS: - Efficacy was evaluated for 339 women, because 94 patients were lost to follow-up (21.7%). Efficacy of medical abortion was 93.8% (318/339). There were 21 surgical aspirations (6.2%): for women's decision in 1.5% of cases, for medical decision without complications in 3.5% of cases, and for failure of the method in 1.2% of cases (2 ongoing pregnancies and 2 heavy haemorrhages with transfusion). The family planning midwife received a phone call from 21 patients after mifepristone (4.8%), Twenty-five patients had an emergency consultation (5.7%), and 22 patients went back to their private providers before their appointment for follow-up (5%). Twenty-two patients (5%) were referred by the private provider to the hospital medical specialist. Acceptability is known for 26% of patients; 96.2% thought that the abortion procedure was acceptable. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The failure rate of medical abortion in this study is largely due to aspirations for incomplete abortion. To improve the efficacy of medical abortion offered by private providers linked with the hospital, all the relevant professionals (private providers, residents in the emergency service, family planning providers) must be well trained in medical abortion, especially in how to interpret and react to ultrasound images obtained in the follow up visit. The procedure is very acceptable to women. Medical abortion offered via a network should be well accepted by practitioners, since only 5% of women will need more than two consultations and only 6.2% will need surgical aspiration in the hospital. This study allows us to be optimistic about the expansion of medical abortion in France outside the hospital via a provider-hospital network based on the fact that since September 2004 private providers can get mifepristone directly in the pharmacies of the city.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms.

The present study compared the effects of creating an acceptance versus a control treatment context on the avoidance of aversive interoceptive stimulation. Sixty high anxiety sensitive females were exposed to two 10-min periods of 10% carbon dioxide enriched air, an anxiogenic stimulus. Before each inhalation period, participants underwent a training procedure aimed at encouraging them either to mindfully observe (acceptance context) or to control symptoms via diaphragmatic breathing (control context). A third group was given no particular training or instructions. We hypothesized that an acceptance rather than control context would be more useful in the reduction of anxious avoidance. Compared to control context and no-instruction participants, acceptance context participants were less avoidant behaviorally and reported less intense fear and cognitive symptoms and fewer catastrophic thoughts during the CO(2) inhalations. We discuss the implications of our findings for an acceptance-focused vs. control-focused context when conducting clinical interventions for panic and other anxiety disorders.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Acceptability of shade differences in metal ceramic crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Application of technology that quantify color and color differences is currently used in esthetic restorative materials research. However, parameters for the size of perceptible and acceptable color differences in metal ceramic crowns have not been determined. PURPOSE: The CIELAB colorimetric system was used to study the relationship between instrumentally measured color differences (delta E) and human observer assessment of color differences in metal ceramic crowns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were shown pairs of metal ceramic crowns whose color difference varied from indistinguishable to obvious. The subjects attempted to discern a difference in each pair's color and indicated the clinical acceptability of the shade difference between the crown pairs. RESULTS: Correlations between instrumental and visual assessment of color differences in these crown pairs did not agree in all dimensions of color space. Thresholds acceptability of color differences were 1.1 delta E units for red-varying crowns and 2.1 delta E units for yellow-varying crowns. Thresholds for perceptibility judgments were significantly lower than thresholds for acceptability judgments. CONCLUSIONS: Acceptability thresholds were found to be dependent on chromaticity. Observers were more sensitive and critical of crowns whose color differed in redness as opposed to crowns whose color differed to the same extent in yellowness.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of variety and monotony on food acceptance and intake at a midday meal.

Across-meal variety was operationally defined as the varying of a midday meal, whereas monotony was defined as serving the same midday meal for 5 days. Acceptance and intake of the meal declined in the monotony week and did not decline in the variety week. Acceptance levels decreased but remained high, demonstrating that monotony can occur with acceptable foods. Intake increased on the final day of testing under the variety condition. The potato product was resistant to monotony for both acceptance and intake, as has been shown for other staple foods. Green beans were sensitive to monotony. Correlations between acceptance and intake were highly significant; they were moderate in the variety condition (averaging r = 0.5) and lower in the monotony condition, suggesting how variety impacts normal varied eating.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Acceptability and complications of prostate biopsy in population-based PSA screening versus routine clinical practice: a prospective, controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare both the acceptability and the complications of prostate biopsy between men attending screening and hospital-referred symptomatic patients. A screening program cannot be successful unless the screening and diagnostic examinations are well tolerated and the willingness to participate is high. METHODS: A total of 200 men, comprising 100 participants in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial and 100 hospital-referred patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of prostate cancer, were consecutively recruited and underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies. Immediate complications were recorded at the time of examination. Acceptance and possible late complications of biopsy were requested through a self-administered questionnaire, which was returned by 97% of those screened and 84% of the hospital-referred controls. RESULTS: No major complications were seen immediately after biopsy, but one half of the men had minor rectal hemorrhage and, in a few cases, bleeding from the urethra. Most screened (58%) and hospital-referred (65%) subjects felt no distress before biopsy. The procedure was considered unpleasant by 69% of those screened and 61% of the controls. Correspondingly, 52% and 63% of men reported moderate pain at biopsy, but only 3 of those screened (3%) and 4 controls (5%) experienced severe pain. Nevertheless, a great majority of men in both the screening (82%) and the control (86%) groups would be willing to undergo a repeated biopsy if needed. Persistent rectal bleeding and hematuria were common (13% to 35%, respectively), but less than one fourth considered this disturbing. No significant differences were seen either in complications or acceptability between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study demonstrated that minor complications are equally frequent among men undergoing prostate biopsy for screening and other men. Despite the complications, prostate biopsy was regarded as acceptable. Nevertheless, such complications may impair the acceptability, and eventually, the effectiveness of screening.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol and cocaine intake by rats selectively bred for oral opioid acceptance.

Lines which accept or reject the potent opioid etonitazene, and a randomly bred control line, were assessed for the specificity of selective breeding. Drug-naive subjects from generation 8 were offered a continuous choice between water and 10% ethanol for 20 days. There was no difference between the accepting and rejecting lines in preference for one fluid, or in amount of ethanol consumed. The same rats were then given a choice between water and increasing concentrations (0.08-0.64 mg/ml) of cocaine, 7 days at each concentration. There were no differences among the lines in preference for the drug, but the rejecting line drank more of the cocaine solution than the accepting line. Finally, these rats were subjected to the regimen used in choosing rats for selective breeding, 4 days of a water-etonitazene choice. In their preference for etonitazene the order of the lines was as expected: accepting > control > rejecting. In addition, the accepting line drank more of the etonitazene solution than the other two lines. These data suggest that selection has been rather specific and not for a generalized tendency to become intoxicated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Smoking visibility, perceived acceptability, and frequency in various locations among youth and adults.

OBJECTIVES: This study tests whether there is an association between high visibility of smoking, perceived acceptability of smoking, and where youth smoke. METHODS: Surveys of 9,762 students in grades 8-10 and 1,586 parents in 15 Minnesota communities asked about the frequency of and opinions of adult and youth smoking in various indoor and outdoor public places. Chi-square analysis and ANOVAs compared smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS: More smoking than nonsmoking youth reported often seeing adults and teens smoking in all locations. Forty-two percent of students often noticed adults and 35% often noticed teens smoking outdoors, also the most frequent location where teens report smoking. Students perceived adult and teen smoking as more acceptable in restaurants, recreation centers, and outdoor gathering places. More student smokers than nonsmokers believe that smoking is acceptable for both adults and teens. Of the parent sample, 52% often observed adults and 36% often observed youth smoking outdoors. Nonsmoking parents observed adult and teen smoking more often than parents who smoke. CONCLUSIONS: The data support an association between the frequency that youth observe smoking in various locations and the perception that smoking is socially acceptable by smoking status. Policies that restrict smoking in various locations will reduce both visibility and perceived acceptability of smoking in those locations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Mortality on dialysis--on the influence of early start, patient characteristics, and transplantation and acceptance rates.

We compared changes from 1965 to 1987 in patients accepted to chronic dialysis, in a Swedish and a US dialysis center, by medical and clinical parameters at the start of dialysis and by duration of the dialysis. We also studied cause of death, outcome, and cumulative survival and tried to relate them to changes in patients and procedures. Finally, we studied how cumulative survival of dialysis patients was dependent on acceptance rates and transplant rates in five European regions and the United States. At both centers, the number of patients accepted grew, but since 1980, the only patient group that has increased has been older patients with many other diseases; these comorbid conditions have increased from approximately 1.2 to 1.4. In both centers, the number of patients with systemic disease, diabetes, and nephrosclerosis doubled. Cause of death showed a decrease in cardiovascular deaths and an increase in deaths due to stopping dialysis. The hemoglobin level increased from 70 to 90 g/L (7.0 to 9.0 g/dL) and the diastolic blood pressure decreased from 100 to 90 mmHg. The creatinine level decreased 30%, with an unchanged urea. Cumulative 3-year survival for patients without complications increased from 60% to approximately 90% and in patients with complications, it improved from 20% to 60% in Sweden and remained at approximately 60% in the US center. In the United States, many more patients were accepted to dialysis and the transplant rate was high. Cumulative survival on dialysis was inversely correlated both to the acceptance rates to dialysis and to the percent of patients transplanted. These factors explained over 90% of the differences in dialysis survival.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

How can we learn to live with pain? A Q-methodological analysis of the diverse understandings of acceptance of chronic pain.

An analysis is reported of the variety of understandings available in British culture to understand acceptance of chronic pain. Q-factor analysis is used within a critical framework as Q-methodology. Thirty participants completed the procedure. Eight factors or accounts of accepting chronic pain were derived. These are reported as taking control, living day to day, acknowledging limitations, empowerment, accepting loss of self, more to life than pain, don't fight battles that cannot be won, and spiritual strength. Common features of accepting chronic pain are (1) the acknowledgement that a cure for pain is unlikely, (2) a shift of focus away from pain to non-pain aspects of life, and (3) a resistance to any suggestion that pain is a sign of personal weakness. Where accounts of chronic pain differ is in the extent to which acceptance of pain means a change in core aspects of self. Implications of this study for the study of chronic pain are discussed. In particular, how identity is managed in the context of threatening chronic pain is suggested as a fruitful area of future investigation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Permanent acceptance of both cardiac and skin allografts using a mild conditioning regimen for the induction of stable mixed chimerism in mice.

Patients who are receiving an organ transplant nowadays are sentenced to the life-long administration of immunosuppressive drugs, which have serious side effects. The reliable induction of donor-specific tolerance therefore remains a major goal in organ transplantation. Previously, we have developed a sublethal, non-myeloablative murine model in which permanent mixed, multilineage chimerism and donor-specific tolerance are established. Our model involves engraftment of fully allogeneic T cell depleted donor bone marrow cells in low dose irradiated and anti-CD3 treated major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-disparate recipient mice. To investigate whether vascularized organ grafts are accepted in our model, we performed heterotopic heart transplantations in our mixed chimeric mice. Chimeric mice permanently accepted hearts from the bone marrow donor (>130 days) and rapidly rejected third party-type allografts (median survival time 9 days). Untreated control recipient mice rejected both donor- and third party-type allografts. In addition, mice that accepted their cardiac grafts, donor-specific acceptance of skin grafts was observed. In conclusion, the establishment of stable mixed chimerism with this low-toxicity regimen resulted in permanent donor-specific acceptance of vascularized organ as well as skin grafts across a full MHC barrier.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Allograft acceptance despite differential strain-specific induction of TGF-beta/IL-10-mediated immunoregulation.

We examined the immune approaches that C57BI/6 and BALB/c mice take when treated to accept cardiac allografts. C57BI/6 mice accept DBA/2 cardiac allografts when treated with gallium nitrate (GN) or anti-CD40L mAb (MR1). These allograft acceptor mice fail to mount donor-reactive delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, and develop a donor-induced immunoregulatory mechanism that inhibits DTH responses. In contrast, BALB/c mice accept C57BI/6 cardiac allografts when treated with MR1 but not with GN. These allograft acceptor mice display modest donor-reactive DTH responses, and do not develop donor-induced immune regulation of DTH responses. Real-time PCR analysis of rejecting graft tissues demonstrated no strain-related skewing in the production of cytokines mRNAs. In related studies, C57BI/6 recipients of cytokine and alloantigen educated syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) failed to mount DTH responses to the alloantigens unless neutralizing antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-p were present at the DTH site demonstrating regulation of cell-mediated alloimmune responses. In contrast, BALB/c recipients of cytokine-and alloantigen-educated PECs expressed strong DTH responses to alloantigens demonstrating a lack of regulated alloimmunity. In conclusion, C57BI/6 mice respond to immunosuppression by accepting cardiac allografts and generating TGF-beta-related regulation of donor-reactive T cell responses, unlike BALB/c mice that do not generate these regulatory responses yet still can accept cardiac allografts.

Animals↗