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PubMed2006

Genetic analysis of NHLH2 and its putative role in bovine body weight control.

The control of energy balance is fundamental to adult animals and is necessary for weight gain/loss, reproductive capacity and general health. In mice, targeted deletion of the neuronal transcription factor Nhlh2 results in adult-onset obesity because of reduced exercise and infertility because of reduced sexual behaviour. Nhlh2 (NHLH2 for humans) is expressed in the hypothalamus, particularly in neurons that have been shown to regulate energy balance. We have cloned the bovine Nhlh2 gene (bNHLH2) and we have shown that bNHLH2 is also expressed in the hypothalamus. Phylogenetic analysis of Nhlh2 reveals that it is very highly conserved in humans, mice, chimps and cattle, and found in organisms with simpler nervous systems, including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. Using a cattle-human comparative map and online databases, we have evidence that bNHLH2 is located near a quantitative trait locus for marbling on bovine chromosome 3 between microsatellite markers BM723 and BMS963. Cloning of the bNHLH2 gene from Holstein cattle and a mixed breed individual and comparison with Hereford sequences shows that the gene is highly conserved among bovine breeds.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Solutions in weight control: lessons from gastric surgery.

Surgical therapy is currently the only proven way to achieve significant long-term weight loss, improve obesity-related comorbidities, reduce the risk of premature death, and improve quality of life in a large proportion of treated individuals. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the most widely performed procedure in the United States, is known to achieve permanent (>14 y of follow-up) and significant (>50% of excess body weight) weight loss in >90% of patients who undergo the operation. Gastric bypass procedures induce physiologic and neuroendocrine changes that appear to affect the weight regulatory centers in the brain. Researchers have begun to explore the molecular pathways responsible for these outcomes. Identifying the differences between surgical and nonsurgical treatments will eventually lead to new therapeutic options.

Gastric Bypass↗
PubMed1989

A multifactorial weight control program in a corporate setting.

Behavior modification, nutrition education, and exercise were the chief characteristics of an 8-week weight management program implemented in a corporate setting. Emphasis was placed on participants identifying needs and making their own behavior changes. Results indicated that this was a favorable approach. Male participants averaged a weight decrease of 12.4 lb (5.5 kg) and a decrease of 1.4% total body fat per person over an 8-week period. Female participants averaged a weight loss of 4.1 lb (1.9 kg) and a 3.9% decrease in total body fat per person. A survey completed by participants at the end of the 8-week period showed that they found behavior modification, nutrition education, and exercise all to be beneficial components of the weight management program and believed that the self-directed changes would be easy to continue. Regular aerobic exercise, recording food intake, and counting calories were rated by the participants as the three behavior practices most frequently used to aid in weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sibutramine in weight control: a dose-ranging, efficacy study.

We tested the safety and efficacy of sibutramine, 5 and 20 mg, and placebo on weight loss. Medication was added to caloric restriction, behavior modification, and exercise in a parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial. Participants were 130% to 180% of ideal body weight and in good health. The study lasted 12 weeks over Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day. Weight loss during 8 weeks of study medication was: placebo, 1.4 +/- 2.1 kg (n = 19); 5 mg sibutramine, 2.9 +/- 2.3 kg (n = 18); and 20 mg sibutramine, 5.0 +/- 2.7 kg (n = 18) (p less than 0.05 sibutramine, 5 and 20 mg, versus placebo; p less than 0.05 sibutramine, 20 mg versus 5 mg). There is a significant dose-effect relationship. Five participants left the study before completion, all because of adverse events; placebo (one patient), 5 mg sibutramine (one patient), and 20 mg sibutramine (three patients). Sleep difficulties were noted by eight participants (20 mg sibutramine, seven patients; 5 mg, one patient; and placebo, no patients). Six of 21 participants receiving 20 mg complained of irritability, unusual impatience, or "excitation." Sibutramine, 5 and 20 mg, added to a multimodal program assisted participants in losing weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Fit, fat and fat free: the metabolic aspects of weight control.

This paper examines the role of energy expenditure, especially physical activity related energy expenditure, in the metabolic aspects of body weight regulation. New data have emerged from studies conducted over the last decade, demonstrating that physical activity is a critical factor contributing to successful body weight regulation in lean and obese individuals. A growing number of prospective studies show the protective role of increased physical activity against weight gain over time. Also, individuals who are successful in long-term maintenance of a weight reduction are highly likely to also be physically active. Participation in physical activity is among the best predictors of success in weight maintenance. Physical activity facilitates weight maintenance through direct energy expenditure and improved physical fitness. The latter facilitates the amount and intensity of daily activities. Both components are of importance in relation to energy and substrate balance. Exercise may act as a substitute for an enlarged fat mass, in bringing about rates of fat oxidation commensurate with fat intake. Metabolic effects on lipid mobilization and oxidation and morphological/biochemical changes in the muscle fiber, contribute to this successful regulation of body weight. A limited number of studies indicate that, the minimal level of additional energy expenditure by physical exercise required for protection against gain in excessive body fatness, is around 12 kcal/kg body weight/d. In conclusion, the amount of energy expended in physical activity, mediated by several metabolic factors, may play an important role in body weight regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lifestyle strategies for weight control: experience from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.

Currently, in many European countries more than half the adult population is overweight; it hass become 'abnormal' to be of 'normal weight'. The risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, hypertension and certain forms of cancer increase with increasing weight. Biological evolution has produced body-fat-regulating mechanisms that are more powerful in protecting against weight loss than against weight gain. The current environment offers constant availability of affordable palatable energy-rich foods, with no need to consume the energy through physical activity. The 'obesogenic' environment is to some extent a political issue, but it has been shown that the healthcare system can also have a role in preventing obesity-related morbidity. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study was the first controlled randomised study to show that individualised lifestyle counselling of individuals with high risk of developing type 2 diabetes can influence diet, physical activity and body weight, and that type 2 diabetes can be prevented, or at least postponed. Most importantly, lifestyle changes do not have to be extreme. If the population would adopt a lifestyle in line with the official nutrition recommendations, the obesity and diabetes trend could at least be stabilised.

Body Weight↗