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PubMed1997

Problems of microbial zoonoses in Hungary. (A review).

Hungarian data of 36 zoonotic diseases are summarized. These illnesses cause problems not only for health, public health and veterinary health services but for the society and their importance has increased. Changing character of an old pathogen (Salmonella enteritidis PT4) resulted in new epidemiological situation. The number of cases of food-borne zoonotic diseases has rapidly grown. The number of pets has elevated and in consequence the possibility of an infection of owners, breaders, sellers and other persons has also grown. Growing number of HIV positive patients as well as ill persons treated with immunosuppressive drugs increases the importance of opportunistic zoonotic pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma). The most effective and less expensive way to prevent an exposed population is the active immunization (BCG, tetanus, tick-borne encephalitis). Active immunization of animals can also reduce probability of human infections and economic losses (leptospirosis, rabies). In special cases it is advised to perform eradication programmes to get pathogenic-free domestic animals (brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis). Permanent surveillance is obligatory to recognize changing nature of pathogens, alteration of epidemiological situation and to identify areas for further research. Continuous education of population in general and special teaching of risky groups are very important for an effective prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[DNA technology for diagnosis and characterization of agricultural animal pathogenic viruses].

Use of recombinant DNA for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic and preventive drugs became one of the priority trends in modern experimental veterinary. This paper discusses modern methods of virus analysis based on the DNA technologies: restriction mapping, nucleic acid hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction. Examples of utilization of these methods for clinical diagnosis and research of animal viruses are offered.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1999

Antibiotic usage in animals: impact on bacterial resistance and public health.

Antibiotic use whether for therapy or prevention of bacterial diseases, or as performance enhancers will result in antibiotic resistant micro-organisms, not only among pathogens but also among bacteria of the endogenous microflora of animals. The extent to which antibiotic use in animals will contribute to the antibiotic resistance in humans is still under much debate. In addition to the veterinary use of antibiotics, the use of these agents as antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) greatly influences the prevalence of resistance in animal bacteria and a poses risk factor for the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and enterococci from animals can colonise or infect the human population via contact (occupational exposure) or via the food chain. Moreover, resistance genes can be transferred from bacteria of animals to human pathogens in the intestinal flora of humans. In humans, the control of resistance is based on hygienic measures: prevention of cross contamination and a decrease in the usage of antibiotics. In food animals housed closely together, hygienic measures, such as prevention of oral-faecal contact, are not feasible. Therefore, diminishing the need for antibiotics is the only possible way of controlling resistance in large groups of animals. This can be achieved by improvement of animal husbandry systems, feed composition and eradication of or vaccination against infectious diseases. Moreover, abolishing the use of antibiotics as feed additives for growth promotion in animals bred as a food source for humans would decrease the use of antibiotics in animals on a worldwide scale by nearly 50%. This would not only diminish the public health risk of dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistant genes from animals to humans, but would also be of major importance in maintaining the efficacy of antibiotics in veterinary medicine.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1987

Candida abortion in cattle.

In a retrospective study, four cases of yeast-associated abortion were found among 1,323 bovine abortions during a 5-year period at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. Tissues were examined histologically, and results of virological testing and microbiological culture were reviewed. Candida parapsilosis was the only pathogenic agent demonstrated in these four cases. Placental lesions consisted of necrotizing placentitis with large numbers of yeasts within trophoblasts. Secondary fetal infection occurred in all four cases, with histological lesions or isolation of Candida from the lung, liver, intestines, abomasum, and heart. A tentative diagnosis of Candida parapsilosis-induced abortion in cattle can be made on the characteristic intracytoplasmic yeasts in placental trophoblasts.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples submitted for bacterial culture: 8,905 samples (1994-2001).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antimicrobial resistance patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows have changed over time. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 8905 bacterial isolates obtained from milk samples submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1994 and June 2001. PROCEDURE: Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to determine whether percentages of isolates resistant to various antimicrobials changed over time. RESULTS: For the gram-positive mastitis pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to various flactam antimicrobials did not increase over the course of the study. Percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 49 to 30%; percentage of Streptococcus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 6 to 1%. Percentage of isolates resistant to erythromycin increased for S aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Enterococcus spp, and Pasteurella spp. Percentage of isolates resistant to lincomycin increased for S aureus and Staphylococcus spp. Percentage of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates resistant to pirlimycin increased from 6 to 19%. For several pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to sulfisoxazole and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased. No pathogens had a significant increase in the percentage of isolates resistant to novobiocin-penicillin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results did not indicate a trend toward increased antimicrobial resistance among mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows between 1994 and 2001. Reduced resistance to flactam antimicrobials was identified for several gram-positive mastitis pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

TaxTriage: an open-source metagenomic sequencing data analysis pipeline enabling putative pathogen detection.

MOTIVATION: TaxTriage is a comprehensive pathogen identification workflow designed for both short- and long-read untargeted DNA and RNA sequencing data. Combining read classification, mapping, and de novo assembly approaches, putative pathogens are identified through comparisons to curated pathogens and abundance expectations from healthy cohort data. Flexible installation options are enabled using Nextflow™ (NF), including cloud deployment via NF Tower (Seqera Platform) and local installation on a variety of systems, including standalone installations without external internet access. Final analysis summaries are compiled into an Organism Discovery Report, which lists likely pathogens and supporting data, including a custom confidence score. RESULTS: Evaluation of published in silico, clinical, and outbreak datasets identified performance comparable to alternative cloud-based processing pipelines for expected pathogen and co-infection detection with similar sensitivity and increased specificity. To support both public health and veterinary diagnostics communities, customization options have been incorporated to enable improved performance for host species of interest. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Source code for TaxTriage is freely available at https://github.com/jhuapl-bio/taxtriage. TaxTriage v2.1.1 has been archived on Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/records/17081354 to permit reproducible analysis as described in this manuscript.

Software↗
PubMed1995

Detection of canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein gene in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by RT-PCR.

For a rapid diagnosis of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection, the reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was carried out to detect CDV nucleoprotein (NP) gene from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Two sets of primers were targeted to two regions of NP gene of CDV Onderstepoort strain. The NP gene fragments were well amplified by the RT-PCR in each of the RNA extracts from Vero cells infected with 6 laboratory strains of CDV including Onderstepoort strain, and from PBMCs of a dog experimentally infected with CDV. The amplified NP gene was detected in 17 of 32 samples from dogs which were clinically suspected for CDV infection at veterinary hospitals. No RT-PCR product was found in 52 samples from healthy dogs including 40 specific pathogen free beagles vaccinated with an attenuated live virus-vaccine for CDV and 12 stray dogs. The RT-PCR provides a fast, sensitive, and supplementary method for the diagnosis of CDV infection in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular evidence for novel tick-associated spotted fever group rickettsiae from Thailand.

Ticks are of considerable medical and veterinary importance because they directly harm the host through their feeding action and indirectly through vectoring many bacterial pathogens. Despite many ticks being known from Thailand, very little is known about the bacteria they may harbor. We report here the results of a survey of tick-associated bacteria in Thailand. A total of 334 individuals representing 14 species of ticks in five genera were collected from 10 locations in Thailand and were examined for the human pathogens, Borrelia, Francisella, Rickettsia, and the common arthropod endosymbionts, Wolbachia, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using specific primers. Rickettsial DNA was detected in 30% (9/30) of Amblyomma testudinarium (Koch, 1844) collected from Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Nayok Province and 16.84% (16/95) of Hemaphysalis ornithophila (Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1959) collected from Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Nayok Province and Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province. Rickettsial DNA was not detected in any of the other tick species and no DNA of Borrelia, Francisella, or Wolbachia was detected in any of 14 tick species. Phylogenetic relationships among the rickettsiae detected in this study and those of other rickettsiae were inferred from comparison of sequences of the 17-kDa antigen gene, the citrate synthase gene (gltA), and the 190-kDa outer membrane protein gene (ompA). Results indicated that the three Thai rickettsiae detected in this study represent new rickettsial genotypes and form a separate cluster among the spotted fever group rickettsiae.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Abortion of a sow caused by Pasteurella aerogenes.

Three strains of the Pasteurella aerogenes complex were isolated as sole pathogens from aborted fetuses of a sow aborted at the 12th week of gestation on a farm of 600 sows. Gross pathology showed no characteristic lesions. The isolates were biochemically identical and resembled P. pneumotropica on the basis of their strong indole and urease positivity but they produced gas, were ornithine decarboxylase negative and fermented mannitol but not trehalose. Only a few differences were apparent in biochemical characteristics between the isolated strains and P. aerogenes. They differed from the type strain of P. aerogenes in ornithine decarboxylase activity, indole production and lactose and mannitol fermentation; however, such strains do occur within this heterogeneous species. At the time of abortion the antibody titre of the aborted sow was 1 in 16 when examined with live bacterial suspension and 1 in 128 if boiled antigen was used. Similar strains could not be isolated from the vaginas of aborted sows or pregnant and newly farrowed sows in the same group. The bacteriological, serological and histological findings support the opinion of other workers on the occasional pathogenic nature of P. aerogenes.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1980

[Some aspects of the study of atrophic rhinitis in pigs (author's transl)].

Atrophic rhinitis is the most dreaded nasal inflammatory lesion described in pigs. Experimental studies showed that this form of rhinitis may be induced by inoculation of the bacterial species Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) and/or Pasteurella multocida (PM). It is apparent from studies on AR in the Central Veterinary Institute during the past few years, that these species of bacterium may be classified into AR-pathogenic and AR-non-pathogenic micro-organisms. The significance of these findings in the prevention and control the disease is discussed. Investigations on the differences in pathogenicity between the strains of BB and PM isolate showed that 152 out of 157 BB isolates were AR-pathogenic (97%). Of 776 PM isolates studied, 396 were found to be AR-pathogenic. Thirty-six isolates were classified as doubtful.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Systemic Cryptococcus albidus infection in a Doberman Pinscher.

Cryptococcus albidus is a saprophytic, encapsulated yeast usually found in air, both outdoor and indoor, and sometimes on human skin. It is not usually considered to be a primary pathogen. Most cryptococcal infections of humans and animals are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Several cases of C. albidus infection have been reported in humans over the past 20 years. In the veterinary literature, 2 equine cases have been described: genital infection and mycotic keratitis. The present report is the first documented case of C. albidus systemic infection in a dog. Veterinarians and diagnosticians should be aware that C. albidus may be a potential canine pathogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Detection of parasites in the environment.

The environmental route of transmission is important for many protozoan and helminth parasites, with water, soil and food being particularly significant. Both the potential for producing large numbers of transmissive stages and their environmental robustness (with the ability to survive in moist microclimates for prolonged periods of time) pose persistent threats to public and veterinary health. Increased demands made on natural resources increase the likelihood of encountering environments and produce contaminated with parasites. In the last 30 years, endemic and epidemic waterborne and foodborne outbreaks in developed countries have led to a reappraisal of conventional isolation and detection methods. While these methods have proved invaluable in our understanding of environmental transmission routes for helminths, they have been less effective for the parasitic protozoa. Robust, efficient detection, viability and typing methods are required to assess risk and to further epidemiological understanding. Greater awareness of parasite contamination of our environment and its impact on health has precipitated the development of better detection methods. Currently, nowhere is this more apparent than with Cryptosporidium, with a broad range of immunological, microscopical and molecular methods available. The upsurge in molecular techniques, particularly the polymerase chain reaction, for determining occurrence and viability have brought with them the added benefits of increased sensitivity and specificity, yet many methods still have to be shown to address these issues consistently in the field. Rapid commercialization of reagents and standardization of methods provide consistency. The advances identified in non-destructive and destructive methods for the protozoa have application for helminths and emerging pathogens and should determine the importance of the matrices involved in the environmental transmission of parasites, further safeguarding public and veterinary health.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modification of the strain Flury HEP after its adaptation to cell culture. Development of experimental vaccine for veterinary use].

The rabies strain Flury HEP, adapted in our laboratory to BHK21 cells, shows, after 20 passages on this cell, an important modification of its pathogenic characteristics on adult mice, guinea pigs and hamsters. An experimental vaccine made with this adapted strain gives a good sero-conversion rate when injected by the intramuscular route to a group of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pharmacotherapeutics of chloramphenicol in veterinary medicine.

Since its discovery in 1947, chloramphenicol has enjoyed a prominent place in the veterinarian's drug arsenal. Some of the reasons for its popularity are: (1) Antimicrobial activity--effective against a variety of infective pathogens, including staphylococci, salmonellae, pasturellae, Bordetella, Haemophilus, coliform organisms, chlamydiae, and rickettsiae, many of which may be resistant to other antimicrobial agents; (2) Kinetic properties--allowing production and maintenance of effective therapeutic concentrations in body fluids and tissues, with a practicable dosage schedule in most species; (3) Safety--toxic reactions to chloramphenicol encountered thus far in animals have not warranted any serious limitations on its use in veterinary medicine.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1999

Activity and biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance.

Botanical insecticides are relatively safe and degradable, and are readily available sources of biopesticides. The most prominent phytochemical pesticides in recent years are those derived from neem trees, which have been studied extensively in the fields of entomology and phytochemistry, and have uses for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. The neem products have been obtained from several species of neem trees in the family Meliaceae. Six species in this family have been the subject of botanical pesticide research. They are Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Azadirachta excelsa Jack, Azadirachta siamens Valeton, Melia azedarach L., Melia toosendan Sieb. and Zucc., and Melia volkensii Gürke. The Meliaceae, especially A. indica (Indian neem tree), contains at least 35 biologically active principles. Azadirachtin is the predominant insecticidal active ingredient in the seed, leaves, and other parts of the neem tree. Azadirachtin and other compounds in neem products exhibit various modes of action against insects such as antifeedancy, growth regulation, fecundity suppression and sterilization, oviposition repellency or attractancy, changes in biological fitness, and blocking development of vector-borne pathogens. Some of these bioactivity parameters of neem products have been investigated at least in some species of insects of medical and veterinary importance, such as mosquitoes, flies, triatomines, cockroaches, fleas, lice, and others. Here we review, synthesize, and analyze published information on the activity, modes of action, and other biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. The amount of information on the activity, use, and application of neem products for the control of disease vectors and human and animal pests is limited. Additional research is needed to determine the potential usefulness of neem products in vector control programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N7) virus epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003--lessons learned from the first five outbreaks.

Clinical signs and gross lesions observed in poultry submitted for postmortem examination (PME) from the first five infected poultry flocks preceding the detection of the primary outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of subtype H7N7 during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are described. The absence of HPAI from the Netherlands for more than 75 yr created a situation in which poultry farmers and veterinary practitioners did not think of AI in the differential diagnosis as a possible cause of the clinical problems seen. Increased and progressive mortality was not reported to the governmental authorities by farmers or veterinary practitioners. It took 4 days from the first entry of postmortem material to notify the governmental authorities of a strong suspicion of an AI outbreak on the basis of a positive immunofluoresence test result. The gross lesions observed at PME did not comply with the descriptions in literature, especially the lack of hemorrhagic changes in tissues, and the lack of edema and cyanosis in comb and wattles is noted. The following lessons are learned from this epidemic: a) in the future, increased and progressive mortality should be a signal to exclude AI as cause of disease problems on poultry farms; b) intensive contact between the veterinary practitioner in the field and the veterinarian executing PME is necessary to have all relevant data and developments at one's disposal to come to a conclusive diagnosis; c) in an anamnesis, reporting of high or increased mortality should be quantified in the future (number of dead birds in relation to the number of birds brought to the farm to start production, together with the timing within the production cycle), or else this mortality cannot be interpreted properly; d) if clinical findings such as high mortality indicate the possibility of HPAI, the pathologist should submit clinical samples to the reference laboratory, even if PME gives no specific indications for HPAI; e) the best way to facilitate early detection of an HPAI outbreak is to have the poultry farmer and/or veterinary practitioner immediately report to the syndrome-reporting system currently in operation the occurrence of high mortality, a large decrease in feed or water intake, or a considerable drop in egg production; f) in order to detect low pathogenic avian influenza infections that could possibly change to HPAI, a continuous serologic monitoring system has been set up, in which commercial poultry flocks are screened for antibodies against AI virus of subtypes H5 and H7.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Veterinary medical offer for udder health and milking hygiene: results in Rheinland-Pfalz].

A sanitation programme was installed by veterinary medical officers on 261 dairy farms. All farms had been selected because of problems with somatic cell counts in milk for a long period of time. Quarter milk samples were taken from all lactating cows, and management factors (including milking equipment, -hygiene, housing and feeding) were assessed. Contagious mastitis pathogens like Sc. agalactiae and Staphylococci represented the main bacteriological problem in 79% of the herds. Only minor problems were caused by environmental pathogens like esculin-positive Streptococci and Coliforms. The sanitation programmes were mainly based on improvements with milking hygiene and techniques. Recommendations for antibiotic therapy were also given. Farmers and veterinary surgeons were entirely responsible for the implementation of these programmes on the farm. Success was controlled by monitoring somatic cell counts in bulk milk four months before to 18 months after the veterinary medical officer visited the farm. As early as one month after the visit cell counts decreased significantly (p < 0.01) and continued decreasing during the second (p < 0.05) and following months. Somatic cell counts of bulk milk stabilised on a significantly lower level for all over the period monitored.

Animal Husbandry↗