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PubMed2004

Influence of selenium induced oxidative stress on spermatogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase-X in mice testis.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of oxidative stress on the spermatogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X) activity in mouse testis. METHODS: For creating different levels of oxidative stress in mice, three selenium (Se) level diets were fed in separate groups for 8 weeks. Group 1 animals were fed yeast-based Se-deficient (0.02 ppm) diet. Group 2 and Group 3 animals were fed with the same diet supplemented with 0.2 ppm and 1 ppm Se as sodium selenite, respectively. After 8 weeks, biochemical and histopathological observations of the testis were carried out. LDH-X levels in the testis were analyzed by western immunoblot and ELISA. RESULTS: A significant decrease in testis Se level was observed in Group 1 animals, whereas it was enhanced in Group 3 as compared to Group 2. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly reduced in both the liver and testis in Group 1, but not in Group 2 and 3. A significant increase in the testis glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in Group 1, whereas no significant change was seen in Groups 2 and 3. Histological analysis of testis revealed a normal structure in Group 2. A significant decrease in the germ cell population in Group 1 was observed as compared to Group 2 with the spermatids and mature sperm affected the most. Decrease in the lumen size was also observed. In the Se-excess group (Group 3), displacement of germ cell population was observed. Further, a decrease in the LDH-X level in testis was observed in Group 1. CONCLUSION: Excessive oxidative stress in the Se deficient group, as indicated by changes in the GSH-Px/GST activity, affects the spermatogenic process with a reduction in mature sperm and in turn the LDH-X level.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a novel human testis-specific gene].

Digital Differential Display (DDD) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is a quantitative method that enables the user to determine the fold differences between the libraries being compaired, using a statistical method to quantitate the transcript levels. In this study, DDD program was performed between nine testis libraries ('tester') and seventy-six libraries derived from other tissues ('driver'). We identified a new contig of expression sequence tags (ESTs) HS. 129794 which were from testis libraries. To validate the use of bioinformatics approaches in gene discovery, the ESTs HS. 129794, which was predicted to be testis -specific, was chosen for further study. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of mRNA from different normal tissues indicated that HS. 129794 was specifically expressed in human testis. By querying EST and Unigene datagases, a full-length cDNA sequence of novel gene in human were identified, it was 2 430 bp in length, located in chromosome 3p21.1. The sequence of the open reading frame was 676 approximately 1 248 bp, as was confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing in human testis. The cDNA encodes a novel protein of 190 amino acids with a theoretical molecular weight of 20 417.8 and isoelectric point of 5.23. The sequence shares no significant homology with any known protein in databases. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of multiple tissues further showed that the novel gene is expressed significantly in different stage of human testis and sperm. We hypothensize that its functions as a testis-specific and spermatogenesis related gene that plays some roles in spermatogenesis, and named it SRG5 (Testis Spermatogenesis Related Gene 5, SRG5) (GeneBank accession number: AY221117). Identification of SRG5 using DDD approaches validates gene discovery using computational approaches.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on the testis cell apoptosis in morphine-dependent rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, on the testis cell apoptosis in morphine-dependent rats induced by naloxone and the involved mechanisms. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, withdrawal group and a therapeutic group. Morphine-dependent rats were given gradually increasing doses of morphine to produce morphine-dependent models, the abstinent syndrome precipitated by naloxone. The inhibiting effect of L-NNA on the abstinent syndrome, and the testis apoptosis, NOS positive cells, calmodulin (CaM) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione super oxidase (GSHPx) activity of the morphine-dependent rats induced by naloxone were observed and recorded by radioimmunoassay, atomic absorption spectrometry, in situ nick translation (ISNT) and NADPH-d histochemical technique. RESULTS: Compared with the control rats, the function of the somesthetic motor nerves and autonomic nerves was excessive, the apoptosis and NOS positive cells in the testis were significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), the content of CaM and the activity of SOD and GSHPx were obviously decreased in the morphine-dependent rats induced by naloxone. But L-NNA could significantly inhibit the abstinent syndrome, decrease NOS positive cells and apoptosis, and increase CaM content and the activity of SOD and GSHPx in the testis. CONCLUSION: Morphine dependence can induce testis cell apoptosis, an increase in testis NOS positive cells, a decrease in CaM content and the activity of SOD and GSHPx in the testis. L-NNA has the curative effect on the morphine abstinent syndrome, protects testis cells against apoptosis and improves their involved biochemical indexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Transgenic mice demonstrate a testis-specific promoter for angiotensin-converting enzyme.

There are two isozymes of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), one produced by somatic tissues and a smaller protein synthesized by developing spermatozoa (testis ACE). To investigate the molecular control of testis ACE, we generated mice transgenic for a construct containing a putative testis-specific ACE promoter linked to the Escherichia coli reporter gene encoding beta-galactosidase. The transgenic mice express beta-galactosidase protein and RNA only within the testis. Histochemical analysis of the transgenic mice shows co-localization of beta-galactosidase protein and endogenous ACE within elongating spermatozoa. These studies demonstrate that transcription of testis ACE is controlled by a strong intragenic testis-specific promoter that is contained within a 698-base pair fragment immediately upstream from the transcription start site of testis ACE. Characterization of the testis ACE promoter may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling cell stage-specific gene expression in the male germ line.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphogenesis of the gubernaculum testis in Sprague-Dawley rat. Preliminary report.

The morphology of testicular descent in the Sprague-Dawley rat from day 14 of gestation to newborn was studied; the purpose was to analyse the anatomy and related observations made with light and scanning microscopy. Adult female rats were mated during estrus. The presence of spermatozoa in vaginal smears was taken to indicate day 0 of gestation. Animals were kept in a controlled 12-hour light-darkness cycle; food and water were provided ad libitum. At day 14 genital ducts are similar in both sexes. At day 15 and 16 the gubernaculum testis is seen as a mesenchymal cord that extends from mesonephros to the pelvic floor. At day 17 near the enlarged caudal end of gubernaculum, evagination of the abdominal cavity begins forming the peritoneo-vaginal process. The testis ligament as well as the gubernaculum testis attaching to the epididymis at different locations have no direct relation between themselves as such. During day 18, testis rotates on its own longitudinal axis in a ventral-lateral direction. This movement twists the testis ligament, the epididymis and deferent duct lengthen and these structures are lined up in the direction of the peritoneo-vaginal process. The testis is generally situated in the newborn, on or near the internal ring. The gubernaculum testis is attached to the epididymis but does not exercise traction on the testis. The epididymis is a factor in this descending process.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Clinical implications of gonadal venography in the management of the non-palpable undescended testis.

Selective gonadal venography was used on 28 patients with a total of 34 non-palpable undescended testes. The data obtained in this study suggest that 1) an internal spermatic vein with a pampiniform-like plexus indicates the presence of a testis, 2) a blind-ending vein on venography suggests the absence of a testis, 3) an internal spermatic vein or vas deferens may be present without a testis, 4) a testis probably cannot be present without a gonadal vein, 5) a testis may be present without a vas, 6) a blind-ending vas deferens does not necessarily indicate the absence of a testis and 7) a blind-ending vas deferens in a patient in whom a blind-ending gonadal vein is localized to the same region probably indicates the absence of a testis. Gonadal venography may localize a non-palpable undescended testis or suggest testicular agenesis. In addition, gonadal venography has aided in the selection of the operative approach and, in the future, may provide criteria under specific circumstances for determining whether an operation is necessary and, if so, the extent of surgical exploration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Testis antigens of man and some other primates.

Rabbit antisera raised aginst testis preparations of human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and baboon origin were used to study testis-specific antigens within and among the four primate species. Antisera were absorbed with serum, liver, kidney, and spleen preparations of the respective species against which they had been produced. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of testis extracts, using the absorbed antisera, indicated the following minimum numbers of testis-specific antigens for each species: man, 10; chimpanzee, 8; rhesus monkey, 10; and baboon, 8. Most of the testis antigens were cross-reactive among species. The results suggest that human spermatozoa possess at least four to five specific antigens which originate in the testis. The antigen that induces sperm-immobilizing antibody cross-reacted among the four species of primates. Human and rhesus monkey sperm reacted equally in the immobilization system. Testis extracts from each primate species were capable of removing the sperm-immobilizing activity of human immune sera by absorption. Testis proteinase activity, as determined by using a gelatin membrane substrate, was inhibited by the gamma-glogulin fractions of rabbit and rhesus monkey antisera and also appeared to be cross-reactive among the species.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Fructose 1:6 bisphosphatase activity in the liver and testis of rats and goats.

1. The activity of the enzyme Fructose 1:6 Bisphosphatase (FDPase) was studied in the liver and testis of adult goats and rats. No significant difference in the enzyme activity was observed between liver and testis of rats. Highly significant differences (P less than 0.01) were observed between the activity of goat liver and goat testis, goat liver and rat liver, goat testis and rat testis; the activities being higher in goat tissues. 2. Homogenization of the tissues with water, 0.05 M lactate buffer (pH 3.5), 150 mM KCl and 0.34 M sucrose yielded highest activity with water and lactate buffer followed by Sucrose and KCl. 3. 10 microM of Fe2+ and 45 microM of Zn2+ decreased the enzyme activity of rat testis by 39% and 93% respectively. 4. The rate of hydrolysis of FDP with respect to time in rat liver and testis was a first order reaction. Linear kinetics of the substrate hydrolysis was observed up to 90 min. No substrate inhibition of the enzyme activity was observed up to 50 microM of the substrate. Km of rat liver and testis FDPase were 8.3 microM and 10.5 microM respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Histologic localization of surgically transplanted syngeneic seminiferous tubule segments into testis with Fast Blue as tracer.

Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiative process influenced by the testicular extratubular and intratubular tissue environments. One method of determining the relative importance of intratubular versus extratubular factors in cases of deficient spermatogenesis has been syngeneic seminiferous tubule transplantation. Generally in such a scheme, tubule segments from a testis deficient in spermatogenesis are transplanted into an intact recipient testis, and the progression of spermatogenesis in transplanted tubules is examined histologically. However, this experimental approach has been complicated by the tedious histologic serial sectioning required to locate these transplanted tubules and the need to distinguish them from recipient testis solely by structural differences. A method is described for the surgical transplantation of seminiferous tubule segments into rat testes that uses prelabeling donor tubules in vitro with the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue to facilitate their localization. The technique was evaluated by transplanting cut segments of Fast Blue-labeled seminiferous tubules from 15-day-old rat testis into normal adult rat testis (recipient), then localizing and histologically examining the progression of spermatogenesis in the transplanted tubules for up to 28 days. Transplanted tubules were easily identified in sections of recipient testis by fluorescent microscopy; intense Fast Blue staining with low background was seen up to 28 days after transplantation. Histologically, transplanted tubules had limited germ cell differentiation in recipient testis for the Fischer rat strain. At 10 days after transplantation, tubules had characteristics qualitatively similar to tubules from 25-day-old rat testis, with increased tubular diameter and abundant germ cells at the pachytene spermatocyte stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amidines↗
PubMed1997

Distributions of fibroblast growth factor and the mRNA for its receptor, MFR1, in the developing testis of the medaka, Oryzias latipes.

The distribution of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and of the mRNA for its receptor encoded by MFR1 were examined in the testis of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. FGF was detected in the region of somatic cells, especially in Sertoli cells in the matured testis by immunostaining. The staining was also detected in some of the type A spermatogonia. The distribution of FGF in the testis of the fry, in which spermatogenesis had not been initiated, was different from that in the adult. Signals of mRNA were observed in the same region as FGF in the matured testis. Staining was also detected in the testis of the fry in which spermatogenesis had been initiated. Therefore, the role of FGF in the testis of the fry in the early developmental stages may be different from that of the adult: These results indicate that FGF regulates the activation of somatic cells in the testis through the MFR1 receptor, and that it might play a significant role in the initiation and the progression of spermatogenesis in the testis of O. latipes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Is biopsy of the contralateral testis necessary in patients with germ cell tumors?

PURPOSE: Carcinoma in situ is present in the contralateral testis in up to 5% of patients with a primary germ cell tumor and will progress in the majority of cases to a second primary invasive cancer. We address the question of whether the other testis should be biopsied in patients with testis tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature on carcinoma in situ of the testis from 1972 to the present was critically evaluated in an attempt to address the issue of carcinoma in situ in the opposite testis. RESULTS: Carcinoma in situ of the opposite testis in patients with a primary germ cell tumor is easily diagnosed by biopsy and cured by orchiectomy or radiation. The problem is that biopsy is unnecessary in the majority of patients, and treatment of carcinoma in situ may have undesirable physical and emotional consequences. The rare patient who has an asynchronous second primary cancer can be cured with current treatment regimens. CONCLUSIONS: We do not advocate nor does the literature support routine biopsy of the opposite testis in patients with unilateral testis tumor. Patient education and close followup are rational alternatives to intervention in all cases to diagnose a small subset who are risk for bilateral tumors.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1998

[Torsion of an undescended testis. Apropos of a case].

The authors report an uncommon case of torsion of an inguinal undescended testis occurring in a 15-year-old child. He consulted seven days later for isolated left inguinal pain. Physical examination showed a left inguinal mass, and only the right testis was palpable within the scrotum. Sonography revealed left inguinal mass with echogenic and heterogeneous contents in keeping with undescended testis. The diagnoses of testis tumor or testis torsion were suggested. Surgical exploration revealed a mass suggesting a testis tumor. Orchidectomy was performed. Histological examination showed that the mass corresponded to a necrotic ischemic testis without tumor cells. In the light of this case, the authors analyse the diagnostic aspects and management of torsion of an undescended testis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Management of undescended testis.

The term cryptorchidism indicates a testis, which has failed to descend to the scrotum and is located at any point along the normal path of descent or at an ectopic site. Hormones play a pivotal role in testicular descent except during the migration to the level of internal inguinal ring. Cryptorchidism is present in about 4.5% of newborns with a higher incidence in preterms. The incidence decreases to 1.2% by the first year. It is classified as palpable and impalpable. The most common site of an ectopic testis is superficial inguinal pouch. Retractile testis is often bilateral and most common in boys between 5 and 6 years of age. Hypospadias and inguinal hernias are the most common associated anomalies seen with undescended testis. A thorough clinical examination helps in arriving at the etiology. A short hCG stimulation test helps to exclude anorchia. Different imaging techniques are of little help in diagnosis and require the help of an experienced radiologist. Laparoscopy has an important role in the diagnosis and management of undescended testis. The common complications include torsion and atrophy of testis. Infertility is seen in about 40% of unilateral and 70% of bilateral cryptorchidism. Undescended testis is 20 to 40 times more likely to undergo malignant transformation than normal testis. Both hCG and GnRH have been used with limited success in these children. All boys with cryptorchidism should be referred to a pediatric surgeon before 2 years of age. These children should be followed up every year after surgery to identify testicular tumors.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Torsion of an intra-abdominal testis.

To present a case of torsion of a nonneoplastic intra-abdominal testis with an unusual clinical presentation.A 26-year-old active duty Navy Petty Officer presented to the emergency department on 3 occasions over a 5-day period with lower abdominal pain. Physical examination demonstrated acute tenderness in the left lower quadrant with sugestion of a normal spermatic cord and atrophic testis in the left scrotum. Computed tomography scan demonstrated an intra-abdominal lesion near the internal inguinal ring. The patient underwent surgical exploration through an inguinal incision. Torsion of a nonviable intra-abdominal testis was present. The scrotum contained only the vas deferens and cremasteric muscle. An orchiectomy was performed with removal of the vas deferens and other cord structures.The unusual clinical finding of acute torsion of an intra-abdominal testis, associated with an apparent atrophic scrotal testis, presented a confusing clinical picture. Computed tomography scan did not clarify the issue sufficiently to establish a definite preoperative diagnosis. Clinical suspicion prompted early surgical intervention. Review of the current literature produced 60 reported cases of torsion of an intra-abdominal testis. Two thirds of these involved testicular neoplasm, usually seminoma. Although the clinical presentation varied, most patients had recent onset of lower abdominal pain associated with tenderness and, in half the cases, a mass. Patients almost always presented with an absent scrotal testis on the involved side, and not infrequently reported previous surgery thought to be an orchiectomy.Diagnosis of an intra-abdominal testicular torsion is rare, particularly when no neoplasm is present. A high index of suspicion must be maintained whenever there is abdominal pain and undescended testis. The surgical history and imaging studies may not clarify a confusing clinical picture.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[Bilateral germ tumors of the testis. Report of 5 cases and review of the literature].

OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence of the bilateral germ cell tumours of testis diagnosed in our Department and to review the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 64 patients diagnosed of a germ cell tumour of the testis were followed during an average period of 51.4 months (1-168 months). RESULTS: 5 (7.8%) patients developed a second germ cell testicular tumour. In one patient the tumours were synchronous while in the remaining four were metachronous, occurring in an average interval of 59 months. One patient with a metachronous tumour died as consequence of the second tumour. In two of the five patients risk factors were identified, one presented testicular atrophy and the second referred history of undescended testis. DISCUSSION: The probability of developing a germinal testis tumour between the patients with history of a previous germ cell tumour of the testis is sensibly greater than between the general population. The prevalence of the bilateral tumours of the testis oscillates between 1-5% and approximately 75% will be metachronous. The principal factor that can predict the appearance of a second testicular tumour is the presence of the carcinoma in situ (Cis) in the contralateral testicular biopsy. Except in cases of testicular atrophy or previous history of undescended testis we do not recommend routine biopsy of the other testis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Experience with laparoscopy in nonpalpable testis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and benefits of diagnosis and interventional laparoscopy in those paediatric patients with nonpalpable testes (NPT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 1999, 75 patients with NPT (mean age 3 years, range 6 months to 14 years) were treated. 86 testes were evaluated. RESULTS: According to the laparoscopic findings 4 groups of testes were identified: Vanishing testis (n = 32), low abdominal testis (< 2 cm to the internal ring) (n = 26), high abdominal testis (> 2 cm to the internal ring) (n = 24) and intersex patients (n = 4). Of the first group, 19 testes (one bilateral) had blind-ending spermatic cord and vessels and if an atrophic testicular tissue was identified, it was removed laparoscopically. For those with spermatic cord and vessels beyond the internal ring (13 testes), atrophic testes were removed through a high scrotal incision. 19 testes of the second group had a laparoscopy-assisted orchidopexy. In the same group a laparoscopic orchidopexy was performed on 7 testes. 24 testes in the 3rd group had a Fowler-Stephens (FS) stage 1 and 18 testes had a laparotomy performed for FS stage 2 procedure (laparotomy and orchidopexy) after 6 months. At laparotomy there was no evidence of testicular atrophy in all but one testis, which was removed and the FS stage 2 procedure was completed in 17 testes. The follow-up period was between 6 months and 4 years, and two more testicular atrophies were noted after FS stage 2. The results were satisfactory in 15 out of 18 testes (83%). In the intersex group, the patient with testicular feminization underwent laparoscopic orchiectomy. The other patient with bilateral nonpalpable testis was identified as having an uterus and two intraabdominally located gonads on laparoscopy and gonadal biopsies were obtained for diagnosis. Histology demonstrated bilateral ovotestes, confirming the diagnosis of a true hermaphrodite. CONCLUSION: We are of the opinion that laparoscopy decreases the number of laparotomies in NPT, allows a single-stage procedure in low abdominal testis, and facilitates clip ligation of the testicular artery in high abdominal testis. Laparoscopy also provides diagnostic and therapeutic options for vanishing testis and intersex patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Acquired undescended testis.

We report an unusual case of a 22-year-old man who presented with the left testis spontaneously ascended to a non-scrotal position. The testis had been documented to be intrascrotal without any sign of up-migration when the man was 12 years old. On surgery, the cryptorchid testis was found to be located within the superficial inguinal pouch. The testis was atrophic with the spermatic cord too short. On dissection, a remnant string of the closed processus vaginalis was observed within the cord, and the distal end of the gubernaculum was abnormally attached to the fascia near inguinoscrotal junction. Histopathologic findings of the testis were that of the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome which may represent the end-stage of germinal cell hypoplasia, a pathologic sequela common in postpubertal undescended testis. We recommend 3 diagnostic criteria for the acquired undescended testis and emphasize that testicular descent should be confirmed in infancy and re-confirmed periodically through puberty by the health care physician. Our observations seem to support the theory that acquired undescended testis may be caused by a postnatal failure of the spermatic cord to elongate in proportion to somatic growth.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of non-palpable testis.

BACKGROUND: Studies were needed to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing non-palpable testis, and to study the clinical usefulness of US and MRI before surgical exploration. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with non-palpable testis aged 1--12 years were examined between 1993 and 2002. Forty-six patients (55 non-palpable testes) underwent US. Forty patients (47 non-palpable testes) were examined using MRI. Both US and MRI were used in 29 patients (34 non-palpable testes). We used Fisher's exact probability test to compare the results of these graphic examinations with the surgical or laparoscopic findings for the non-palpable testis. RESULTS: Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 76%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 84% in the diagnosis of non-palpable testis, whereas MRI had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 79%, and an accuracy of 85%. CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy rates of US and MRI for diagnosing non-palpable testis. Laparoscopy or inguinal exploration should be performed even if these graphic examinations demonstrate the absence of a testis, because some patients with a non-palpable testis were found to be false negatives. We recommend US as the first step after clinical examination, and MRI could be performed when the US findings are negative preoperatively for a non-palpable testis.

Child↗