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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The effects of step-by-step training on cognitive performance in infants with Down's syndrome.

A study of Morss (1984) suggested that the characteristically poor performance of Down's syndrome (DS) infants on object concept tasks could be enhanced by embedding the standard task within a short training sequence. This paper reports an attempt to replicate that study and to test for any carry-over of improved performance to subsequent testing sessions 2 and 6 weeks later. Ten DS subjects (mean age: 19 months) took part in the study. The search behaviour of almost all subjects improved, both in qualitative terms and in terms of the frequency of successful retrievals of the hidden object. Many also, however, showed evidence of a highly-specific form of 'switching out' of the testing sessions. The problems that this cognitive avoidance causes for establishing statistical criteria for attribution of success/failure on these tasks are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Mammographic hook wire localization--a step by step guide.

A practical approach to hook wire localization of impalpable mammographic lesions is described, together with hints and potential pitfalls. A standard set of five radiographic projections is outlined. This consists of: 1. The "Right Angle" View 2. The "Needle Placement" View 3. The "Depth Adjustment" View 4. & 5. The "Hook Check" Views Modifications of the technique for more experienced operators are also described. The technique is simple and accurate in many circumstances.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Step by step on a piece of string: an illustration of community work as a social health strategy.

This article describes the development of a community work approach to the problem of isolation within a semi-rural and urban community. Reasons for adopting a community work emphasis within this community health service are explained. Two projects which illustrate ways in which the approach was put into practice are described and implications and issues for health workers are discussed using community participation, empowerment, and co-ordination of services as a basis for discussion.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1996

Cluster analysis and disease mapping--why, when, and how? A step by step guide.

Growing public awareness of environmental hazards has led to an increased demand for public health authorities to investigate geographical clustering of diseases. Although such cluster analysis is nearly always ineffective in identifying causes of disease, it often has to be used to address public concern about environmental hazards. Interpreting the resulting data is not straightforward, however, and this paper presents a guide for the non-specialist. The pitfalls include the fact that cluster analyses are usually done post hoc, and not as a result of a prior hypothesis. This is particularly true for investigations prompted by reported clusters, which have the inherent danger of overestimating the disease rate through "boundary shrinkage" of the population from which the cases are assumed to have arisen. In disease surveillance the problem of making multiple comparisons can be overcome by testing for clustering and autocorrelation. When rates of disease are illustrated in disease maps undue focus on areas where random fluctuation is greatest can be minimised by smoothing techniques. Despite the fact that cluster analyses rarely prove fruitful in identifying causation, they may-like single case reports-have the potential to generate new knowledge.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous nephrostomy with extensions of the technique: step by step.

Minimally invasive therapy in the urinary tract begins with renal access by means of percutaneous nephrostomy. Indications for percutaneous nephrostomy include urinary diversion, treatment of nephrolithiasis and complex urinary tract infections, ureteral intervention, and nephroscopy and ureteroscopy. Bleeding complications can be minimized by entering the kidney in a relatively avascular zone created by branching of the renal artery. The specific site of renal entry is dictated by the indication for access with consideration of the anatomic constraints. Successful percutaneous nephrostomy requires visualization of the collecting system for selection of an appropriate entry site. The definitive entry site is then selected; ideally, the entry site should be subcostal and lateral to the paraspinous musculature. Small-bore nephrostomy tracks can be created over a guide wire coiled in the renal pelvis. A large-diameter track may be necessary for percutaneous stone therapy, nephroscopy, or antegrade ureteroscopy. The most common extension of percutaneous nephrostomy is placement of a ureteral stent for treatment of obstruction. Transient hematuria occurs in virtually every patient after percutaneous nephrostomy, but severe bleeding that requires transfusion or intervention is uncommon. In patients with an obstructed urinary tract complicated by infection, extensive manipulations pose a risk of septic complications.

Humans↗