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PubMed2000

[Signal identification of potentially pathogenous Yersinia].

A four-tube method with diagnostic nutrient media is proposed for differentiating between pathogenic and apathogenic Yersinia. Yersinia cultures are detected by inoculating typical or suspected colonies from solid media to media with lactose, glucose, urea, and indicators. Subsequent culturing in three other media (with sucrose and sorbitol, with esculin, rhamnose, and salicin, and with pyrasinamide) and the use of appropriate indicators help detect potentially pathogenous pseudotuberculous and enteric Yersinia of 1B, 2, 3, and 5 biovars from apathogenic species and variants. The method is simple, rapid, economic, reliable, and is recommended for clinical laboratory diagnosis.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Identification of enteric pathogens in HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India.

Enteric pathogens associated with chronic diarrhoea in HIV-positive patients were studied. The study was conducted during January 1995-December 1998. Stool specimens from all diarrhoea patients (n = 26) were examined microscopically for ova and parasites using wet preparations and stained smears. Stool samples from diarrhoea patients were also cultured on appropriate media to isolate enteric bacterial pathogens. Of the 59 patients, 26 (44%) had prolonged diarrhoea for more than 4 weeks. Enteric pathogens were detected in 19 (73%) of the 26 patients: 17 patients harboured a single pathogen, and 2 patients had mixed pathogens. The detection rate of emerging parasites, including Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis hominis, and Strongyloides stercoralis as a single agent, was significantly higher than conventional pathogens (50% vs 19.2%; p < 0.05). Only one patient harboured both conventional and emerging pathogens (Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium). Isospora belli was detected in 8 (31%) of the 26 diarrhoea patients: in 7 (27%) patients as a single agent and in one patient with S. stercoralis. Cryptosporidium was identified in 3 (11%) diarrhoea patients: in 2 (8%) patients as a single agent and in one patient with E. histolytica, followed by B. hominis in 2 (8%) patients. E. histolytica was most commonly isolated (3/26; 11.5%), followed by Giardia lamblia, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni (one patient each). Parasitic pathogens were frequently associated with HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India. I. belli was the most frequent parasite isolated, followed by Cryptosporidium. Stools of all HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea should thoroughly be investigated to identify aetiologic agents for proper management.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Selective identification of the pathogenic E. histolytica in fresh stool samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Stool samples from 93 individuals clinically presumed to have intestinal amoebiasis and subjected to microscopic examination and DNA extraction. The PCR amplification was performed using two sets of primers that differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba DNA. Of 93 clinically positive cases, 51 (54.8%) were positive by microscopy, while 53 (56.9%) were detected by PCR as having DNA specific for either E. histolytica / E. dispar. A specificity of 85.71% and a sensitivity of 92.15% were with PCR compared to microscopy. Among 53 PCR positive specimens, three different DNA sequences were demonstrated: 8 specimens had DNA sequences specific of E. histolytica, 31 with DNA specific for E. dispar and 14 specimens have mixed DNA sequences for E. histolytica and E. dispar. PCR is a sensitive and a specific tool. PCR application is better the epidemiology in endemic areas through keeping indefinite DNA records for prospective and retrospective studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Identification of a pathogenic strain of locusts and its toxicity and pathology].

A pathogen was isolated from naturally dead grasshoppers. Its pathogenicity was testified by law of KOCH. It was identified as Serratia marcescens by physiological, biochemical test and molecular systematic analysis. Toxicity of HR-3 to grasshoppers was assayed by means of oral infection. The results show that the linear regression relationship between the logarithm(y) of HR-3 concentration and the probability (x) of corrected grasshopper morality is y = 1.067 + 0.809x, and the median lethal concentration is LC50 = 1.164 x 10(8) cfu/mLo The infection mechanism of HR-3 to grasshoppers were also studied. The histopathological studies show that midgut epithelia are damaged at the beginning of infection, and then partial denaturalization and putrescence occurr in this area. After 48h infection, vacuoles appear in most regions of midgut epithelia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Pneumonia: identification of respiratory pathogens].

The etiological diagnosis of pneumonia is necessary because it will condition therapy. The broad spectrum of potential pathogens is reduced when the host's condition and the events around the pneumonia episode are taken in account. Community acquired pneumonia in an immunocompetent host most often is caused by bacteria (predominantly S. pneumoniae) or by mycoplasma or respiratory viruses. Microbiological diagnosis relies on direct sputum examination and culture (for bacterial agents) and on serology (for nonbacterial agents). In a compromised host, the spectrum of etiological agents is broader; sputum examination often is unrewarding and invasive investigations are necessary. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is increasingly used, allowing an abundant material to be analyzed with a battery of tests directed against the pathogens most probable in view of the clinical setting. Direct examinations with special stains for bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses offer a rapid diagnosis in some cases. Various cultural procedures for bacteria, viruses and fungi, particularly in the absence of previous antimicrobial therapy, will establish the etiological diagnosis in the majority of pneumonia cases and help to select specific therapy.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1989

[Borrelia burgdorferi, clinical aspects, cultivation and identification of the pathogen in erythema migrans in Berlin].

Among other manifestations, the following diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in Europe are transmitted by ticks of the species ixodes ricinus: erythema migrans (EM), lymphadenosis benigna cutis (LBC), lymphocytic meningo-radiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome), and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA). We report on a female patient, who developed EM 10 days after a-tick bite in Berlin. Borrelia burgdorferi could be cultivated from a skin biopsy specimen taken from the periphery of the EM. The isolates were identified as Borrelia burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence using the monoclonal antibodies H 9724 and H 5332.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The use of mucolysed induced sputum for the identification of pulmonary pathogens associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

We describe a system for diagnosis of pulmonary disease in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient using induced sputum and other diagnostic procedures. This system has been successfully used at San Francisco (Calif) General Hospital for more than 2 years. It utilizes outpatient facilities and reduces the need for bronchoscopy. Sputum induced by inhalation of 3% saline mist, mucolysed, concentrated by centrifugation, and stained by a rapid modified Giemsa stain was the first diagnostic specimen examined in 404 episodes of suspected human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary disease in 358 patients. Pneumocystis carinii was found in 222 (55%) sputum specimens. In 118 episodes in which the sputum did not contain P carinii, bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy and/or bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and P carinii was found in 50 (42%). These 118 bronchoscopy results, as well as evaluation of the subsequent clinical course of those patients who accounted for 64 episodes of lung disease and who did not have bronchoscopy following examination of nondiagnostic induced sputum, indicated a range of sensitivity for detection of P carinii in induced sputum of 74% to 77% and a negative predictive value of 58% to 64%. Mycobacteria were recovered from 11 (6%) of the induced sputum and 6 (12%) of the bronchoscopic specimens containing P carinii. However, only oral or environmental fungi were recovered from P carinii-containing induced sputum or bronchoscopic specimens. For those patients in whom P carinii was not detected, only the bronchoscopic specimens were cultured for Mycobacteria and fungi. Potentially pathogenic Mycobacteria and fungi were recovered from 16 (23.5%) and 34 (50%), respectively, of these P carinii-negative specimens. Analysis of these results, obtained under routine practice conditions, indicates that bronchoscopy should be reserved for those patients whose induced sputum examinations do not show P carinii and that mycobacterial and fungal cultures be performed only on bronchoscopic specimens in which P carinii is not detected.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Coxsackievirus B-3 myocarditis. Identification of different pathogenic mechanisms in DBA/2 and Balb/c mice.

DBA/2 and Balb/c mice, both H-2d, develop myocardial inflammation and necrosis when infected with a heart-adapted strain of coxsackievirus Group B, Type 3. Similar inoculation of C57Bl/6 (H-2b) animals results in minimal myocarditis despite equivalent heart virus titers in the three stains. Thus, the host's genetic constitution influences the pathogenesis of the infection. Anti-mouse thymocyte serum and monoclonal Iad antibody effectively prevent myocarditis induction in DBA/2 and Balb/c mice, which demonstrates the importance of the immune system in this disease. Cytolytic T lymphocytes lysing virus-infected and uninfected myocytes and heart-reactive autoantibodies occur in both myocarditis-susceptible strains. Cellular immunity causes the myocardial injury in Balb/c mice. Complement depletion of Balb/c mice using cobra venom factor fails to alter the disease. Similar treatment of DBA/2 animals abrogates inflammation and necrosis, which suggests that heart-reactive antibodies in this strain are primarily responsible for initiating myocardial damage.

Animals↗