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PubMedDate not supplied

[Medico-social policy as an integral part of the strategy of present-day public health development in Russia].

The authors discuss the new approaches to the solution of a complex of medicosocial problems which should not be disregarded when developing the strategy of public health development under conditions of reformation of the Russian economy. An integral system of medicosocial care of the population both at the federal and regional levels should be formed and the mechanisms and methods of its realization developed in order to pursue an effective medicosocial policy, which represents an integral element of the strategy of public health development, with due consideration for the social, economic, demographic, ecological, sociohygienic, and other factors. The authors believe that medicosocial policy should be characterized by clear-cut strategic direction as regards all public health services.

Health Policy↗
PubMed2004

Key elements for successful integrated health information systems: lessons from the States.

The Genetic Services Branch, Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Services and Resources Administration has provided funding to state health departments to integrate their newborn dried blood-spot screening programs with other early child health information systems since 1999. In 2001, All Kids Count conducted site visits to these grantees to identify and describe best practices in planning, developing, and implementing their integration projects. The site visits were organized around 9 key elements considered critical to the success of an information systems integration project: leadership, project governance, project management, stakeholder involvement, organizational and technical strategy, technical support and coordination, financial support and management, policy support and evaluation. Best practices for each of the key elements and 5 lessons learned were documented in Integration of Newborn Screening and Genetic Service Systems with Other Maternal & Child Health Systems: A Sourcebook for Planning and Development. The lessons learned are overarching conclusions that agencies should consider when planning and implementing integrated information systems. This article briefly describes the key elements, their best practices as implemented by states, and the lessons learned.

Child↗
PubMed2004

An integrated finite-element approach to mechanics, transport and biosynthesis in tissue engineering.

A finite-element approach was formulated, aimed at enabling an integrated study of mechanical and biochemical factors that control the functional development of tissue engineered constructs. A nonlinear biphasic displacement-velocity-pressure description was combined with adjective and diffusive solute transport, uptake and biosynthesis. To illustrate the approach we focused on the synthesis and transport of macromolecules under influence of fluid flow induced by cyclic compression. In order to produce net transport the effect of dispersion was investigated. An abstract representation of biosynthesis was employed, three cases were distinguished: Synthesis dependent on a limited small solute, synthesis dependent on a limited large solute and synthesis independent of solute transport. Results show that a dispersion model can account for augmented solute transport by cyclic compression and indicate the different sensitivity to loading that can be expected depending on the size of the limiting solute.

Biological Transport, Active↗
PubMed2002

R391: a conjugative integrating mosaic comprised of phage, plasmid, and transposon elements.

The conjugative, chromosomally integrating element R391 is the archetype of the IncJ class of mobile genetic elements. Originally found in a South African Providencia rettgeri strain, R391 carries antibiotic and mercury resistance traits, as well as genes involved in mutagenic DNA repair. While initially described as a plasmid, R391 has subsequently been shown to be integrated into the bacterial chromosome, employing a phage-like integration mechanism closely related to that of the SXT element from Vibrio cholerae O139. Analysis of the complete 89-kb nucleotide sequence of R391 has revealed a mosaic structure consisting of elements originating in bacteriophages and plasmids and of transposable elements. A total of 96 open reading frames were identified; of these, 30 could not be assigned a function. Sequence similarity suggests a relationship of large sections of R391 to sequences from Salmonella, in particular those corresponding to the putative conjugative transfer proteins, which are related to the IncHI1 plasmid R27. A composite transposon carrying the kanamycin resistance gene and a novel insertion element were identified. Challenging the previous assumption that IncJ elements are plasmids, no plasmid replicon was identified on R391, suggesting that they cannot replicate autonomously.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed2001

Biomaterials integrated with electronic elements: en route to bioelectronics.

Bioelectronics is a progressing interdisciplinary research field that involves the integration of biomaterials with electronic transducers, such as electrodes, field-effect-transistors or piezoelectric crystals. Surface engineering of biomaterials, such as enzymes, antigen-antibodies or DNA on the electronic supports, controls the electrical properties of the biomaterial-transducer interface and enables the electronic transduction of biorecognition events, or biocatalyzed transformation, on the transducers. Bioelectronic sensing devices, biosensors of tailored sensitivities and specificities, are being developed.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1993

An endocrine-specific element is an integral component of an exocrine-specific pancreatic enhancer.

We have analyzed the function of individual elements of the elastase I transcriptional enhancer in transgenic animals. This pancreas-specific enhancer comprises three functional elements, one of which (the B element) plays a dual role. Within the context of the enhancer, the B element contributes to appropriate acinar cell expression. However, when separated from the other enhancer components, the B element selectively directs transcription in islet cells of transgenic animals. This islet-specific activity is normally suppressed by an upstream repressor domain. The B element binds a novel islet-specific factor, and similar B-like elements are present in other pancreatic genes, both exocrine and endocrine specific. We suggest that a principal role of this transcriptional element and its associated factors is to activate many pancreatic genes as part of the program of pancreatic determination prior to the divergence of the acinar and islet cell lineages.

Amylases↗
PubMed2004

A novel integrative and conjugative element (ICE) of Escherichia coli: the putative progenitor of the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island.

Diversification of bacterial species and pathotypes is largely caused by horizontal transfer of diverse DNA elements such as plasmids, phages and genomic islands (e.g. pathogenicity islands, PAIs). A PAI called high-pathogenicity island (HPI) carrying genes involved in siderophore-mediated iron acquisition (yersiniabactin system) has previously been identified in Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica IB strains, and has been characterized as an essential virulence factor in these species. Strikingly, an orthologous HPI is a widely distributed virulence determinant among Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae which cause extraintestinal infections. Here we report on the HPI of E. coli strain ECOR31 which is distinct from all other HPIs described to date because the ECOR31 HPI comprises an additional 35 kb fragment at the right border compared to the HPI of other E. coli and Yersinia species. This part encodes for both a functional mating pair formation system and a DNA-processing region related to plasmid CloDF13 of Enterobacter cloacae. Upon induction of the P4-like integrase, the entire HPI of ECOR31 is precisely excised and circularised. The HPI of ECOR31 presented here resembles integrative and conjugative elements termed ICE. It may represent the progenitor of the HPI found in Y. pestis and E. coli, revealing a missing link in the horizontal transfer of an element that contributes to microbial pathogenicity upon acquisition.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Web-based communications and management of a multi-center clinical trial: the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) project.

While efficient methods of communication are known to be essential in conducting large multicenter clinical trials, very little information is provided on actual methods that can be implemented to improve communication. An integrated technology-based communication system was developed for the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) project, which prospectively defines treatments that are most effective for participants with a diagnosis of a nonpsychotic major depressive disorder (MDD) who report an unsatisfactory clinical outcome to an initial and, if necessary, subsequent treatment(s). This web-based communication system is comprised of a multi-faceted study Web site, including a help desk, document sharing, a project directory and reports. In addition, automated reporting via e-mail and an online data correction mechanism are also available. The STAR*D communication system improves communication between study personnel and improves the quality of the study's data through the integration of system elements, the integration of those elements with traditional forms of communication,, by filling the gaps not addressed by those traditional methods and by reducing the staff workload burden.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1986

Structural analysis of plasmid and chromosomal loci involved in site-specific excision and integration of the SLP1 element of Streptomyces coelicolor.

SLP1int (integrated [int] form of Streptomyces lividans plasmid 1 [SLP1]) is a Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) transmissible sequence capable of autonomous replication as well as site-specific integration into and excision from the S. coelicolor chromosome. We report here that the plasmid and chromosomal loci involved in the integration of SLP1 and the two loci at which the recombination occurs during excision all share at least 111 base pairs of a 112-base-pair DNA sequence. Recombinational cross-over during integration or excision occurred nonrandomly within the common att sequence at or near a 25-base-pair inverted repeat. We suggest that chromosomally integrated plasmidogenic segments such as SLP1int may be involved in the acquisition and structural organization of genes encoding the diverse metabolic capabilities observed in different streptomycetes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Integration of geometric elements, Euclidean relations, and motion curves for parametric shape and motion estimation.

This paper presents an approach to shape and motion estimation that integrates heterogeneous knowledge into a unique model-based framework. We describe the observed scenes in terms of structured geometric elements (points, line segments, rectangles, 3D corners) sharing explicitly Euclidean relationships (orthogonality, parallelism, colinearity, coplanarity). Camera trajectories are represented with adaptative models which account for the regularity of usual camera motions. Two different strategies of automatic model building lead us to reduced models for shape and motion estimation with a minimal number of parameters. These models increase the robustness to noise and occlusions, improve the reconstruction, and provide a high-level representation of the observed scene. The parameters are optimally computed within a sequential Bayesian estimation procedure that gives accurate and reliable results on synthetic and real video imagery.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

The Brf and TATA-binding protein subunits of the RNA polymerase III transcription factor IIIB mediate position-specific integration of the gypsy-like element, Ty3.

Ty3 integrates into the transcription initiation sites of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. It is known that transcription factors (TF) IIIB and IIIC are important for recruiting Ty3 to its sites of integration upstream of tRNA genes, but that RNA polymerase III is not required. In order to investigate the respective roles of TFIIIB and TFIIIC, we have developed an in vitro integration assay in which Ty3 is targeted to the U6 small nuclear RNA gene, SNR6. Because TFIIIB can bind to the TATA box upstream of the U6 gene through contacts mediated by TATA-binding protein (TBP), TFIIIC is dispensable for in vitro transcription. Thus, this system offers an opportunity to test the role of TFIIIB independent of a requirement of TFIIIC. We demonstrate that the recombinant Brf and TBP subunits of TFIIIB, which interact over the SNR6 TATA box, direct integration at the SNR6 transcription initiation site in the absence of detectable TFIIIC or TFIIIB subunit B". These findings suggest that the minimal requirements for pol III transcription and Ty3 integration are very similar.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1991

Insertion element IS987 from Mycobacterium bovis BCG is located in a hot-spot integration region for insertion elements in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains.

Most strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex carry multiple copies of an IS3-like element, and these strains are highly polymorphic with regard to the site of integration in the chromosome. In contrast, Mycobacterium bovis BCG contains a single copy of the insertion element, and in all strains this copy is integrated at the same site in the chromosome. In this study, we determined the sequence of the single-copy insertion element from M. bovis BCG, IS987, and its flanking regions. The analysis of IS987 revealed that this element was virtually identical to the sequence of IS986 from M. tuberculosis. IS987 is located in a region containing direct repeats (DRs). The cloned flanking regions contained 20 virtually identical DRs of 36 bp, each separated by 35 to 41 bp of spacer DNA. Analysis of chromosomal DNA by the polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of a cluster of 49 DRs, and IS987 is inserted in the 30th DR. Furthermore, the DR sequences were found to occur only in species of the M. tuberculosis complex and not in nine other mycobacterial species tested. Analysis of 14 M. tuberculosis strains revealed the presence of one insertion sequence element in the DR-containing region of eight strains, two insertion sequence elements were located in the DR region of five strains, and one strain did not contain an insertion sequence element in this region. Additionally, the DR-containing regions of these 14 M. tuberculosis strains were polymorphic in length and composition. We conclude that the DR cluster is a specific, hot-spot region for integration of insertion elements in the chromosome of M. tuberculosis complex strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Integration specificity of the hobo element of Drosophila melanogaster is dependent on sequences flanking the integration site.

We analyzed the integration specificity of the hobo transposable element of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results indicate that hobo is similar to other transposable elements in that it can integrate into a large number of sites, but that some sites are preferred over others, with a few sites acting as integration hot spots. A comparison of DNA sequences from 112 hobo integration sites identified a consensus sequence of NTNNNNAC, but this consensus was insufficient to account for the observed integration specificity. To begin to define the parameters affecting hobo integration preferences, we analyzed sequences flanking a donor hobo element, as well as sequences flanking a hobo integration hot spot for their relative influence on hobo integration specificity. We demonstrate experimentally that sequences flanking a hobo donor element do not influence subsequent integration site preference, whereas, sequences contained within 31 base pairs flanking an integration hot spot have a significant effect on the frequency of integration into that site. However, sequence analysis of the DNA flanking several hot spots failed to identify any common sequence motif shared by these sites. This lack of primary sequence information suggests that higher order DNA structural characteristics of the DNA and/or chromatin may influence integration site selection by the hobo element.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Integration of retroposable elements in mammals: selection of target sites.

Genomic DNA fragments generated by the reverse transcription of cellular RNA are called retroposons. Because they are flanked by short repeats, mammalian retroposons are believed to integrate at staggered chromosomal breaks. Recently, a significant sequence pattern associated with the integration of Alu and ID repeats was identified (Jurka 1996). It is represented by the 5' TTAAAA consensus sequence around the 5' ends of flanking repeats of Alu, ID, as well as, of B1 and B2 retroposed elements as shown in this paper. This consensus is a potential target for enzymatic nicking which probably occurs in the complementary strand between 3' AA and the following 3' TTTT bases. The first four bases of the flanking repeats corresponding to the 3' TTTT consensus sequence show some sequence variations that may be affected by complementary base pairing between the A-rich RNA tails and the DNA target sequences prior to nicking and reverse transcription. We discuss potential evidence for such base pairing based on correlated variations in nucleotide composition of different tail and target regions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A novel insertion of a rearranged L1 element in exon 44 of the dystrophin gene: further evidence for possible bias in retroposon integration.

L1 elements are mammalian retrotransposons contributing to genome evolution and causing rare mutations in human. We describe a de novo insertion of an L1 element into the dystrophin gene resulting in skipping of exon 44 and causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a boy. The L1 element was rearranged due to the twin-priming mechanism, but contrary to all described L1 rearrangements the 5' region of the inverted L1 sequence ended within the poly(A) tail of the element. Furthermore, the target site for the insertion was located only 87 bp from the insertion site in another patient described previously. These findings can contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of L1 element rearrangement, and may support the notion that some subregions of the human genome could be preferred targets for retroelements using the L1 enzymatic machinery.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Structural comparison of the integrative and conjugative elements R391, pMERPH, R997, and SXT.

R391 and SXT are members of a group of eleven chromosome-borne conjugative elements found in the gamma-proteobacteria, whose members carry different antibiotic resistance traits. Recent genomic analysis of R391 and SXT revealed a highly conserved 'backbone' encoding integration/excision, conjugative transfer, and regulation functions, augmented by an array of phenotypic traits and transposable elements. In this study, PCR amplification and sequence analysis were employed to investigate the genomic structure of two further MGE of the R391 family, pMERPH (HgR) and R997 (ApR, SmR, SuR). R997 and pMERPH were found to be structurally related to R391 and SXT and share a number of virtually identical regions with them-including putative integration, conjugative transfer, and regulatory determinants-interrupted by variable DNA segments and transposable elements. The presence of a highly conserved backbone in the four elements strongly suggests their origin in a common ancestral element, which itself was a mosaic of sequences related to phages and plasmids. Subsequent genetic recombination and the acquisition of transposable elements resulted in the possession of variable phenotypic traits among the four MGE, and diversification into two distinct lineages, the first one including R391 and pMERPH, the second one containing SXT and R997.

Conjugation, Genetic↗
PubMed1994

Efficient homologous recombination of Ty1 element cDNA when integration is blocked.

Integration of the yeast retrotransposon Ty1 into the genome requires the self-encoded integrase (IN) protein and specific terminal nucleotides present on full-length Ty1 cDNA. Ty1 mutants with defects in IN, the conserved termini of Ty1 cDNA, or priming plus-strand DNA synthesis, however, were still able to efficiently insert into the genome when the elements were expressed from the GAL1 promoter present on a multicopy plasmid. As with normal transposition, formation of the exceptional insertions required an RNA intermediate, Ty1 reverse transcriptase, and Ty1 protease. In contrast to Ty1 transposition, at least 70% of the chromosomal insertions consisted of complex multimeric Ty1 elements. Ty1 cDNA was transferred to the inducing plasmid as well as to the genome, and transfer required the recombination and repair gene RAD52. Furthermore, multimeric insertions occurred without altering the levels of total Ty1 RNA, virus-like particle-associated RNA or cDNA, Ty1 capsid proteins, or IN. These results suggest that Ty1 cDNA is utilized much more efficiently for homologous recombination when IN-mediated integration is blocked.

Base Sequence↗