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PubMed1990

Patterns of dietary behavior associated with selecting diets low in fat: reliability and validity of a behavioral approach to dietary assessment.

This report describes the development and evaluation of a behavioral measure of dietary patterns related to selecting low-fat diets. An 18-item questionnaire, based on an anthropological theory of dietary change, was developed to assess four relevant dimensions of dietary behavior: (a) excluding high-fat ingredients and preparation techniques, (b) modifying high-fat foods, (c) substituting specially manufactured low-fat foods for their higher-fat counterparts, and (d) replacing high-fat foods with low-fat alternatives. In this study, 99 women completed the diet behavior questionnaire twice and, to characterize precisely their dietary fat intake, also completed two 4-day food records and a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were aged 45 to 59 years and were selected to have a wide range of fat intakes (19.4% to 49.4% of calories from fat). Confirmatory factor analysis identified five scales that corresponded to those hypothesized, except for exclusion, which split into avoiding meat and avoiding fat as a seasoning. The scales had high test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities, and correlations with percent of calories from fat ranged from 0.34 to 0.57 (p less than .01). The correlation of the sum of the five scales (18 items) with percent of calories from fat was 0.68 (p less than .001) and, in multiple regression models, the multiple R2 using all factors to predict percent of calories from fat was 0.47. Overall, these findings supported the validity of the theoretical model of dietary patterns related to selecting diets low in fat. We conclude that a standardized, behavioral approach to measuring fat-related dietary behavior may be useful for designing and evaluating nutrition intervention programs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Indirect measurement of saliva secretion in sheep fed diets of different structures and the effect of such diets on ruminal fluid kinetics and fermentation pattern.

Four Suffolk x Dorset sheep were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design and received a hay-barley-molasses diet in one of four different physical structures: (1) pelleted; (2) pelleted:chopped (60:40); (3) chopped:pelleted (60:40); or (4) chopped. The animals were penned individually and the diet was restricted to provide 20 g of dry matter (DM) per kilogram live weight daily. The effects of the diets on rumen fluid kinetics, fermentation pattern and microbial nitrogen (MN) supply were examined. Saliva secretion was estimated using an indirect method based on water balance in the rumen. When the animals were fed the chopped diet, the salivation rate, rumen fluid volume and rumen liquid outflow were all increased significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). No consistent effect of dietary structure on rumen fluid dilution rate, purine derivative (PD) excretion or MN supply was observed. Dietary structure had no effect on the rumen fermentation pattern, digestibility of DM or nitrogen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal subjects on a high fat diet; comparison with data obtained on a high carbohydrate diet.

Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride (TG) were measured in six normal persons consuming a fixed solid 65% fat diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. The food was divided into either three or eight similar portions, differently spaced over the day and night. The diurnal TG-profiles on this diet were practically identical to those found under comparable conditions on a 65% carbohydrate diet [1]. Mean diurnal TG values did not significantly differ with varying meal frequency. Free fatty acid levels, however, were significantly higher on a high fat diet. Post-prandial glucose and insulin reponses did not significantly differ whether a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet was consumed. We conclude that the composition of the diet is of little importance in determining diurnal TG patterns when the diet consists of normal food stuffs, but that these patterns are dependent on meal frequency and distribution.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1976

Changes in patterns of feeding activity, parotid secretory enzymes and plasma corticosterone in developing rats.

The diet and feeding patterns of developing rats were determined from feed bin weight losses and analysis of stomach contents (details in a previous report). Parotid gland development in the same rats was assessed from the specific activities of the secretory enzymes alpha-amylase, RNase and DNase, with particular attention to the occurrence of circadian variations. The results indicate that during the first week post partum, rats suckle much more by day than by night but have no circadian cycles in their parotid glands. Between 10 and 20 days, there were no consistent cycles either in feeding activity or in parotid enzymes. The progressive change from milk to stock diet between 14 and 30 days appears to promote the maturation of the parotid gland. The halfway point in the dietary change at 21 days coincides with the onset of inversely related circadian cycles in feeding and the parotid enzymes. Premature weaning at 21 days accentuates both cycles and accelerates parotid maturation. The findings indicate that the physical consistency of the diet has an imporant regulatory role in the developmental patterns of feeding activity and parotid glands of rats, but they also hint that other dietary qualities may be involved. Chronologic fluctuations in plasma corticosterone suggest an intricate relationship among this hormone, feeding behavior, and parotid glands in developing rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Effect of diet composition on the protein synthetic pattern of the rat pancreas after a feeding period of five days.

Rats were fed for five days on a protein-rich and on a carbohydrate-rich diet, respectively. One half of the pancreas of these rats was incubated with [3H]leucine and the other half with [14C]leucine and extracts from these pancreas halves were prepared. Mixtures of the differently labeled extracts were subjected to electrophoresis towards the anode as well as towards the cathode on a polyacrylamide gel containing urea at pH 8.5. Several secretory enzymes could be identified on the gels. Along the gels the 3H : 14C ratio was determined in 1 mm slices. The results show that after five days of feeding a diet there is some adaptation to diet composition. Generally rather small changes in synthetic rate occur. Only one component, the cathodic chymotrypsinogen shows an important difference in synthetic rate under the two circumstances.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of three dietary pattern indexes for predicting biomarkers of diet and disease.

OBJECTIVE: Examination of dietary indexes in association with objective biomarkers of dietary intake and chronic disease risk is an important step in their validation. We compared three dietary pattern indexes-Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Recommended Foods Score (RFS-24 hour recall), and Dietary Diversity Score for recommended foods (DDS-R)-for their ability to predict biomarkers of dietary intake, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. METHODS: We used dietary and laboratory data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to study these associations in 8719 disease-free adults aged > or =20 y. The HEI, developed by the USDA, was a sum of scores on consideration of ten individual components; the RFS was a sum of all recommended foods (lean meat, poultry and fish, whole grains, fruits and juices, low-fat dairy, and vegetables) mentioned in the recall; the DDS-R examined whether or not a recommended food was mentioned from each of the five major food groups. The independent association of the dietary pattern indexes with body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and serum concentrations of several biomarkers were examined using regression methods to adjust for multiple covariates. RESULTS: All indexes were strong independent positive predictors of serum concentrations of vitamin C, E, folate, and all carotenoids (p < or = 0.00001), except lycopene, and were negative predictors of BMI, serum homocysteine, C-reactive protein, plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1C (p < 0.05). The RFS and DDS-R were inversely associated with blood pressure and serum cholesterol (p < or = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The RFS and DDS-R performed as well or better than the HEI for predicting serum concentration of nutrients and biomarkers of disease risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Protein turnover modifications induced by the protein feeding pattern still persist after the end of the diets.

This study was undertaken to determine whether the protein feeding pattern could induce chronic adaptation of protein turnover. After a 15-day adaptive period, elderly (68 yr) and young (26 yr) women received, for 14 days, a diet providing 200 KJ x kg fat-free mass (FFM)(-1) x day(-1), where the daily protein intake (1.7 g protein x kg FFM(-1) x day(-1)) was either spread over 4 meals in the spread pattern or mainly (80%) consumed at noon in the pulse pattern. One day after the end of the dietary treatment, whole body leucine kinetics were measured by use of a continuous [(13)C]leucine infusion, both in the postabsorptive state and in the same fed state. The pulse pattern was able to induce, in young as in elderly women, a lower postabsorptive leucine oxidation and endogenous leucine flux than the spread pattern and improved the responsiveness of nonoxidative leucine disposal during 4-h oral feeding. Thus the pulse pattern was able to induce chronic regulation of protein metabolism in young as in elderly women.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Functional and phylogenetic implications of molar flare variation in Miocene hominoids.

Comparative analyses of molar shape figure prominently in Miocene hominoid evolutionary studies, and incomplete understanding of functional and phylogenetic influences on molar shape variation can have direct consequences for the interpretation of fossil taxa. Molar flare is a shape trait whose polarity, phylogenetic distribution, and functional significance have been sources of contention. To clarify the determinants of molar flare variation in the hominoid radiation, a combination of statistical methods was employed to investigate the effects of diet, phylogeny, and geologic age upon several measures of molar shape, to identify interactions among these factors, and to estimate their relative influence. Classic indices of molar crown shape and cusp relief are highly significantly associated with diet and show no clear phylogenetic or temporal patterning. Correlations with diet are insignificant when phylogenetic effects are controlled, a result which is interpreted as an artifact of the distribution of folivory in the Miocene hominoid radiation. Possession of pronounced molar flare was found to be the primitive condition for Miocene hominoids, but molar flare reduction cannot be considered a crown hominoid synapomorphy. Molar flare is strongly correlated with geologic age but differs significantly among dietary categories when the effects of time are controlled. Among contemporaneous taxa, hard-object feeders consistently show the highest levels of flare. Molar flare reduction is hypothesized to arise from realignment of cusp positions to maximize molar shearing and increase working occlusal surface area, while variation in flare among contemporaneous taxa may be due, at least in part, to enamel thickness variation. The pronounced molar flare of Otavipithecus is interpreted as a primitive retention, although alternative dietary and phylogenetic interpretations cannot be excluded. A dramatic reversal of molar flare reduction in Mio-Pliocene hominins is interpreted as a synapomorphy of the crown hominin clade, thus supporting the hominin status of the Lukeino hominine. The last common ancestor of the Pan-Homo clade is predicted to have possessed relatively non-flaring molars, and implications of this hypothesis for early hominin recognition are discussed.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1990

Plasma proline kinetics and concentrations in young men in response to dietary proline deprivation.

This study examined plasma proline concentration flux, oxidation, and endogenous biosynthesis in five healthy young men given three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets for 1 wk [a complete egg-pattern amino acid diet (diet 1), an amino acid mixture devoid of proline (diet 2), and a diet composed solely of indispensable amino acids (diet 3)]. At the end of each dietary period, a 360-min postabsorptive, primed, continuous stable-isotope-tracer infusion of L-[1-13C]proline and L-[methyl-2H3]leucine was performed in all subjects. Plasma proline concentrations declined by 22% on diet 2 (p less than 0.02) and by 29% on diet 3 (p less than 0.01). No statistically significant (p greater than 0.2) changes were observed for proline oxidation, endogenous biosynthesis, or flux. The data suggest that the absence of proline in the human diet does not trigger changes in proline dynamics during the postabsorptive state. The metabolic significance of the reduction of plasma proline concentrations requires elucidation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Renal kallikrein-kinin system and the depressor effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors MK 421, SA 446, and captopril in rats.

Responses in urinary kallikrein and kinin excretion and systolic blood pressure to MK 421, SA 446 or captopril were studied in normotensive rats fed on a regular or a low sodium diet to assess the role of renal kallikrein-kinin system in their hypotensive effect. MK 421, SA 446 or captopril were infused at a rate of 6 mg/kg/day by osmotic minipump implanted intraperitoneally for up to 6 days. The magnitude of fall in systolic blood pressure was greater on a low sodium diet when compared to on a regular diet, whereas the pattern of the fall was similar on both diets. The magnitude of falls in plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentration induced by MK 421, SA 446 and captopril was not significantly different between both regular and low sodium diets. Urinary kallikrein and kinin excretion and sodium excretion were increased during infusion of MK 421, SA 446 or captopril on a low sodium diet, however any significant changes were not found in each of them on a regular diet. The present results suggest that on a low sodium diet the augmented hypotensive response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the rats might be due to the enhanced renal kallikrein-kinin system in addition to suppressed renin-angiotensin system.

3-Mercaptopropionic Acid↗
PubMed1988

Role of acetone, dietary fat and total energy intake in induction of hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system.

Chronic ethanol consumption results in the induction of a specific hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P450IIE1). However, since compounds other than ethanol (i.e., acetone) can also serve as P450IIE1 inducers, and since ethanol given with a normal fat-containing (35% of energy) diet is associated with acetonemia, hepatic steatosis and decreased body weight gain, the question has been raised whether induction is mediated specifically by ethanol or whether it might represent a nonspecific response to these other factors. This was investigated by varying both the mode of ethanol administration and the composition of the diet. By administering ethanol in the drinking water, or as part of a low-fat (5% of energy) liquid diet, a significant induction of P450IIE1 and of the activities of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase was demonstrated in the absence of any significant increase in blood acetone with minimal increase in liver total lipids. Induction of P450IIE1 was comparable with the low or normal fat-containing diets, but MEOS activity rose more with the latter, possibly reflecting a potentiating effect of dietary fat on ethanol oxidation by P-450 enzymes other than P450IIE1. When the lack of weight gain of the alcohol fed animals was mimicked in controls by decreasing the amount of diet ingested, no induction was observed. Varying the pattern of liquid diet feeding had no demonstrable differential effect. Thus, the induction of P450IIE1 after chronic ethanol consumption can be attributed to ethanol itself, but dietary fat can potentiate the induction of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase.

Acetone↗
PubMed1984

Influence of a cod liver oil diet in diabetics type I on fatty acid patterns and platelet aggregation.

The influence of an eicosapentaenoic acid rich diet containing only 6,8 g cod liver oil daily for 2 weeks in 20 type I diabetics on fatty acid pattern in serum, platelet aggregation and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in serum were studied. There were increases in eicosapentaenoic acid portions in triglycerides, cholesterol esters and phospholipids of serum. This was associated with an inhibition of the platelet hyperaggregation, whereas platelet hyporeactivity is shifted to normal. Hyperreactivity of platelets from diabetics may be caused by enhanced TXA2 formation in comparison to healthy humans (1). On the other hand, diets rich in eicosapentaenoic acid inhibit platelet aggregation in healthy Volunteers (2,3). Therefore we investigated the dietary effect of relatively low doses of cod liver oil in diabetics type I on the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid balance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The benefit of the Mediterranean diet--considerations to modify German food patterns.

BACKGROUND: In the early 1960s the occurrence of coronary heart diseases and cancer in Mediterranean countries was much lower than in other industrialised countries. The life expectancy of the Mediterranean population was higher, although medical care did not meet western standards. Studies showed that those findings were due to the Mediterranean diet and life style [1, 2]. AIM OF THE STUDY: is to investigate whether these findings are transferable to the present German diet and life style in order to take advantage of the positive effects of the Mediterranean diet and life style against the background of the still present high rate of coronary heart diseases and cancer in Germany. METHOD: Regarding the aim of the study we compared food consumption data from different years between 1961 and 1999 of four Mediterranean countries and Germany. The data for this comparison were taken from data of DAta Food NEtworking (DAFNE) based on Household Budget Surveys (HBS), and data of Food Balance Sheets (FBS). RESULTS: Compared to Mediterranean residents Germans eat less plant food, especially vegetables, cereals and pulses were consumed in lower amounts, whereas animal products were consumed in higher amounts at each meal. CONCLUSION: A transformation of components of the Mediterranean diet to the German diet is theoretically possible considering the availability of food. Nutrition has to be seen holistically and therefore the lifestyle, cultural and social aspects have to be taken into account. These aspects can help prevent the occurrence of coronary heart diseases and cancer. From a scientific point of view there is a further need of research focused on lifestyle in the context of food patterns in different European countries.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1996

A changing Hausa diet.

We report results of a longitudinal study of shifting patterns of food consumption in a rural Hausa-Fulani village in northern Nigeria. While the broad outlines of diet did not change over the 12 years between two dietary surveys, important shifts occurred: a decline in the consumption of local cultigens, with a corresponding decrease in total caloric intake, as well as an embellishment of diet through the introduction of new foods. We suggest that this is best understood through the growing participation of this village in the wider economy. We juxtapose these dietary shifts to a model of disease risk that suggests, for the early period, that the coincidence of dietary elaboration and the periodicity of disease risk offered some degree of protection against malaria infection. For the more recent period, diet was no longer marked by conspicuous seasonal changes. To what extent these differences in diet patterns have affected the disease experience of this population is not yet clear.

Diet↗
PubMed2003

Common and country-specific dietary patterns in four European cohort studies.

The association between diet and cancer, predominantly investigated univariately, has often been inconsistent, possibly because of the large number of candidate risk factors and their high intercorrelations. Analysis of dietary patterns is expected to give more insight than analysis of single nutrients or foods. This study aimed to develop and apply a common methodological approach to determine dietary patterns in four cohort studies originating in Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Italy. Food items on each of the food frequency questionnaires were aggregated into 51 food groups, defined on the basis of their position in the diet pattern and possible relevance to cancer etiology. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze dietary patterns. Using a standardized approach, 3-5 stable dietary patterns were identified, explaining 20-29% of total variance in consumption of the food groups. Two dietary patterns, which explained most of the variance, were consistent across the studies. The first pattern was characterized by high consumption of (salad) vegetables, the second by high consumption of pork, processed meat and potatoes. In addition, a few specifically national food patterns were identified. Sensitivity analyses showed that the identified patterns were robust for number of factors extracted, distribution of input variables and energy adjustment. Our findings suggest that some important eating patterns are shared by the four populations under study, whereas other eating patterns are population specific.

Adult↗