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PubMed1977

Computer-assisted pathology encoding and reporting system (CAPER).

An on-line computer-assisted pathology encoding and reportying system (CAPER) has been developed by the Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Computer Science of the Massachusetts General Hospital for a department of surgical pathology that processes more than 25,000 specimens yearly. CAPER performs clerical functions, including the accessioning of specimens, monitoring their state of completion, production of log books, billing, statistics, and transfer of diagnoses to other hospital departments. It also permits instantaneous display of all diagnoses rendered within two years, printout within 24 hours of all older diagnoses for any patient, and retrieval of all specimens with any given diagnosis, further defined by any data item (e.g., age) stored in the computer file.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Teaching medical informatics: teaching on the seams of disciplines, cultures, traditions.

This paper reviews different concepts of medical informatics and identifies two families of approaches to education in it: a "specialist" approach, whereby medical informatics is taught as a specialization track for established disciplines like medicine, computer science, nursing, engineering, etc., and a "generalistic" approach, whereby it is taught as an integrated discipline incorporating essential traits of the aforementioned disciplines. The pros and cons of these approaches are outlined. The need to accommodate specific requirements of education is emphasized and these are identified, together with an outline of particular challenges that we are facing.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1984

A new approach to the design of information systems for foodservice management in health care facilities.

An organizational framework for integrating foodservice data into an information system for management decision making is presented. The framework involves the application to foodservice of principles developed by the disciplines of managerial economics and accounting, mathematics, computer science, and information systems. The first step is to conceptualize a foodservice system from an input-output perspective, in which inputs are units of resources available to managers and outputs are servings of menu items. Next, methods of full cost accounting, from the management accounting literature, are suggested as a mechanism for developing and assigning costs of using resources within a foodservice operation. Then matrix multiplication is used to illustrate types of information that matrix data structures could make available for management planning and control when combined with a conversational mode of computer programming.

Accounting↗
PubMed1983

Expert Systems Research.

Artificial intelligence, long a topic of basic computer science research, is now being applied to problems of scientific, technical, and commercial interest. Some consultation programs, although limited in versatility, have achieved levels of performance rivaling those of human experts. A collateral benefit of this work is the systematization of previously unformalized knowledge in areas such as medical diagnosis and geology.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Kinetics and modeling of anaerobic digestion process.

Anaerobic digestion modeling started in the early 1970s when the need for design and efficient operation of anaerobic systems became evident. At that time not only was the knowledge about the complex process of anaerobic digestion inadequate but also there were computational limitations. Thus, the first models were very simple and consisted of a limited number of equations. During the past thirty years much research has been conducted on the peculiarities of the process and on the factors that influence it on the one hand while an enormous progress took place in computer science on the other. The combination of both parameters resulted in the development of more and more concise and complex models. In this chapter the most important models found in the literature are described starting from the simplest and oldest to the more recent and complex ones.

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

Automated recognition of corrupted arterial waveforms using neural network techniques.

A data acquisition system that automatically discards corrupted or undesirable signals would save untold hours of drudgery for researchers. Continuous recording of variables to provide detailed behavior patterns generates huge amounts of raw data. Unfortunately waveforms usually require visual inspection for isolating desired behavior or validating signal integrity. This tedious and time-consuming step can potentially be eliminated using a novel computer science technique. We have trained a simulated neural network to recognize corrupted arterial pressure waveforms. Our system can now evaluate the validity of the arterial waveform without human intervention with an average false positive error rate of 2.2% and an average false negative error rate of 12.6%.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2000

Recent advances in methods for the assessment of dental calculus--research and clinical implications.

The diagnostic evaluation of supra- and subgingival calculus has remained an important research problem for over 40 years. The measurement of calculus remains an important objective in both research and office settings. As might be expected, the most important advances in diagnostic methods for calculus assessment have been derived from cross-fertilization from other technical disciplines including engineering, optics and computer science fields. With the new methods described herein, clinicians and researchers can look forward to important advances in our understanding of the impact of supragingival and subgingival calculus on oral health status and periodontal disease progression and in the development of treatment modalities for improved calculus control, benefiting patients and clinicians alike.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed2006

Proteome informatics II: bioinformatics for comparative proteomics.

The present review attempts to cover the most recent initiatives directed towards representing, storing, displaying and processing protein-related data suited to undertake "comparative proteomics" studies. Data interpretation is brought into focus. Efforts invested into analysing and interpreting experimental data increasingly express the need for adding meaning. This trend is perceptible in work dedicated to determining ontologies, modelling interaction networks, etc. In parallel, technical advances in computer science are spurred by the development of the Web and the growing need to channel and understand massive volumes of data. Biology benefits from these advances as an application of choice for many generic solutions. Some examples of bioinformatics solutions are discussed and directions for on-going and future work conclude the review.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Surgical trainee assessment using a VE knee arthroscopy training system (VE-KATS): experimental results.

Previous work has described the development of a Virtual Environment Knee Arthroscopy Training System (VE-KATS): a collaborative project between the Orthopaedic Department, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, U.K., and the Department of Computer Science, University of Hull, U.K. This work describes the initial results obtained by Orthopaedic Surgical Trainees using VE-KATS. The results showed that differences between individual trainees could be measured using the scoring system incorporated within VE-KATS. There was a weak correlation with the seniority of the surgical trainees.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed1997

Registration of head volume images using implantable fiducial markers.

In this paper, we describe an extrinsic-point-based, interactive image-guided neurosurgical system designed at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, as part of a collaborative effort among the Departments of Neurological Surgery, Computer Science, and Biomedical Engineering. Multimodal image-to-image (II) and image-to-physical (IP) registration is accomplished using implantable markers. Physical space tracking is accomplished with optical triangulation. We investigate the theoretical accuracy of point-based registration using numerical simulations, the experimental accuracy of our system using data obtained with a phantom, and the clinical accuracy of our system using data acquired in a prospective clinical trial by six neurosurgeons at four medical centers from 158 patients undergoing craniotomies to resect cerebral lesions. We can determine the position of our markers with an error of approximately 0.4 mm in X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images and 0.3 mm in physical space. The theoretical registration error using four such markers distributed around the head in a configuration that is clinically practical is approximately 0.5-0.6 mm. The mean CT-physical registration error for the phantom experiments is 0.5 mm and for the clinical data obtained with rigid head fixation during scanning is 0.7 mm. The mean CT-MR registration error for the clinical data obtained without rigid head fixation during scanning is 1.4 mm, which is the highest mean error that we observed. These theoretical and experimental findings indicate that this system is an accurate navigational aid that can provide real-time feedback to the surgeon about anatomical structures encountered in the surgical field.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Hybrid Petri net representation of gene regulatory network.

It is important to provide a representation method of gene regulatory networks which realizes the intuitions of biologists while keeping the universality in its computational ability. In this paper, we propose a method to exploit hybrid Petri net (HPN) for representing gene regulatory networks. The HPN is an extension of Petri nets which have been used to represent many kinds of systems including stochastic ones in the field of computer sciences and engineerings. Since the HPN has continuous and discrete elements, it can easily handle biological factors such as protein and mRNA concentrations. We demonstrate that, by using HPNs, it is possible to translate biological facts into HPNs in a natural manner. It should be also emphasized that a hierarchical approach is taken for our construction of the genetic switch mechanism of lambda phage which is realized by using HPNs. This hierarchical approach with HPNs makes easier the arrangement of the components in the gene regulatory network based on the biological facts and provides us a prospective view of the network. We also show some computational results of the protein dynamics of the lambda phage mechanism that is simulated and observed by implementing the HPN on a currently available tool.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of a new computerized system for recording and analysing drug-induced tremor in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Certain drugs can induce tremor in small animals and can be used as Parkinson's disease or essential experimental tremor models. However, the use of arbitrary scales for evaluating tremor in experimental models is limited by observer subjectivity. Progress in electronics and computer science has allowed a more precise quantification of tremor. The objective of the present study was to validate a newly developed low-cost method of spectral registration and analysis of tremor in free-moving rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats, 3-4 months of age, previously placed for 5 min inside a sensor cage, were administered with different doses of eserine (0.25-1.5 mg/kg), oxotremorine (0.25-1.5 mg/kg) or harmaline (7.5-60 mg/kg). Drug-induced tremor was recorded during 10 min using a computerized system composed of force transducers, a signal conditioning circuit, a digitizing interface and a microcomputer. The signal transmitted to the computer was quantified, stored and analyzed for its amplitude and frequency by means of specific programs. RESULTS: Tremor was induced with an amplitude that was dose-dependent for all drugs used. Tremor frequency was dose-dependent for oxotremorine and eserine, but not for harmaline. The performance of the system was compared with that of other systems described in behavioral instrumentation literature. DISCUSSION: The present data indicate that the new system is capable of detecting the tremor induced by drugs, and that the programs used for spectral analysis allow the quantification of the amplitude and the frequency of the tremor in free-moving rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Exploiting temporal information in functional magnetic resonance imaging brain data.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI) has enabled scientists to look into the active human brain, leading to a flood of new data, thus encouraging the development of new data analysis methods. In this paper, we contribute a comprehensive framework for spatial and temporal exploration of fMRI data, and apply it to a challenging case study: separating drug addicted subjects from healthy non-drug-using controls. To our knowledge, this is the first time that learning on fMRI data is performed explicitly on temporal information for classification in such applications. Experimental results demonstrate that, by selecting discriminative features, group classification can be successfully performed on our case study although training data are exceptionally high dimensional, sparse and noisy fMRI sequences. The classification performance can be significantly improved by incorporating temporal information into machine learning. Both statistical and neuroscientific validation of the method's generalization ability are provided. We demonstrate that incorporation of computer science principles into functional neuroimaging clinical studies, facilitates deduction about the behavioral probes from the brain activation data, thus providing a valid tool that incorporates objective brain imaging data into clinical classification of psychopathologies and identification of genetic vulnerabilities.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

Aspects of modelling and simulating tumor growth and treatment.

The proliferation of malignant cells and tumor growth can be studied at various levels and from different viewpoints in the field of tumor biology and oncology. The aim of this paper is to outline how control theory and computer science can pave the way to new approaches to interpreting tumor growth and treatment. The present development is based on the hypothesis that the proliferation of malignant cells may be simulated by an unstable closed-loop control circuit. This type of model only describes the number of cells as a function of time. Therefore, an extended model permitting the study of the spatial structure of tumor growth is chosen. This approach leads to three-dimensional models simulating tumor growth in a vascularized tissue segment and opens the possibility of determining optimized chemotherapeutic tumor-treatment schedules. In the future it may become possible to perform computer simulations of different kinds of tumor treatment prior to clinical therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Modelling during drug development.

With the advancement of both biological and computer sciences, new drug development faces the challenge to integrate a huge amount of knowledge accumulated from the very early quantitative structure-activity relationship investigations of the candidate molecule to the large scale clinical trials in patients. Whereas pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are fields in which modelling has long demonstrated its value, its potential in many other areas of drug development has recently been the object of intensive scientific activity. The present review places emphasis on these newer applications; it includes the opinion of many experts in often highly specialised areas such as in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, toxicokinetics, non-continuous response models, population approaches and computer assisted simulation of clinical trials. It is most probable that in the near future many of these areas of research will be the objects of intensive and interesting developments. This will undoubtedly lead to improve developmental strategies for new drugs as well as more individualised pharmacological strategies for patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Advanced technologies in plastic surgery: how new innovations can improve our training and practice.

Over the last two decades, virtual reality, haptics, simulators, robotics, and other "advanced technologies" have emerged as important innovations in medical learning and practice. Reports on simulator applications in medicine now appear regularly in the medical, computer science, engineering, and popular literature. The goal of this article is to review the emerging intersection between advanced technologies and surgery and how new technology is being utilized in several surgical fields, particularly plastic surgery. The authors also discuss how plastic and reconstructive surgeons can benefit by working to further the development of multimedia and simulated environment technologies in surgical practice and training.

Case Management↗
PubMed1995

A model of the human lumbar vertebral column: a preliminary study.

Finite element modelling of the human lumbar vertebral column employs data-processing procedures for study of the linear and nonlinear elasticity of materials such as are currently used in mechanics or in civil engineering. Thanks to developments in computer science, requiring a close collaboration between doctors and engineers, we put forward in this preliminary study a linear computerised model of the lumbar column comprising 4824 meshes and 6813 nodes. By reducing the simplificatory hypotheses and integrating new parameters, this model as developed is capable of important clinical applications in surgery and ergonomics.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2001

Advances in biomedical imaging.

In the 21st century, diseases will be diagnosed and treated using increasingly less invasive, more sophisticated imaging and image-guided procedures. During the past 100 years, the field of biomedical imaging has developed from Roentgen's original discovery of the x-ray to the imaging tools of today, such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and ultrasonography. The benefits of using these sophisticated noninvasive imaging tools are already evident: more accurate and timely diagnosis of disease has translated into improved patient care. Recent advances in imaging research have shown the potential to change many aspects of clinical medicine within the next decade. Major new areas of research focus on development of the molecular, functional, cellular, and genetic imaging tools of the future, aided by new information technology and image fusion/integration capabilities. Image-guided therapy is growing rapidly, with advances in computer science, technology, and noninvasive treatment methods, such as focused ultrasonography. Undoubtedly, these and other new imaging techniques will enhance the ability to accurately diagnose and recognize disease and allow understanding of the molecular mechanisms of diseases and their respective responses to therapy. Given this explosion in new technologies, the next 25 years promise to result in dramatic changes in diagnostic imaging, particularly with respect to detection and recognition of disease.

Computational Biology↗