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PubMed2003

Multiple drug resistant strains of Shigella isolated in Jos, central Nigeria.

The objective of this study is to highlight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among Shigella species in Jos, Plateau State. Stool samples of eight hundred and ten patients who presented at the Jos University Teaching Hospital with diarrhoea/dysentery were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. 25 Shigella species were isolated representing 3.1% isolation rate. The male to female ratio is 1.3:1, children aged 0-10 years constituted 16(64%) of the cases. Shigella flexneri (48%) was the most common sero-group. This was followed by S. boydii (24%), then S. sonnei (20%), and S. dysenteriae (8%). Most strains of shigella species were resistant to Ampicillin (96.0%). Chloramphenicol (96.0%), Cotrimoxazole (88%), Nalidixic acid (84%) and Tetracycline (75%). All strains were found to be sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. The drugs of choice in the treatment of Shigella infection in this environment should be Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Gentamicin was the third drug of choice its use is limited since the infection is not systemic. To avoid continuous abuse of antibiotics in our country there should be an effective legislation by the government to control the indiscriminate purchase of antibiotics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Correlation of urinary tract infections with the vaginal colonization in postmenopausal women].

Estrogen deficiency is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections (UTI) in postmenopausal women. After menopause, the vaginal pH increases, lactobacilli disappear from the vaginal flora, and the vagina is predominantly colonized by Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli. To better understand the associations between post-menopausal vaginal flora and the development of UTI, we conducted a prospective study among 87 postmenopausal women ages between 50-65 years. Vaginal samples were collected from lateral vaginal wall of women to perform a smear on a glass slide and placed on appropriate media. The smear was then stained with Gram stain. Urine samples were collected and cultured by standard bacteriologic techniques. Vaginal lactobacilli were present in 55.2%, and vaginal Enterobacteriaceae were present in 40.2% of the subjects. Heavy growth of lactobacilli was associated with a lower frequency of vaginal colonization with Enterobacteriaceae members (p<0.001), Streptococcus sp. (p<0.05) and Pseudomonas sp. (p<0.05). The most commonly isolated microorganism was E. coli. The frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic UTI among postmenopausal women were found 17.5% (15/87) and 11.5% (10/87), respectively. As a result, Enterobacteriaceae colonization of the vagina in postmenopausal women increases the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic UTI (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively).

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Reactive arthritis].

Reactive arthritis are definied as steriles arthropathies using classic bacteriological techniques. They are due to extra articular infection and are often associated with HLA B27. The outcome of these arthritis is characterised by the recurrence of flares with sometimes appearition of ankylosing spondylitis. The pathogenesis of reactive arthritis is modified when bacterial antigens or alive micro-organisms are discovered in involved joints. Several current works have underlined the interest of antibiotic therapy in the chlamydial reactive arthritis. Chronic forms can justify the use of anti-rheumatic drugs such as salazopyrine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Comparison of four methods in the detection of isoniazid resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of phage amplified biologically (PhaB) assay, Bactec-960 system, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method and gene chip in drug susceptibility testing of isoniazid (INH) in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). METHODS: INH resistance of 167 clinical isolates of MTB was detected by PhaB assay, Bactec-960 system, MIC and gene-chip methods respectively, and the results of these four methods were compared. RESULTS: 111 INH resistant isolates and 56 INH sensitive isolates were detected by Bactec-960 system. If the result of Bactec-960 system was set as the golden standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of PhaB assay were 96.4%, 96.4%, 93.1%, 98.2%, and 96.4% respectively; the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 92.9%, 99.1%, 98.1%, 96.5%, and 97.0% for the MIC method, and they were 83.9%, 96.4%, 92.2%, 92.2%, and 92.2% respectively for the gene-chip method. If the result of the MIC method was set as the golden standard, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of PhaB assay were 100%, 95.6%, 91.4%, 100%, and 97.0% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 98.1%, 96.5%, 92.9%, 99.1%, and 97.0% for the Bactec-960 system, and they were 88.7%, 96.5%, 92.2%, 94.8%, and 94.0% respectively for the gene-chip method. CONCLUSIONS: The PhaB assay is highly sensitive and specific, and its result is highly consistent with those of the Bactec-960 system and the MIC method. It is easy to use and took only three days in the detection of drug susceptibility of INH in clinical isolates of MTB. The results indicate that this low-cost assay can be used in rapid screening for INH resistance in MTB isolates. The MIC method proves to be as efficient as the Bactec-960 system, but whether it can be used as the standard method still needs further investigation. The sensitivity of the gene-chip method is lower as compared to the other methods, and therefore can only be used as an ancillary test.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2001

PCR-TGGE: a method for fingerprinting the microbial flora in the small intestine of pigs.

The bacterial flora of the small intestine is still not fully understood. This is also due to the fact that a lot of these gut inhabitants aren't cultivable. PCR-TGGE (Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) is a molecular tool by which the 16S ribosomal DNA of a bacterial community can be studied for its diversity. Based on sequence differences in the variable region V6-V8, 16S ribosomal DNA fragments are separated during a TGGE run. This study shows that PCR-TGGE is a valuable tool as it gives additional information about the flora composition that could not be found with classical bacteriological techniques.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Role of water in the transmission of cyclosporiarsis in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.

Water samples were collected form five residential areas in El-Ekhewa Village where the human populations use this water for daily activity and for consumption. These water sources were Bahr El-Baker drain, low running irrigation canal, underground water at shallow depth (3-8 m), finished piped water and underground water >35 m deep. The samples were concentrated by flocculation method and the concentrated pellets were examined by ultraviolet (UV) epifluorescence microscopy for Cyclospora oocysts. The densities of water contamination by 8-10 microm oocysts/liter in the five sources were respectively: 2400, 1900, 700, 200 and zero. This indicated that finished water was sewage contaminated. Stool samples from 109 diarrheal patients and 231 non-diarrheal ones from these areas were examined by the acid fast-trichrome stain, Saline Haemo De single slide trichrome stain and by standard bacteriologic techniques. Those with Cyclospora as single pathogen were considered (5.6%) of diarrheal and (2.3%) of the non-diarrheal individuals. The correlation between the density of water contamination and the prevalence of cyclosporiasis among the individuals of each area was significant. No doubt, water was the main vehicle of transmission in the present community. Soil contact and poultry were significant risk factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[High effectiveness of the method with cefpirome in detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in different species of gram-negative bacilli].

Gram-negative bacilli were examined for ESBL production by using four methods: double-disc synergy diffusion test (DDST), and three tests of combined discs with cefpodoxime, ceftazidime and cefotaxime alone and the same cephalosporins with clavulanic acid. Strains determined as ESBL-negative with all these tests were examined by using fifth method with cefpirome. 47,5% from 178 negative in other methods strains, appeared ESBL-positive in this test. The examined strains belonged to 16 different species. Most of them were Enterobacter cloaceae, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. It seems that the combined discs method with cefpirome may be usefull for phenotypic detection of ESBL producing bacteria also in the case of strains where ESBL production is camouflaged with derepressed chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

[Application of the molecular test PCR multiplex for identification of Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains].

In our last paper (18) we described the problem of proper microbiological identification of BCG strains and how important is distinguishing vaccine strain from virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. We have suggested the modern algorithm of BCG strains identification including mycolic acids profile by HPLC and 14C PZA resistance methods. These methods allowed us to made fast and accurate microbiological identification of side effects of BCG vaccine in the children. Identification of BCG by HPLC is possible within one working day compared with 3-4 weeks required for conventional methods. However both methods need very expensive instruments like HPLC and/or Bactec-460 Tb radiometric system. Presently we have evaluated molecular test based on the analyzis of the region RD1 encoding a 9.5-kb fragment. This fragment is deleted in all BCG substrains (6) and present in all human and bovine virulent strains. To evaluate this method for the rapid and specific detection of BCG, a large strain collection (32 strains) representating M. bovis BCG (vaccine strains and strains isolated from the children in case of adverse reactions after vaccination) M. bovis and M. tuberculosis from own collection was analyzed. RD1 was present in all 15 M. tuberculosis and M. bovis tested strains and deleted in 17 of 18 BCG strains. The multiplex PCR method was 100% sensitive and specific for the identification of BCG among strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Multiplex PCR can be used as a diagnostic test and has significant advantages over existing methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Simple scheme for identification of common species of enterobacteriaceae.

We propose a simple scheme for the identification of enterobacteriaceae species which routinely necessitates numerous biochemical tests and prolonged time span. In the scheme, family enterobacteriaceae is initially divided into four major groups depending on two important biochemical reactions viz. Lactose fermentation (L) and Methyl red test (MR). Each of the four groups, Group I (L + MR+), Group II (L + MR-), Group III (L- MR-), Group IV (L- MR+) can further be differentiated by using few tests. Eleven genera and 23 species can be identified by this scheme using limited biochemical tests. As many as 990 strains of enterobacteriaceae were subjected to standard biochemical tests and proposed simple scheme for identification. The discrepancy was observed only with 8 atypical strains of E. coli.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1990

[Bacteriological aspects of diagnosis of tuberculosis associated with pneumoconiosis].

To determine the frequency and characteristics of bacterial discharge, a cultural investigation of 166 patients' sputa was performed in three groups: Group 1: 37 pneumoconiosis at 2nd and 3d stages and active TB cases; Group 2: 41 non-active TB cases; Group 3: 88 cases of pneumoconiosis without concomitant TB infection. The sputa were studied with bacteriological techniques to determine the biologically changed forms of MBT. As a whole, the L-forms were found in 66.3% cases: Group 1-97.3%, Group 2-56.1%, Group 3-57.9% cases. In Group 2 and 3, the L-form bacterial discharge was scarce, predominantly with small monomorphic vacuolized forms.

Diagnosis, Differential↗