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PubMed2003

Characterization of anthocyanins in grape juices by ion trap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A reverse phase HPLC and electrospray interface with ion trap mass spectrometer method was developed for the characterization of anthocyanins in Concord, Rubired, and Salvador grape juices. Rubired and Salvador grapes are hybrids from Vitis vinifera and Vitis rupestris. Concord grape is a grape from the native American cultivar Vitis labrusca. Individual anthocyanins in these three varieties were identified on the basis of UV-vis and MS spectra and further elucidated by MS/MS spectra. Anthocyanins in Salvador and Concord grapes were 3-O-glucosides, 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)glucosides, 3-O-(6' '-O-p-acetyl)glucosides, 3,5-O-diglucosides, and 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-diglucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin. Vitisin B was detected in Salvador grape juice. Anthocyanins in Rubired grape juice were primarily anthocyanin diglucosides: peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, peonidin 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-diglucoside, and malvidin 3-O-(6' '-O-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-diglucoside are the four major anthocyanins. The presence of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, not previously reported, has been established for the first time in all three juices.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2006

Three grape CBF/DREB1 genes respond to low temperature, drought and abscisic acid.

The C-repeat (CRT)-binding factor/dehydration-responsive element (DRE) binding protein 1 (CBF/ DREB1) transcription factors control an important pathway for increased freezing and drought tolerance in plants. Three CBF/DREB1-like genes, CBF 1-3, were isolated from both freezing-tolerant wild grape (Vitis riparia) and freezing-sensitive cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera). The deduced proteins in V. riparia are 63-70% identical to each other and 96-98% identical to the corresponding proteins in V. vinifera. All Vitis CBF proteins are 42-51% identical to AtCBF1 and contain CBF-specific amino acid motifs, supporting their identification as CBF proteins. Grape CBF sequences are unique in that they contain 20-29 additional amino acids and three serine stretches. Agro-infiltration experiments revealed that VrCBF1b localizes to the nucleus. VrCBF1a, VrCBF1b and VvCBF1 activated a green fluorescent protein (GFP) or glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene behind CRT-containing promoters. Expression of the endogenous CBF genes was low at ambient temperature and enhanced upon low temperature (4 degrees C) treatment, first for CBF1, followed by CBF2, and about 2 d later by CBF3. No obvious significant difference was observed between V. riparia and V. vinifera genes. The expression levels of all three CBF genes were higher in young tissues than in older tissues. CBF1, 2 and 3 transcripts also accumulated in response to drought and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, indicating that grape contains unique CBF genes.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Molecular genetic diversity of the French-American grapevine hybrids cultivated in North America.

French-American hybrid grapevines are most popular in eastern and mid-western North America: they are hardy cultivars derived from crosses between the European Vitis vinifera and American wild vines. The aim of this study was to characterize their genetic background using 6 microsatellite (SSR) markers and a set of 33 diagnostic RAPD markers. The latter were reproducible with different PCR thermal cyclers. Two SSR loci were found to be synonymous, VrZAG47 and VVMD27. The DNA profile frequencies estimated for each cultivar were much lower with multi-locus SSR data than that obtained from multi-fragment RAPD data. There was no significant correlation between the multi-locus DNA profile frequencies derived from SSRs and those from RAPDs. Estimates of genetic diversity derived from SSRs were generally higher and the average similarity between cultivars was generally lower than values reported for subgroups of V. vinifera, in accordance with expectations for hybrid cultivars. The phenetic relationships depicted by UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging) and neighbor-joining analyses of microsatellite data were congruent and, to a large extent, in agreement with the known pedigree or history of each cultivar. A major dichotomy was observed between one group where the known genetic background was dominated by the North American Vitis riparia and Vitis labrusca, and another one where the genetic background was dominated by the European V. vinifera. Two Kulhmann varieties thought to be synonymous were found to be different, though closely related.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in vaccinium berries.

A study was conducted to determine the presence of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in Vaccinium berries. Samples representing selections and cultivars of 10 species from Mississippi, North Carolina, Oregon, and Canada were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Resveratrol was found in Vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry), Vaccinium arboretum (sparkleberry), Vaccinium ashei (rabbiteye blueberry), Vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry), Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott's blueberry), Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry), Vaccinium stamineum (deerberry), Vaccinium vitis-ideae var. vitis-ideae (lingonberry), and Vaccinium vitis-ideae var. minor (partridgeberry) at levels between 7 and 5884 ng/g dry sample. Lingonberry was found to have the highest content, 5884 ng/g dry sample, comparable to that found in grapes, 6471 ng/g dry sample. Pterostilbene was found in two cultivars of V. ashei and in V. stamineum at levels of 99-520 ng/g dry sample. Piceatannol was found in V. corymbosum and V. stamineum at levels of 138-422 ng/g dry sample. These naturally occurring stilbenes, known to be strong antioxidants and to have cancer chemopreventive activities, will add to the purported health benefits derived from the consumption of these small fruits.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2003

Contrasting strategies for UV-B screening in sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs.

The content and distribution of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of Vaccinium co-existing at a site in north Sweden. Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Vaccinium uliginosum L. exhibit markedly different strategies, in terms of localization and content of leaf phenolics and in their responses to UV-B enhancement. Plants were exposed to either ambient radiation or to enhancement of UV-B corresponding to 15% (clear sky) depletion of stratospheric ozone for approximately 10 years prior to commencement of this study. Vaccinium myrtillus contained the highest concentration of methanol-extractable UV-B-absorbing compounds, which was elevated in plants exposed to enhanced UV-B. Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that these compounds were distributed throughout the leaf, and were particularly concentrated in chlorophyll-containing cells. In V. vitis-idaea, most phenolic compounds were cell wall-bound and concentrated in the walls of the epidermis; this pool increased in response to UV-B enhancement. It is suggested that these two plants represent extreme forms of two divergent strategies for UV-B screening, the different responses possibly being related to leaf longevity in the two species. The response of V. uliginosum was intermediate between the other two, with high concentrations of cell wall-bound phenolics in the epidermis but with this pool decreasing, and the methanol-soluble pool tending to increase, after exposure to enhanced UV-B. One explanation for this response is that this plant is deciduous, like V. myrtillus, but has leaves that are structurally similar to those of V. vitis-idaea.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

A seroepidemiologic study of infection with HAV and HBV in five Pacific Islands.

A batch of 1025 serum samples, obtained from healthy subjects and hospital patients from five Pacific islands (Viti Levu, Funafuti, Niue, Rarotonga and Upolu) were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) by solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). High frequencies of anti-HAV were observed in each population (Funafuti, 79.9%; Upolu, 81.6%; Viti Levu, 84.3%; Rarotonga, 95.0%; and Niue, 95.2%), and the age-specific prevalence suggested that the majority of infections with this virus had occurred in the first decade of life. Hepatitis B was endemic in each population, although the total infection rates (as measured by the sum of HBsAG and anti-Hbs frequencies) were lower than for hepatitis A. While infections with each virus tended to run in parallel, peak prevalence of anti-HAV was usually reached in the second decade of life and peak prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was not attained until a decade later. The pattern of infection with HBV was similar in each of the groups studied with the exception of Indians living in Viti Levu, among whom unusually low levels of antigen and antibody were demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Biology and management of grape phylloxera.

Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), is a worldwide pest of grapevines. Its life cycle has sexual and asexual portions with forms that feed from leaf and root galls. Not all forms occur throughout the insect's range. Root forms predominate on Vitis vinifera cultivars; leaf forms predominate on other Vitis species characteristic of the American native range. Other conditions influence expression of the life cycle. Hosts and conditions similarly affect life table performance. Damage to grapevines is by secondary soilborne pathogens attacking the feeding site and by physiological interaction of the insect with the grapevine, though the latter has not been well studied. Resistant rootstocks derived from native American Vitis are the primary control tool. The insect varies genetically and relative to performance on hosts. Use of insecticides is limited in effect, and other control methods are not proven. More research on the biology, ecology, and management of phylloxera is needed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mechanisms that limit pollinator range in Ericaceae].

Studies were conducted in 2001-2003 at Valdai National Park (Novgorod region) and at the Zvenigorod biological station of Moscow State University. The morphology of flowers, flowering dynamics and composition of insect visiting flowers of Ericaceae species: Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum palustre, Oxycoccus palustris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, and V. vitis-idaea L. were studied. Some species of insects visiting flowers were excluded from the list of pollinators on the basis of observation on their behavior. L. palustre was visited mainly by flies where as other investigated species were visited mainly by bumblebees. In some cases bumblebees were the only visitors of the investigated plants. Mechanisms that protect flowers from flies and short-tongued solitary bees visits and ensure a best pollination by bumblebees are various among different species of Ericaceae. Efficiency of nectary protection also differs among different plant species and is defined by particularities of their habitats and flowering phenology. As far as all species of this family during the flowering are dominants in typical habitats, a competition for the pollination with species of other families in most cases is megligible. Flowering periods of V. vitis-idaea and V. myrtillus in forest ecosystems overlapped weakly. Moreover, V. myrtillus is pollinated mainly by bumblebee queens where as pollinators of V. vitis-idaea are bumblebee workers, solitary bees and horse flies. The other investigated plant species inhabit only oligotrophic peat bogs. Thery are pollinated by bumblebees but periods of flowering are not overlapped and consequently follow one after another. L. palustre and V. uliginosum flower simultaneosly but they are pollinated by different pollinators.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of an extract of wine from Jacquez grapes in mice.

The present study was designed to verify the antidiarrhoeal effects of a lyophilized extract of wine from Jacquez grapes (Ord. Rhamnales; Fam. Vitaceae; Sp. Vitis aestivalis M.-cinerea E. x Vitis vinifera L.), studying its influence on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and enteropooling, and on gastrointestinal transit (measured by a charcoal marker) in mice. The pre-treatment of the animals with the JWE (Jacquez wine extract) produced a significant inhibition against castor oil induced-diarrhoea and intestinal fluid accumulation; furthermore the extract significantly decreased the propulsive movement of the charcoal meal. These findings suggest a potential beneficial use of the JWE in the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Stress- and development-induced expression of spliced and unspliced transcripts from two highly similar dehydrin 1 genes in V. riparia and V. vinifera.

Dehydrins are proteins that accumulate in vegetative tissues subjected to various dehydrating stress conditions such as cold, drought, and salinity and in seeds at later stages of embryogenesis. Here, we report on two highly identical dehydrin genes, DHN1a and DHN1b, in wild and cultivated grapes, Vitis riparia and Vitis vinifera, and their expression in different tissues and under different environmental conditions. The two genes and their transcripts can easily be distinguished by RT-PCR because DHN1b has an 18 bp deletion compared to DHN1a. V. riparia expressed only DHN1a; V. vinifera expressed both DHN1a and DHN1b. Spliced transcripts, DHN1-S, encoding a putative YSK(2)-type dehydrin were present in low amounts in control leaves, but in high amounts in buds and seeds. Unspliced transcripts, DHN1-U, accumulated to high levels in buds and seeds. Cold, drought, and ABA treatment increased accumulation of both DHN1-S and DHN1-U in leaves, whereas short-day treatment increased only DHN1-S. The possible relation of these results with the difference in freezing stress tolerance between V. riparia and V. vinifera is discussed.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Nucleotide binding site/leucine-rich repeats, Pto-like and receptor-like kinases related to disease resistance in grapevine.

Nucleotide Binding Site/Leucine-Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR) and Serine/Threonine Kinase (STK) genes are two of the known classes of resistance (R-) genes in plants, and occur in large multigene families. Systematic identification of genes for NBS-LRRs and STKs provides a means of access to genomic regions that may be involved in disease resistance. Here we present a picture of these two families of R-gene analogs (RGAs) in grape with the aim of developing a set of resistance-related sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers. One hundred and three NBS-LRR sequences were isolated. They included members of the CC (coiled-coil) and TIR (Toll-interleukin receptor) sub-classes. A comparative analysis with other angiosperm NBSs is provided. Fifty-three genes for receptor-like kinases (RLKs) with serine/threonine specificity were identified. RLK sequences formed a putative monophyletic group within the kinase superfamily. They were similar to both cytoplasmic RLKs, such as Pto, and RLKs with LRR, S-locus, lectin-like and thaumatin-like extracellular binding-domains. The latter resembled the products of the R-related genes Xa21, FLS2, Rlk10, SFR2, and PR5K. Forty-five reference RGAs were converted into STSs by using appropriately designed specific primers. RGA-STSs were present in diverse grape genotypes, and >85% of the primers were capable of amplifying the STSs across the taxa Vitis and Muscadinia. DNA sequence polymorphism among these RGAs was assessed by SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis in over 20 Vitis spp. Finally, 45 universal primers for grape RGAs are proposed that should permit tagging of R-related regions in any grape genome.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Gene expression associated with compatible viral diseases in grapevine cultivars.

Viral diseases affect grapevine cultures without inducing any resistance response. Thus, these plants develop systemic diseases and are chronically infected. Molecular events associated with viral compatible infections responsible for disease establishment and symptoms development are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed viral infection in grapevines at a transcriptional level. Gene expression in the Vitis vinifera red wine cultivars Carménère and Cabernet-Sauvignon naturally infected with GLRaV-3 were evaluated using a genome-wide expression profiling with the Vitis vinifera GeneChip from Affymetrix. We describe numerous genes that are induced or repressed in viral infected grapevines leaves. Changes in gene expression involved a wide spectrum of biological functions, including processes of translation and protein targeting, metabolism, transport, and cell defense. Considering cellular localization, the membrane and endomembrane systems appeared with the highest number of induced genes, while chloroplastic genes were mostly repressed. As most induced genes associated with the membranous system are involved in transport, the possible effect of virus in this process is discussed. Responses of both cultivars are analyzed and the results are compared with published data from other species. This is the first study of global gene profiling in grapevine in response to viral infections using DNA microarray.

Closteroviridae↗
PubMed2006

The FT/TFL1 gene family in grapevine.

The FT/TFL1 gene family encodes proteins with similarity to phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins which function as flowering promoters and repressors. We show here that the FT/TFL1 gene family in Vitis vinifera is composed of at least five genes. Sequence comparisons with homologous genes identified in other dicot species group them in three major clades, the FT, MFT and TFL1 subfamilies, the latter including three of the Vitis sequences. Gene expression patterns are in agreement with a role of VvFT and VvMFT as flowering promoters; while VvTFL1A, VvTFL1B and VvTFL1C could be associated with vegetative development and maintenance of meristem indetermination. Overexpression of VvFT in transgenic Arabidopsis plants generates early flowering phenotypes similar to those produced by FT supporting a role for this gene in flowering promotion. Overexpression of VvTFL1A does not affect flowering time but the determination of flower meristems, strongly altering inflorescence structure, which is consistent with the biological roles assigned to similar genes in other species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Expression analysis of defence-related genes in grapevine leaves after inoculation with a host and a non-host pathogen.

The expression of PR protein encoding genes and genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism was analysed on grapevine leaves of susceptible and resistant cvs. in response to inoculation with the host-pathogen Plasmopara viticola and the non-host pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the downy mildew pathogen of cucumber. These experiments were conducted to elucidate whether or not grapevine plants susceptible to downy mildew exhibit an identical defence response after inoculation with the non-host pathogen. Expression analysis of defence-related genes revealed marked differences between the susceptible cultivar "Riesling" (Vitis vinifera) and the resistant cultivar "Gloire de Montpellier" (Vitis riparia). Whereas some genes seem to be expressed constitutively in "Gloire" or induced after an inoculation with both pathogens, expression of defence-related genes in Riesling was influenced mainly after inoculation with the non-host pathogen: PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, a PGIP gene, and especially genes encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (DFR, F3H, LDOX) were affected. Therefore, the occurrence of the respective products (flavans and other phenolics) in inoculated leaves was investigated with appropriate histological staining techniques. These stainings revealed a production of catechins and related phenolic compounds within the first 48 hai (hours after inoculation) with Ps. cubensis but not with P. viticola in Riesling, whereas in Gloire no further production was seen, which may be due to the high content of polyphenolics as observed in control leaves. In addition to the staining procedures, sporulation intensity was monitored on leaf discs. Pretreatments of leaf discs with Ps. cubensis led to a reduced browning reaction (as a result of a hypersensitive reaction) in Gloire and significantly reduced the intensity of sporulation in Riesling after a subsequent inoculation with P. viticola.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics of an alpha-galactosidase associated with grape flesh.

alpha-galactosidase activity in grape flesh (Vitis venifera L. Muscat of Alexandria) was characterized by a marked increase in its activity 4 weeks after fruit bearing. After 12 weeks the specific activity of the enzyme had increased 15-fold. Several other glycosidases were measured at different stages of fruit development but none showed the increased levels of activity displayed by this alpha-galactosidase. alpha-Galactosidase activity (unit/g.fresh wt) increased by 52% during postharvest storage, whereas the unripe grape showed a "stagnancy" for 10-15 days prior to the increase. An alpha-galactosidase was partially purified ca. 103-fold from grape flesh of Vitis labruscana Honey black, by a procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, Biogel P-60, melibiose-agarose, and Sephacryl S-200 chromatographic separations. The enzyme was effectively separated by affinity chromatography on melibiose-agarose, and was a monomer of 40-45 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and Sephacryl S-200 chromatographic analysis. The hydrolysis rate of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-Gal (PNP-alpha-D-Gal) was 4.2 times higher than that of PNP-beta-D-Gal, implying an apparent alpha-anomer specificity, and natural oligosaccharides such as melibiose, stachyose, and raffinose were also considerably hydrolyzed. The enzyme was active over a narrow pH range with an optimal hydrolysis of stachyose and PNP-alpha-D-Gal at pH 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline did not substantially affect enzyme activity.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of wine components in Cynthiana and Syrah wines.

Red wine is composed of a complex matrix of compounds that can interfere with analysis. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was developed to efficiently analyze organic acids, sugars, glycerol, and ethanol in Cynthiana (Vitis aestivalis) wine. Standard laboratory procedures (pH, titratable acidity, and color attributes) and HPLC were found reproducible for Cynthiana wine. HPLC recovery efficiency was determined by analysis of spiked and unspiked samples (model, Cynthiana, and Syrah (Vitis vinifera) wines). Although recovery of components was greater in the model wine, recovery in Cynthiana and Syrah wine was comparable. The HPLC procedure was further compared to commercial rapid enzyme analysis tests using model, Cynthiana, and Syrah wines. HPLC analyses were more accurate than enzymatic tests for determining components in the model, Cynthiana, and Syrah wines. Considering the complexity of the wines analyzed, reproducibility and recovery of the HPLC procedure was demonstrated and showed improvement and precision when compared to existing methods.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2004

Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid.

Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined. Gallic acid, monomeric catechin, and epicatechin concentrations were 99, 12, and 96 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm) in Muscadine seeds, 15, 358, and 421 mg/100 g of dm in Chardonnay seeds, and 10, 127, and 115 mg/100 g of dm in Merlot seeds, respectively. Concentrations of these three compounds were lower in winery byproduct grape skins than in seeds. These three major phenolic constituents of grape seeds contributed <26% to the antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC on the basis of the corrected concentrations of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in grape byproducts. Peroxyl radical scavenging activities of phenolics present in grape seeds or skins in decreasing order were resveratrol > catechin > epicatechin = gallocatechin > gallic acid = ellagic acid. The results indicated that dimeric, trimeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins account for most of the superior antioxidant capacity of grape seeds.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2002

Carbaryl resistance in populations of grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New York and Pennsylvania.

We collected grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens) (from cultivated and wild Vitis along Lake Erie in Pennsylvania and New York), and measured carbaryl susceptibility in first instars. A model of susceptibility was based on the concentration-mortality curve of laboratory-maintained colonies originating from wild Vitis with no prior history of carbaryl exposure, and a noncommercial vineyard with modest previous exposure to carbaryl. We estimated LC50 and LC90 for susceptible grape berry moth larvae at 45.4 and 2319 microg/ml, respectively. Bioassays on field-collected larvae from commercial vineyards in both states, where grape growers were abiding by current pest management guidelines for carbaryl use, revealed carbaryl resistance ratios from 7 to 71 at the LC50 level. With the loss or restriction of alternative chemical control tactics in the Food Quality Protection Act era, resistance management programs for grape berry moth should be immediately developed and implemented to regain the efficacy of this once effective insecticide and other related chemical compounds.

Animals↗