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PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of interactive videodisc instruction for the continuing education of paramedics.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of interactive videodisc (IVD) instruction of paramedics through the use of computer analysis of trip sheets. DESIGN/SETTING: Prospective, controlled, in an urban 9-1-1, paramedic, emergency medical services (EMS) system with total call volume of 62,000/year; 15,000 advanced life support (ALS). INTERVENTIONS: All 150 paramedics in the system received eight hours of IVD instruction covering five subject areas: 1) airway; 2) head/cervical trauma; 3) chest; 4) shock; and 5) cardiac arrest. Trip sheets from 9,943 runs in the pre-IVD period were subjected to computer analysis, and a compliance score was generated using previously developed algorithms that assigned a weight to each omission and commission. After a nine-month IVD training period, 4,303 cases were collected and analyzed in the post-IVD period. Statistical analyses were made using "Student's" t-test and Chi-square with alpha set at 0.05. EXCLUSIONS: Only those records of adult patients who fit one of the five protocols were eligible for computer analysis. Of the 9,943 cases in the pre-IVD group, 480 (4.8%) were excluded, all due to inadequate data recording by the paramedics. A statistically similar portion, 233 (5.4%) of the 4,303 post-IVD instruction cases were excluded (p = .15). RESULTS: Overall the mean compliance score of the pre-IVD group was 0.65 +/- 0.19 (+/- SD). The post-IVD group score was 0.65 +/- 0.19 (p = 0.99). Analysis of scores for each algorithm also showed no significant differences. This study had an observed power of .94 to detect a difference in compliance as small as 0.030. CONCLUSION: Eight hours of IVD instruction did not result in improved paramedic performance as judged by computer analysis of trip sheets.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The Interactive Video-Questionnaire: a new technology for interviewing deaf persons.

This paper traces the development of a new technology, the Interactive Video-Questionnaire, for interviewing Deaf persons by using manually signed questionnaires. After encountering numerous obstacles to conducting surveys with Deaf persons about substance abuse using the same methods typically used with hearing persons, the researchers, with a Small Business Innovative Research grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, piloted a survey method that uses videodisc and bar code readers to present survey questions signed on screen in American Sign Language and Signed English. Following consultations with Deaf participants, deficiencies of this method were identified and corrected. An interactive multimedia program was created in Phase II of this research effort that offered questions visually in American Sign Language, Signed English, or Speechreading. All questions were subtitled in written English, with Touchscreen entry and automatic data capture and storage. The potential exists for many important uses of the Interactive Video-Questionnaire.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fundamentals of image processing for personal computers.

Photographic images make an important contribution to medical education. Conventional means of display have included 35-mm projection, film, videotape, and more recently, analog videodiscs that accompany computer-based text. The availability of compact discs, with their enormous storage capacity, and of powerful central processing units now permits consideration of digital storage of visual images for display by the personal computer. The data processing required for the representation and transfer of high-quality images is forbidding, however, even with today's technology. The problem is compounded if one anticipates display of full-motion video. In this tutorial we first review the nature of analog signals and the process of capturing them in digital format. We then consider mass storage and the concept of compressing data into smaller amounts of information that can be processed and transferred by personal computers with the use of optical disc drives. A look into the future provides a vision of high-definition television-quality video in digital format.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Training for rural prehospital providers: a retrospective analysis from Montana.

OBJECTIVE: This paper provides a retrospective analysis of training methods used by rural Montana's prehospital care providers. Drawn from both published and unpublished sources and spanning the past 25 years, it examines the origins of training in this vast rural state and aims to shed light on successful, nontraditional training delivery methods currently being used. Because volunteer personnel traditionally provide prehospital emergency care in rural areas, development and implementation of effective training programs are generally considered important to helping these practitioners maintain the knowledge and skills they use in their lifesaving work. METHODS: Five different training programs used in Montana were assessed: Train-the-trainer; Local Cluster with videotape and guided practicals; Circuit Rider training with interactive videodisc; interactive video teleconference; and the TENKIDS statewide electronic infrastructure. Strengths and weaknesses of each training program were analyzed. RESULTS: Traditional train-the-trainer methods make training readily accessible, but it is difficult to ensure consistent, top-quality delivery of the materials. Electronic training is popular and effective but can be expensive and difficult to develop and distribute. Establishing an electronic infrastructure allows for easy delivery of high-quality electronic instruction. However, it remains somewhat expensive to develop. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to improve capabilities of instructors in Montana have had varied success. Studies illustrate that remote training methods that train the providers directly are effective and popular. The application of electronic media and other distance learning techniques have demonstrated a positive impact on the frequency, quality, and standardization of training for volunteer prehospital EMTs.

Educational Measurement↗