Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Turkeys”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Developmental changes in serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the turkey embryo.

The ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and ontogeny as well as the molecular nature of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) as they relate to embryogenesis and posthatch growth in the turkey have not been reported. In this study, serum samples were harvested from turkey embryos incubated under shell-less and shelled conditions from Day 12 to 28 of incubation. Samples from 3, 6, and 8 wk posthatch were also evaluated. Significant changes in serum IGF-I in shelled embryos were observed in that IGF-I was low in early incubation, peaked at mid-incubation, and returned to levels equivalent to early incubation at hatching. No mid-embryogenesis (Days 14 to 18) increase in serum IGF-I was noted in the shell-less cultures. Embryo weights diverge at Day 18 of incubation, with shell-less embryos being significantly lighter than their age-matched shelled embryos, suggesting a possible relationship between total circulating IGF-I and body weight gain. Three distinct IGFBP were identified in serum from turkey embryos, exhibiting molecular weights of 27, 29, and 69 kDa. During embryonic development, the 29 kDa IGFBP appeared to be the predominant species, with levels peaking on Day 24 of incubation, and being minimally detectable at hatching. Ontogeny of the 29 kDa IGFBP was similar in the shelled and shell-less embryos. The 69-kDa IGFBP-like protein did not appear in the circulation until late in embryogenesis, Day 22 in shell-less and Day 26 in shelled embryos. The 27-kDa IGFBP appeared in late incubation. Similar IGFBP (28, 30, and 69 kDa) were observed in the growing male turkey. The 69-kDa protein did not vary across ages studied, whereas the 28-kDa IGFBP appeared to increase with age. This is the first report describing serum IGF-I and IGFBP in the developing turkey. Turkey IGFBP appear to be regulated by independent events during incubation and posthatch growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Influence of turkey meat on residual nitrite in cured meat products.

A response surface experimental design was employed to estimate residual nitrite level at various initial nitrite concentrations, percent turkey meat in the formula, and heat quantity (F) values using a typical wiener as the test system. Pork and mechanically separated turkey were used as the meat ingredients. Residual nitrite and pH were measured at day 1, 7 days, 14 days, and 49 days after processing. Protein, fat, salt, moisture, and CIE (L*a*b*) color values were also determined. Results showed that the effect of turkey meat on residual nitrite level was significant (P < 0.01). An increased amount of turkey meat in the formula resulted in lower residual nitrite levels at a fixed pH. The residual nitrite level was initially proportional to initial nitrite concentration, but it became a nonsignificant factor during longer storage time. Differences in heat quantity had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on residual nitrite level initially. Greater heat quantity decreased residual nitrite level in finished cured meat products at a fixed pH. However, this effect became nonsignificant during longer storage. Reduction of residual nitrite in wieners because of turkey meat addition at a fixed pH was due to characteristics of the turkey tissue, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. It was also established that commercial wieners had a higher pH if poultry meat was included in the formulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence and identity of coccidia in pen-raised wild turkeys.

One hundred nineteen pen-raised wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from 12 locations in nine states in the United States were examined for coccidia by sugar flotation of intestinal contents and mucosa or by subinoculating the contents into uninfected domestic turkeys. Seventy-eight (66%) of the turkeys were positive for coccidia. There were no differences in the frequency of coccidia among adult, sub-adult or juvenile turkeys. More females (75%) were infected than males (48%). The species of coccidia from 30 of the turkeys were identified based on microscopic examination of oocysts, fresh scrapings, stained sections and inoculations of bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). The frequency of each species was Eimeria meleagrimitis (97%), E. gallopavonis (47%), E. meleagridis (27%), E. dispersa (17%), E. innocua-E. subrotunda (13%), E. adenoeides (7%) and an undescribed species (3%). Of the 30 turkeys in which the species of coccidia was determined, 30% had a single species infection, 40% had two species, 20% had three species and 10% had four species.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

An investigation of the persistence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in an Eastern population of wild turkeys.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection had been confirmed by culture and serology among wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in close association with domestic fowl on Cumberland Island, Georgia (USA) in 1980. In 1988, wild turkeys were surveyed by serologic and cultural methods for evidence of M. gallisepticum. Chickens (Gallus gallus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) from the site where the disease was originally detected also were tested by serologic and cultural methods for M. gallisepticum infections. There was no conclusive evidence that M. gallisepticum was present in wild turkeys or guinea fowl. In contrast, most chickens were strongly seropositive for M. gallisepticum, suggesting that they had been infected, although the organism was not recovered by cultural or bioassay methods. Other species of Mycoplasma isolated were M. gallopavonis from wild turkeys, M. gallinaceum and M. pullorum from chickens, and M. gallinaceum from guinea fowl. It appears that M. gallisepticum has not persisted or spread in the wild turkey population on Cumberland Island, despite continued contact by some wild turkeys with suspected carrier chickens.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2000

The effect of dietary aflatoxin on wild turkey poults.

Aflatoxins, toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus, cause poor feed utilization, decreased weight gains, depressed immune function, liver dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, and death in a wide variety of species including humans. Conservationists have become concerned that increasingly popular wildlife feeding or baiting practices could expose wildlife to toxic amounts of aflatoxin-contaminated grains. In particular, the effects of aflatoxins on the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopova silvestris) are of concern because the conspecific domestic turkey is highly susceptible to aflatoxins. To evaluate the effect of dietary aflatoxin on wild turkeys, four groups of 4-mo-old wild turkeys were fed diets containing either 0, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms aflatoxin/kg feed for 2 wk in September and October 1996. Aflatoxin-fed poults had decreased feed consumption and weight gains as compared with control poults. Decreased liver-to-body weight ratios, liver enzyme alterations, slightly altered blood coagulation patterns, and mild histologic changes indicated low-level liver damage. Compromise of cell-mediated immunity was indicated by decreased lymphoblast transformation. The effects were apparent in all treatment groups to variable levels, but significant differences most often were found at 400 micrograms aflatoxin/kg feed. This study shows that short-term aflatoxin ingestion by wild turkeys can induce undesirable physiologic changes; therefore, exposure of wild turkeys to feeds containing aflatoxin levels of 100 micrograms aflatoxin/kg feed or more should be avoided.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absence of protection against challenge with aspergillus fumigatus by adoptive transfer of splenocytes from convalescent turkeys.

Only limited protective immunity against aspergillosis after experimental immunization of turkeys has been previously demonstrated. No studies evaluating the efficacy of transfer of immunity in preventing aspergillosis in birds have been reported. This study consisted of two trials assessing the level of protection against Aspergillus fumigatus challenge afforded by transfer of splenocytes from convalescent turkeys. Three treatment groups of 12-to-14-wk-old Beltsville small white (BSW) turkeys comprising the splenocyte donors were prepared by one of the following: 1) intra-air sac (IA) challenge with A. fumigatus conidia 5 wk prior to transfer; 2) IA challenge and then intravenous (i.v.) injection of killed conidia 1 wk prior to transfer; or 3) sham inoculations. Splenocytes from each group were pooled, enriched for mononuclear leukocytes by density gradient centrifugation, and diluted in cell culture medium (CM). Cell viability was assessed by dye exclusion. Each splenocyte preparation was administered intravenously to one of three recipient groups consisting of 10 BSW turkeys each. A control group (n = 10) was given cell-free CM. Recipients were challenged with viable A. fumigatus conidia 16 hr after splenocyte transfer by unilateral IA (trial 1) or i.v. (trial 2) inoculation. Lesion scores postchallenge revealed no differences between turkeys given splenocytes from convalescent vs. naive (control) turkeys. IA exposure produced ipsilateral lesions in air sacs and lung, whereas i.v. exposure produced severe miliary hepatitis. Donor cell function was confirmed by mitogen blastogenesis; however, cells were nonresponsive to A. fumigatus antigens, regardless of previous exposure status.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neural tube defects in Turkey: prevalence, distribution and risk factors.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence rate and risk factors relevant to neural tube defects (NTDs) in Turkey. All livebirths and stillbirths recorded at the university hospitals throughout Turkey between July 1993-June 1994 were evaluated with respect to congenital anomalies. For each birth, information was recorded about the child, the mother, the pregnancy and risk factors. A total of 66 cases with a NTD were recorded in 21,907 births. Prevalence rate of NTDs was 30.1 per 10,000 births. Of these 66 cases, 29 (43.9%) were male and 37 (56.1%) female. Female/male ratio was 1.27. The ratio of spina bifida/anencephaly is 1.20 for Turkey. Maternal illiteracy, maternal advanced age and residence in northern or eastern regions of Turkey are shown to be risk factors for having a baby with a NTD. The prevalence rate of NTDs is very high for Turkey. Geographical distribution of NTDs in this country confirms a relationship between the socioeconomic status and environmental factors for the development of a NTD. The results of this study point to the importance establishing a health policy to prevent neural tube defects in Turkey.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Turkey knockdown in successive flocks.

Turkey knockdown was diagnosed in three of five flocks of hen turkeys on a single farm within a 12-mo period. The age of birds in the flocks affected ranged from 6 wk 2 days to 7 wk 4 days. The attack rate ranged from 0.02% to 0.30% with a case fatality rate in affected birds ranging from 0 to 74%. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and histopathologic lesions associated with knockdown. The feed in all flocks contained bacitracin methylene disalicylate and monensin (Coban). Affected birds were recumbent, demonstrated paresis, and were unable to vocalize. Postmortem examination revealed few significant lesions although pallor of the adductor muscles and petechiation in adductor and gastrocnemius muscles were noted. Birds that had been recumbent for extended periods were severely dehydrated. Consistent microscopic lesions included degeneration, necrosis, and regeneration of adductor, gastrocnemius, and abdominal muscles. No lesion in cardiac tissue was noted. Results of our investigation indicated that changes in water consumption, vitamin E status, and brooder to finisher movement correlated with the occurrence of knockdown. Turkey knockdown was defined in 1993 as any condition identified in a turkey flock that has affected the neuromuscular system to a degree that a turkey is unable to walk or stand. This definition was later modified to...neuromuscular or skeletal systems to a degree that a turkey is unable to walk or stand properly. Knockdown may be associated with numerous feed, management, or disease factors alone or in combination. Dosage of monensin, feed restriction/gorging, water restriction, heat stress, copper, mycotoxins, sodium chloride in feed, and sulfa drugs have all been suggested as contributing factors; however, laboratory studies to duplicate this have not been successful. This report presents observations from a single farm at which three of five hen flocks in a single year experienced knockdown. When a flock was reported as affected, a detailed investigation was initiated within 3 hr. The fifth flock was followed on a twice weekly basis from 0 to 8 wk of age to determine if initiating events were evident, but knockdown did not occur.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of hypovitaminosis A on the pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

It has been proposed that Pasteurella multocida can invade the host tissues via the mucous membrane. Vitamin A (VitA) deficiency has been associated with mucous membrane damage, such as squamous metaplasia. The objective of this study was to determine the early stages in the pathogenesis of P. multocida in VitA-deficient turkeys and clinically healthy turkeys. Fifteen-week-old VitA-deficient and clinically healthy turkeys were inoculated with P. multocida P-1059, a virulent strain, and the portal of entry, invasion, and localization of P. multocida were studied by microbial examination of the trachea, liver, and lung and histologic examinations of internal organs. Higher mortality was found in VitA-deficient turkeys. Pasteurella multocida was first reisolated from the trachea, secondarily from the liver and blood, and finally from the lung in both groups. Invasion of P. multocida into tissues occurred between 3 hr and 24 hr postinoculation in both groups. Our findings suggest that altered membrane integrity in VitA-deficient birds did not appear to change the time course of the systemic spread of P. multocida infection in turkeys and that the increased mortality seen in the VitA-deficient turkeys may be associated with immune system impairment.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virulence factors of Escherichia coli associated with colisepticemia in chickens and turkeys.

Four hundred twenty turkey and 80 chicken Escherichia coli isolates from colisepticemic birds were examined for the following properties: heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable enterotoxin, verotoxin, colicinogenicity, hemolysin, and hydroxamate/aerobactin production. Twenty-four (5.7%) of the 420 turkey isolates and six (7.5%) of the 80 chicken isolates produced an LT that was cytotoxic for both Vero and Y-1 cells. In contrast, 48 (11.4%) of the turkey isolates and 18 (22.5%) of the chicken isolates produced a distinct LT that was cytotoxic only for Vero cells. In addition, 64 (80.0%) of the chicken isolates and 309 (74.0%) of the turkey isolates produced aerobactin. Colicinogenicity occurred in 51 (64.0%) of the chicken isolates, with 41 (51.0%) producing colicin V. By contrast, 254 (61.0%) of the turkey isolates produced a colicin, of which 176 (42.0%) produced colicin V. None of the chicken and turkey isolates produced hemolysin or heat-stable enterotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiac muscle mass distribution in the domestic turkey and relationship to electrocardiogram.

Ventricular weights were measured in 20-week-old male and female heavy turkeys, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 10- and 20-week-old male and female heavy turkeys. Twenty-week-old males had heavier relative left ventricular and total ventricular weights than females of the same age. Left-to-right ventricular weight ratios were 4.4:1 in males and 4.5:1 in females. Heart rate was faster in young birds and in females, and that influenced the duration of the intervals of the ECG. Wave amplitudes were smaller in 10-week-old turkeys than in 20-week-old turkeys. There was no correlation between electrocardiographic parameters and ventricular weights of male and female turkeys. Two-dimensional ECGs were therefore found to be of minimal value for detecting turkeys with heavier ventricles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Status of international radiological publications and archive utilization in Turkey].

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of radiological technology and archive utilization in two sampled international radiological journals and radiology clinics in Turkey, and to explore the impact of these findings on radiological publications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomly selected 22 issues of AJR and Radiology, 1037 articles in total, were reviewed. The type of article, radiological technique, country of origin, use of advanced technology and archiving were defined for each article. Additionally, a questionnaire, investigating implementation of various radiological devices, archiving and their technical features, was posted to the chairmen of the radiology departments in Turkey. RESULTS: Most of the articles (61.4%) originated in US. Studies from Turkey constituted 0.9% of the articles. This ratio was 2% for France, which has almost the same population as Turkey. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in 27.4% of cases. Based on our definition criteria, advanced technology and archiving were used in 19% and 32%, respectively. Data returns of the questionnaire were obtained from 17 of 45 (38%) radiology clinics. Responding clinics had conventional radiography, B mode ultrasound and conventional computed tomography. Archiving of all radiological examinations, excluding plain radiography, was performed in one center while only interesting radiological images and variations were stored in 8 departments. Implementation of archiving was reported sufficient in three clinics, partly sufficient in ten clinics and insufficient in four clinics. Archiving was performed by medical doctors in most of the cases (53%). The leading problems of archiving were technical and economical insufficiencies (82%). CONCLUSION: Archiving is more commonly required than utilization of advanced technology for international radiological publications. The rate of articles originating from Turkey was lower compared to some countries having the same population as Turkey. The lack of sufficient technical infrastructure and shortage of staff may be important reasons for such differences.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

Post-hatching development of the turkey pineal organ: histological and immunohistochemical studies.

OBJECTIVE: The study was performed to analyze structural changes of the turkey pineal during the post-hatching development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pineals were collected from male turkeys at the age of 1 day, 2, 8, 22, 56 weeks and subjected to histological investigations including morphometrical analyses. The pinealocytes were identified immunohistochemically using antiserum against hydroxyinolo-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Independently of age, the pineal consisted of a narrow proximal part and a club-shaped top. The narrow part extended into the stalk attached to the diencephalon. The pineal parenchyma was formed by the follicles, surrounded by the connective tissue. The caudal part of the organ contained the pineal lumen, which prolonged into the stalk lumen. Up to the age of two weeks the stalk lumen was open to the third ventricle, later--closed. The proximal part of the stalk showed age-dependent reduction. During the investigated period of life, the pineal increased in size due to creation of new follicles, enlargement of the follicles and development of the stroma. In immature turkeys, the follicular wall was formed by elongated cells bordering the lumen and sparse, peripherally localized, round cells. This pseudostratified organization was transformed during ontogenesis into thick, multilayer structure (characteristic for 22- and 56-week-old turkeys) composed by the layer of elongated cells and several layers of round cells, located peripherally. The rudimentary-receptor and secretory pinealocytes were demonstrated based on HIOMT-immunoreactivity. The secretory pinealocytes were sparse in young birds and predominated in mature turkeys. Intra-pineal calcified concrements occurred in 56-week-old turkeys.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spondylitis in turkeys associated with experimental Pasteurella anatipestifer infection.

Nine previously vaccinated turkeys were inoculated intravenously with Pasteurella anatipestifer, and blood samples were taken periodically to evaluate the potential of chronically infected turkeys to serve as reservoirs of infection for blood-feeding arthropod vectors. Vertebral osteomyelitis (spondylitis), as yet unreported in the literature in association with infection with the organism, was found in the thoracic vertebrae of five out of nine inoculated turkeys, and P. anatipestifer was isolated from the thoracic vertebrae of three of the five. The organism was isolated from the peripheral blood of six turkeys 24 hours postinoculation and from the peripheral blood of one turkey 7 days postinoculation. The organism was also isolated from the heart blood of two birds at necropsy--from one at 21 days and, following an intramuscular injection of dexamethasone, from the other turkey at 38 days postinoculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Microbial evaluation of some heat treated turkey products at different processing stages.

Random samples at the three processing stages of turkey keshta, turkey rosto, turkey luncheon and turkey frankfurter (20 samples for each stage were collected). For luncheon and frankfurter, 20 samples of each of thighs and breast represents the 1 st stage of processing were also taken. These samples were obtained from some meat processing plants at Alexandria province to make a total of 280 samples. The samples were examined microbiologically and the results revealed that, the total aerobic bacterial count in the examined Keshta and rosto shows their highest count in the 1st stage and gradually decreased in the 2nd and 3rd stages. On the other hand, the total aerobic bacterial count in luncheon and frankfurter samples slightly increased in the 2nd stage and then decreased in the 3rd stage. The Coliform count also shows its highest count in the 1st stage and decreased in the 2nd stage and could not be detected from the 3rd stage of keshta and rosto samples, while it increased slightly in 2nd stage and could not be detected in the 3rd stage for luncheon and frankfurter samples. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were higher in the 1st stage than in the 2nd stage of processing of the examined keshta and rosto samples while they were higher in the 2nd stage than in the 1st one in luncheon and frankfurter samples but could not be detected from the 3rd stage in all products. Both Clostridium perfningens and Salmonella could not be detected in the examined turkey products at the different processing stages. The total mould and yeast counts in the examined products showed highest count in the 1st stage and decreased in the 2nd stage and could not be detected in keshta and rosto in 3rd stage while in frankfurter samples the counts in the 1st and 2nd stages were nearly the same and decreased in the 3rd stage but in luncheon samples the count was slightly increased in the 2nd stage and not detected in the 3rd stage. The public health significance of microorganisms as well as the suggested hygienic measures in order to improve the quality of the examined turkey products were discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Tibial dyschondroplasia in meat turkeys: morphometric study of its relationship with lameness].

The tibiotarsal bones from 1,084 15-week-old growing commercial male turkeys, half of which clinically lame, were examined for dyschondroplasia. Lesions were a cone of retained cartilage, confined to the postero-medial area of the proximal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus. Dense woven bone was present around the largest lesions associated with thickening of the diaphyseal cortex below the lesion. Length of abnormal cartilage varied from 0.1 cm to 5.3 cm. Width never exceeded 2.9 cm. Half of the affected turkeys showed unilateral localization of dyschondroplastic lesions. The percentage of damaged tibias was 54 per cent and the percentage of affected turkeys was more than 70 per cent. The incidence of dyschondroplasia was the same in lame and clinically healthy turkeys but, on average, lame turkeys exhibited longer lesions than clinically normal birds. The tibias of lame turkeys were more curved than the tibias of healthy ones as well in the anterio-posterior projection as in the latero-medial one. The latero-medial projection of incurvation was correlated with the length of dyschondroplastic lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of single doses of digoxin administered intravenously to ducks, roosters, and turkeys.

A single dose of digoxin was injected, IV, into 5 mature male turkeys (0.066 mg/kg of body weight), 8 male ducks (0.066 mg/kg), and 6 roosters (0.33 mg/kg). Twenty-three serial venous blood samples were collected before (baseline) and after the administration of digoxin to turkeys, ducks, and roosters. Plasma concentrations of digoxin were determined in duplicate by a radioimmunoassay that was validated for avian species. The plasma concentrations were best fitted by a 3 (turkeys, ducks)- and 2 (roosters)-compartment open model, with first-order elimination from the central compartment. Significant (P less than 0.05) kinetic differences were determined among species. Mean half-life (t1/2) for ducks, roosters, and turkeys were 8.30 +/- 2.70 (mean +/- SD), 6.67 +/- 3.50, and 23.7 +/- 4.8 hours, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 14.7 +/- 2.9, 3.13 +/- 0.49, and 2.27 +/- 0.36 L/kg, and total body clearance (CL) of drug was 1.54 +/- 0.43, 0.461 +/- 0.187, and 0.136 +/- 0.022 L/h/kg for ducks, roosters, and turkeys, respectively. The mean residence time was 10.3 +/- 3.9, 8.37 +/- 4.97, and 16.8 +/- 2.2 hours, respectively. Volume of distribution at steady state and CL in ducks were several fold higher than that in turkeys. The terminal half-life of digoxin determined for ducks and roosters in this study was considerably shorter than those previously reported for several mammalian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Hepatitis, cardiomyopathy and hemodynamics in furazolidone-induced round heart disease of turkeys.

Twenty-five large broad-breasted white turkeys were fed a 22% protein diet supplemented with 500 ppm furazolidone from day 1 to 3.5 weeks of age and the same diet supplemented with 700 ppm furazolidone until 9.5 weeks of age. Following the development of round heart disease as indicated by altered electrocardiograms the 25 turkeys were sacrificed. In the livers of turkeys with biventricular dilatation (72% of cases) there was bile duct hyperlasia, portal fibrosis and intracytoplasmic globules in the hepatocytes. Globules stained pink with hematoxylin-eosin, deep red with PAS and variable with Massons trichrome stains in paraffin-embedded liver sections. Clear intracytoplasmic vacuoles demonstrable in hepatocytes of PAS stained liver sections embedded in paraffin did not stain as lipid in frozen sections but did contain sparse flocculent material in 1 micrometer sections of liver embedded in epoxy resin and stained with toluidine blue. At the subcellular level, the intracytoplasmic globules in hepatocytes were surrounded by a single membrane, contained flocculent material and had enzymatic properties characteristic of lysosomes. Blood pressure, heart rate, dp/dt max, total plasma proteins and plasma trypsin inhibitory capacity of turkeys with round heart disease were lower than corresponding values for control turkeys. Control turkeys did not exhibit the characteristic gross or microscopic lesions of round heart disease.

Animals↗